Documenting incipient obsolescence: a multi-pronged approach to Dhao, eastern Indonesia
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1 Documenting incipient obsolescence: a multi-pronged approach to Dhao, eastern Indonesia Charles E. Grimes Linguistics, RSPAS, Australian National University; Language & Culture Unit, GMIT, Kupang; and SIL International 5.5 km long 2.3 km wide villages on northeast side ±7,000 speakers half elsewhere C. Grimes--Dhao--ILDC
2 How do I write this language? Dhao consonant inventory labial apical laminal dorsal glottal Stop voiceless p t c k ' Stop voiced b d j g Implosive b' d' j' g' Affricate/Retroflex bh dh #VV Fricative (f) s h Nasal m n ny ng Lateral Flap/trill l r Semivowel (w) (y) How do I write this language? Six vowels /i e ə a o u/ èmu house ['ʔəmːu] èpa four ['ʔəpːa] èci one, a ['ʔətːʃi] èdhi we (inclusive) ['ʔəɖːi] èu you (2-singular pron) ['ʔəu] bhèni female, woman ['bßənːi] bhèlu forget ['bßəlːu] rèu leaf ['rəu] rèhu face ['rəhːu] papèda disease [pa'pədːa] How do I write this language? (contrast in onset, #VV) How do I write this language? (short, long, intervocalic /ʔ/) dhèu ae dhèu aae èna èèna o oo many people, a crowd king six that, there, then (distal) yes, affirmation also ra they (3p pronoun) ra'a they-eat raa blood Multi-faceted interaction over time Natural Texts: video broader range of people than just normal informants broader range of situations test what people actually know not what they are claimed to know see what people actually use not what they claim to use minimizes language engineering C. Grimes--Dhao--ILDC
3 Training to transcribe texts Dictionaries orthography issues resist temptation to edit at this stage file management need robust system: reduce room for error Toolbox/MDF book form Lexique Pro work-in-progress on web at stand-alone CD digital photos WeSay: for local input 2 Lex Spelling guide 75 pages principles orthography issues grammar sketch simple dictionary 1,500 entries w/dept. of Ed. help local writers Bilingual Ed. materials Audio recordings local authors local artists local editors local users local curriculum C. Grimes--Dhao--ILDC
4 Radio broadcasts prerecorded live talk-back Suara Kasih, 89.3 FM Lizbeth, 98,4 FM scheduled vernacular programs Bible translation 10 steps for each book w/native speakers Steps 6 & 8 involve the wider community clarity naturalness usage issues archaic, ritual, figurative not widely known cycled thru all steps for 17 books Community feedback Formal training Semantics Workshop, Melbourne (Ayub) Translation course, Darwin (Ayub) Bilingual Education, Kupang (Michael & Lazarus) UNESCO Bilingual Education, Sabah (Michael) Literacy Development, Jakarta (Michael) Formal training-2 Computer Training Translation workshop-1, Kupang 2001 (all) Translation workshop-2, Kupang 2003 (all) OurWord computer program, Kupang 2004 (all) MS Publisher, Darwin (Helena) OurWord, Kupang (Margreth, Helena) Risograph operator, Kupang (Helena) WeSay, Kupang (Helena) C. Grimes--Dhao--ILDC
5 by Dhao speakers on Ndao bilingual education language endangerment issues spelling & writing Dhao reading competitions local language in church local language liturgies Reading in their own Dhao language Who knows what? below 35 not know (N & K) young women know nautical terms jib sail, tack into the wind, depth-sounding, etc. young women know many goldsmithing words many men know weaving terms, parts of loom, colors, names of patterns pakanucu udhu-rasa ag'o patari toto piku paga roe-bhilu confer, look for solution ethnic group (use Ml suku) deceive (use kapod'e-kabèli) begin (use Ml mulai) genuine, original stray, deviate (1/2 not know) rank, status (use Ml pangkat) weak, worn out (know roe) not know collocations (N & K) monya miu mamadha iia-iia (+) monya miu mamadha mea-mea (-) you-pl are naïve, too easily tricked not know one sense (N & K) pakabèle 1) open one's hand 2) disperse 3) cancel an agreement udhi 1) part of blade in handle 2) hold grudge maho'o 1) greet 2) happy, glad (use karej'e) C. Grimes--Dhao--ILDC
6 may be shifting know on Ndao, not Kupang lee dhara hake dhari hake dhari scrutinize [older gen-neutral, either + or -] [younger gen-only negative] waistband [older] waistband [younger] rope, cord [PAN *talisi] paj'ari ari padai-delu hali to'a mangojo establish promise castrate animal compare, contrast 1) tasteless, 2) disheartened feel helpless coax, persuade [other syn.] know in Kupang, not Ndao (!!) abho forgive (use Ml ampun) hahuku punishment (use Ml hukuman) ènu slave (use Ml hamba) bara help, assist (use Ml bantu) even though don't fit Dhao phonotactics no agreement after years subha curse? swear oath? dhoo curse? swear oath? kapua aaj'u tree, plant ana aaj'u tree, plant deo ne'e 1) imm past, 2) today doe ne'e today d'ara makae feel ashamed makae d'ara feel ashamed Synergy Language & Culture Unit (UBB) Local teams working in 20+ languages They stimulate each other They consult with each other They compete with each other Dhao wouldn't be where it is without this dynamic They know they are not alone! Available (CD & USB) full paper (PDF) this Powerpoint (PPT) Video clip (AVI) Lexique Pro dictionaries (Dhao, Hawu, Kupang) fonts (Andika AuSIL, Gentium, Doulos SIL) IME keyboards (TimorLeste, IPA Timor, Yolŋu) C. Grimes--Dhao--ILDC
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