Trends in Higher Education: Changes That May Affect Your Career. Laura W. Perna, Ph.D. Graduate School of Education November 7, 2013

Transcription

1 Trends in Higher Education: Changes That May Affect Your Career Laura W. Perna, Ph.D. Graduate School of Education November 7, 2013

2 Current Trends n Increasing focus on completion n Changing demographics n Changes in higher education finance n Challenges of academic readiness n Growth in contingent faculty n Emergence of new technology n Globalization Laura W. Perna

3 The Completion Agenda Importance of educational attainment to international competitiveness Source: Baum, S., Ma, J., & Payea, K. (2010). Education Pays. Washington, DC: College Board.

4 Higher Education Is Increasingly Important To Individual AND Societal Well-Being Salaries Increase with Educational Attainment Source: Carnevale, A., Smith, N., & Strohl, J. (2010). Help wanted. Washington, DC: Georgetown Center for Workforce and the Economy.

5 Growing Demand for College-Educated Workers Source: Carnevale, A., Smith, N., & Strohl, J. (2010). Help wanted. Washington, DC: Georgetown Center for Workforce and the Economy.

6 80% 60% 40% College Completion Rates are Low And Vary Across Groups Six-Year Bachelor s Degree Completion Rates for Students Who First Entered Public 4-Year Institutions Full-Time in % 54% 44% 33% 50% 41% 68% 61% 20% 0% White Women White Men Black Women Black Men Hispanic Women Hispanic Men Asian Women Asian Men Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2012). Digest of Education Statistics Washington, DC: Author.

7 Growing Calls for Accountability

8 Changing Demographics: Increasing Racial/Ethnic Diversity Black Asian American Indian Hispanic White Source: WICHE (2012). Knocking on the college door. Boulder, CO: Author.

9 Percent of Adults Who Hold At Least a Bachelor s Degree Persons Age 25 and Older with a Bachelor s Degree or Higher by Race/Ethnicity, % 28% 31% 18% 13% 14% Total White Black Hispanic Asian American Indian Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2012). Digest of Education Statistics Washington, DC: Author.

10 Distribution of Undergraduate Students by Age: Fall 2009 Age 50+ 3% Age 25 to % Under Age % Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2012). Digest of Education Statistics Washington, DC: Author. Laura W. Perna

11 Trends in Higher Education Finance

12 Increasing Privatization Note: Dollars adjusted by 2012 HECA, Cost of Living Adjustment, and Enrollment Mix Index. Source: State Higher Education Executive Officers. SHEF FY2012.

13 Public Resources Constrained into the Future Projected State and Local Budget Deficit as a Percent of Revenues, Maryland Maine Vermont New Jersey Connecticut New Hampshire Rhode Island North Dakota Wisconsin Massachusetts Michigan Wyoming California Ohio Delaware Kansas Oregon Virginia New York Minnesota West Virginia Pennsylvania Illinois Alaska Nebraska Montana United States Louisiana Indiana Hawaii Oklahoma New Mexico Missouri Kentucky Iowa South Dakota Washington Florida South Carolina Arkansas Georgia Colorado Tennessee North Carolina Idaho Utah Arizona Nevada Alabama Texas Mississippi Source: Boyd, D. (2009). Unpublished analyses conducted for the National Center for Higher Education Management Systems.

14 Increasing Use of Loans Percent of Undergraduates Borrowing: to % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% For-profit 4-year private 4-year public 2-year public Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2011). Trends in student financing of undergraduate education: Selected years. Washington, DC: Author.

15 Growth in Cumulative Debt Average Cumulative Debt Among Bachelor s Degree Recipients By Loan Type and Pell Recipient Status, ,000 21,100 18,200 24,700 22,400 23,100 20,500 15,000 14,700 15,700 26,100 24,200 Federal loans Total Non- Pell recipients Pell recipients Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2013). Degrees of Debt, Student Borrowing and Loan Repayment of Bachelor s Degree Recipients Selected years. Washington, DC: Author.

16 Percent of Undergraduates Who Work While Enrolled Percentage of 16- to 24-year old Full-Time Students Who Were Employed, October Total 2- year 4- year Total Employed Less than 20 Hours per week 20 to 34 hours per week 35 or more hours per week Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2012). The Condition of Education. Washington, DC: Author.

17 Bachelor s Degree Completion Declines as Hours Worked/Week Increase above 15 Percentage of First-Time Freshmen who Attained a Bachelor's Degree by 2001 by Number of Hours Worked Per Week 90% 82% 80% 69% 70% 59% 63% 60% 51% 50% 40% 29% 30% 20% 10% 0% Total 0 hours 1-15 hours hours hours More than 30 hours Source: Perna, Cooper, & Li (in press). Laura W. Perna

18 Challenges with Academic Readiness

19 Academic Readiness Often Inadequate Percentage of first-year undergraduates who took at least one remedial course in % 21% 26% 15% 13% 2-year public 4-year public 4-year private Very selective Open admission Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2013, January). First-year undergraduate remedial coursetaking. Statistics in brief. Washington, DC: Author.

20 Differential Access to Academic Resources in K-12 Education 69% Percentage of 2009 Public H.S. Graduates Who Earned Credits in Dual Credit, AP, or IB Courses 43% 40% 27% 25% 49% 37% 34% Asian White Hispanic Black American Indian Student Race/Ethnicity < 25% 26% to 50% More than 50% % Students Eligible for Free/Reduced Lunch Source: NCES (2012). Digest of Education Statistics Washington, DC: Author.

21 Characteristics of the Nation s Faculty Laura W. Perna

22 Where Do Faculty Work? Distribution of Instructional Faculty in Degree-Granting Institutions by Institutional Type % 63% 69% 72% 28% 28% 31% 28% 3% 8% Public Private not-forprofit Private forprofit Four-year Two-year Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2012). Digest of Education Statistics Washington, DC. Laura W. Perna

23 What Share of Faculty are Full-Time? Percent of Instructional Faculty in Degree- Granting Institutions Employed Full-time: 1970 to Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2012). Digest of Education Statistics Washington, DC. Laura W. Perna

24 Average Salaries of Full-Time Faculty 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Average Salary of Full-Time Instructional Faculty on 9-Month Contracts in Degree-Granting Institutions, 1970 to 2010 (constant 2009 dollars) Public 4-year Private 4-year Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2012). Digest of Education Statistics Washington, DC. Laura W. Perna

25 Percentage of Institutions With Tenure Systems 91% 100% 99% Percentage of Institutions with Tenure Systems 72% % 60% 84% 66% 47% 13% 1% Public Private Not-for-Profit Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2012). Digest of Education Statistics Washington, DC. Laura W. Perna

26 Race/ethnicity of Full-Time Faculty: 2009 Full-Time Instructional Faculty in Degree- Granting Institutions by Race/ethnicity 75.6% 5.4% 3.8% 8.2% 0.5% 2.2% 4.2% White Black Asian Hispanic American Indian Unknown Non-resident alien Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2012). Digest of Education Statistics Washington, DC: Author. Laura W. Perna

27 Gender of Full-Time Faculty by Rank: 2009 Representation of Women Among Full-Time Instructional Faculty by Rank 43% 28% 41% 49% 55% 53% 49% Total Professor Associate professor Assistant professor Instructor Lecturer Other Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2012). Digest of Education Statistics Washington, DC: Author. Laura W. Perna

28 New Technology Laura W. Perna

29 Growing Enrollment in For-Profits 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Distribution of Total Enrollment in Four-Year Degree-Granting Institutions by Institutional Type Public 4-year Private NFP 4-year For-profit 4-year Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2012). Digest of Education Statistics. Washington, DC: Author.

30 Participation in Distance Education Percentage of Undergraduates Participating in Distance Education by Type of Institution, Course 19 Degree Program Public 2-year For-profit Public 4-year Private nonprofit 4-year Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2011). Learning at a Distance: Undergraduate Enrollment in Distance Education Courses. Selected years. Washington, DC: Author.

31 Characteristics of Undergraduates Participating in Distance Education Distribution of Undergraduates Enrolled in A Distance education Course by Age & Employment Status, Age 23 or younger or older Not employed Employed part-time Employed full-time Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2011). Learning at a Distance: Undergraduate Enrollment in Distance Education Courses. Selected years. Washington, DC: Author.

32 Globalization Laura W. Perna

33 Growth in Foreign Study Source: OECD (2013). Education at a Glance. Laura W. Perna

34 Common Destination Nations for Foreign Study Source: OECD (2013). Education at a Glance. Laura W. Perna

35 Common Origin Nations of Foreign Students Source: OECD (2013). Education at a Glance. Laura W. Perna

36 Laura W. Perna