(ALMOST?) BREAKING THE GLASS CEILING: OPEN MERIT ADMISSIONS IN MEDICAL EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN
|
|
- Marianna Stone
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 (ALMOST?) BREAKING THE GLASS CEILING: OPEN MERIT ADMISSIONS IN MEDICAL EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN Tahir Andrabi and Niharika Singh Oct 30, 2015 AALIMS, Princeton University
2 2 Motivation In Pakistan (and other South Asian countries), two narratives about women prevail: Gender gap in enrollment Low female labor market participation In comparison, in the US, the gender education discourse is focused on: College major choice (STEM vs. Humanities, and rates of return) Stalled labor participation of women relative to other OECD countries
3 3 Motivation How are educational choices determined at higher levels? How do these link to labor market opportunities? How do they interact with social and institutional norms?
4 4 This Study Examine the system-wide impacts of the introduction of an open merit system in Pakistani medical colleges in 1991 Educational choices of men and women in high school in Pakistan Labor market participation of male vs female doctors Mostly descriptive evidence Causal effect: rule out reverse causality Changing demand for higher education by women forced the open merit system to be implemented Limitations Labor market participation of doctors Returns to medical education
5 5 Outline I. Context Pakistani medical education and introduction of merit-based admissions II. III. IV. Open Merit: An exogenous Shift? First-Stage Results Enrollment and Doctor Supply Upstream effects Educational choices in high school V. Downstream effects Labor force participation and feminization of the profession VI. Future Work
6 6 Context Medical Education Medicine was and is an elite profession. MBBS is a bachelors degree and students enroll after high school (Intermediate) Medical education is heavily regulated and number of seats in medical colleges is determined by the regulatory authority (and the government). Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) is the regulatory authority for practitioners and for medical education Established in 1962 Until recently, private medical colleges were fairly limited, and they largely opened after 2000.
7 7 Context Medical Education As of Dec 2014 Colleges by Province and Type Type Punjab Sindh KPK Balochistan AJ&K Total Private Public Total public medical colleges in Punjab in 1985 First private medical college in Pakistan: 1983 First private medical college in Punjab: 1996 Only 4 private colleges before Seats in public colleges over time have been between 250 to 350 per batch. Seats in private colleges roughly 100 per batch When we focus on Punjab, we are looking at roughly 50% of medical college seats available in the country.
8 8 The Open Merit Timeline: Expansion of medical college seats (75-80) Quality concerns (80-82) Reduction of Seats (83-86) From 1776 to1440 annually Women affected differentially The score threshold for entry for women in their seat quota was 820, whereas it was only 731 for boys within their seat quota. Litigation starts Punjab High court Case 1987 Lower courts rule seat reduction is a policy decision Ad hoc upwards adjustment of women seats Legal debate evolves into Constitutional debate Supreme Court decrees Open Merit 1991 First Admissions 1992
9 9 Quota removal: exogenous supply shift or demand driven? Seat reduction was entirely driven by concern over medical standards and had nothing to with the gender composition of medical schools Both the learned Judges constituting the Division Bench, wrote separate judgments but upheld the Government's decision to decrease the number of the seats and agreed that the reduction was in the interest of the medical profession, made to eliminate overcrowding in the medical Colleges, remove difficulties arising out of lack of trained staff and inadequate facilities in the teaching hospitals, resulting in deterioration in the standard of medical education Lahore High Court Judgment, 1987 Seat reduction prompted the litigation that led to quota removal! When the number of overall seats was stable, there was no pressure on the system to add women.
10 10 Main Data Sources & Sample All secondary data Punjab Development Statistics Reports Information on enrollment at different educational levels PMDC database of doctor registrations from Individual-level doctor data; has information on sex, college, year of graduation, specialty Almost the complete universe of doctors, more so from the 1980s onwards For first-stage and upstream effects, we have data from Punjab, the largest province in the country and about 50% of medical colleges. For downstream trends, we have data from all of Pakistan through PMDC.
11 First-stage Results - Enrollment What does introduction of the merit system do to medical college enrollment? 11
12 12 Medical College Enrollment in Comparison, Fraction female Medical colleges are now as feminized as professional education colleges.
13 13 First-stage Results: Doctor Supply in Pakistan - We move the bands to 1992 to 1997 since those are the years where the graduates from the cohorts affected by policy changes would appear in the data. - Registration happens after completion of MBBS degree. - Females overtake males in 1999, i.e. cohort of 1994, which maps to the enrollment results previously.
14 14 Medical Education Trajectory Upstream Matric Results (Grade 10) Intermediate Results (Grade 12) Entrance Exam* (Grade 12) *Since early 2000s Downstream MBBS from Medical College (5 Years) House job (1 year) Postgraduation entrance exams Postgraduate study Medical specialist Takes at least 6 years to become a specialist after MBBS degree
15 15 High School Educational Context Streaming in high school Choose Arts or Science in Grades 9 and 10 Then, for grades 11 & 12, choose Pre-Medical, Pre-Engineering, Humanities, Computer Science or others. General perceptions and behavior are if you are relatively high ability, you will choose Science in Matric, and Premedical or Pre-engineering in Intermediate Choices early on will preclude future choices
16 16 Upstream Effects Intermediate Changes incentives for high school students in general, but particularly for high achieving males and females We will focus on intermediate grades (11 & 12) only. Why not matric? Matric Science is too broad a category. Data from two different sources, one of which we have more confidence than in the other. Data: Punjab Development Statistics reports and covers period Currently trying to get student-level data from the gov t.
17 17 Upstream Effects - Hypotheses Effects of open merit admission With expanded opportunities, increased enrollment in STEM fields Sex-specific effects on choices within STEM As opportunity opens up in medical schools, females enter in large numbers into pre-medical Males switch from pre-medical to pre-engineering since previously lower merit men who were able to earn admissions now face stiffer competition Alternative explanations General changes in rate of return to STEM fields Should observe secular increases for both sexes Differential preference shocks by sex This would imply that medical profession now seen as more accepting of women. Unlikely considering recent backlash.
18 18 Female educational choice Number Fraction - Overall numbers increasing across fields - As a fraction of all girls in a given year, over time, fewer are choosing humanities, and shift is mostly into STEM fields (pre-engineering, premedicine, and computer science (starting in 2000)) *Other is commerce, home economics, etc.
19 19 Male educational choice Number Fraction - Overall numbers stable for humanities but increasing in Stem and other fields - As a fraction of all boys in a given year, over time, fewer are choosing humanities, and the larger shift is into STEM fields
20 20 Comparing within Stem choice by sex, Number Pre-medical Pre-engineering - We look at pre-medical and pre-engineering since these are typically seen as high-ability fields. - Existence of sex-specific patterns. - In pre-medical, while male numbers are increasing slowly over time, female numbers experience a dramatic increase. - Women now make up the majority of pre-medical students in Intermediate grades.
21 21 Stem fields, fraction female Pre-medical is predominantly female, and pre-engineering is predominantly male.
22 22 Downstream Effects: Leaky Pipeline? Under open merit regime, female presence dominates in the medical colleges. What does this mean for labor market outcomes? How leaky is the pipeline? Prevalent narrative is that most women dropout after getting their MBBS degrees. They are not interested in specialization, but are using the MBBS degree to find a better marriage match. Policy backlash to female enrollment and achievement: Re-instatement of a 50:50 quota issued September 2014 by the regulatory authority, but struck down by government in Punjab. Uncertainty remains.
23 23 Policy Backlash Notification Text sent on Sep 18, 2014 The Council in its 137 th Session held on 4 th February, 2014, has considered the growing trend of females in Medical Education and their decreasing sustainability in the medical field and had decided as under: Number of seats for the male and female medical students should be 50% each. The seats may be filled as per above percentage on open merit. This decision shall be implemented on all undergraduate public and private sector medical/dental colleges for the new admission from year This decision does not apply on the colleges for female only. Text from Lahore High Court Judgment on Argument by Regulator
24 24 Downstream Effects Hard to ascertain labor market outcomes since limited data exists Very elite population, and representatives surveys (e.g. Labor Force Surveys) are not suitable to understand this market We have data on an even more elite subpopulation of doctors, namely post-grad enrollment, specialists and teaching professionals. We do not observe those women and men who just get an MBBS and do not continue further medical education in Pakistan. Outside options: foreign degrees, private practice, civil service, marriage
25 25 Downstream Effects Hypotheses: Post-grad enrollment: We should observe fraction of females rising. Pass through from medical college. Teaching profession: We should observe more females in lower level positions at fractions similar to those observed in college enrollment. Specialties: Fraction of specialists who are female should be rising.
26 26 Data Post-graduate medical enrollment from PDS reports PMDC Database of doctor registrations from Focus on period where registration seems to have become the norm. Registration first occurs when MBBS is completed, and is updated with further qualifications. PMDC Faculty files 2014 Individual data on rank and department. Available for 87 out of 92 colleges.
27 27 Downstream Effects Post-grad enrollment, Fraction - Entry into post-graduate study happens at least 6 years after entry into medical college. - The grey band is where the group affected by policy change would appear in the data, i.e. between 1993 and Rising female share in post-grad medical enrollment.
28 28 Downstream Effects Post-grad enrollment, Number Why are the rates not similar? Limited number of seats and penalty for failing postgraduate entrance exams more severe for women than men When seats increased in 2012, more women enter.
29 29 Downstream Effects - Medical Teaching Profession Faculty data from 87 out of 92 medical colleges as of 2014, including rank, specialization, graduation year Being associated with a teaching hospital is the top of the profession Faculty hierarchy Professor Associate Professor Assistant Professor Registrar Demonstrator, Lecturer
30 30 Downstream Effects - Medical Teaching Profession We match about 98% of data to PMDC doctor database to understand when faculty graduated from college, and look at sex ratio by pass decade. We will only be able to say something about the lower level positions, since not enough time will have passed to see changes in the higher echelons of the profession.
31 31 Downstream Effects - Medical Teaching Profession, by Rank Rank 6: Lecturer by Pass Year Pass Year Male Female Total Female share Before present Total , Rank 5: Demonstrator by Pass Year Pass Year Male Female Total Female share Before present , Total , Rank 4: Registrar by Pass Year Pass Year Male Female Total Female share Before present Total Relative to earlier cohorts, the present cohort sees higher female share for lower-ranking positions. - A lot of other things could be happening, but this is suggestive of some females at least looking to move forward in the profession.
32 Downstream Effects - Medical Teaching Profession, by Rank 32
33 33 Downstream Effects Specialists Data records MBBS as a minimal qualification and any additional qualifications The specialization period after getting an MBBS degree is at least 6 years (house job + 5 years of specialization). The next set of graphs will present results by registration year at the PMDC, which first occurs after completing the MBBS degree.
34 34 Downstream Effects MBBS vs Specialists - If we only look at the first degree, women overtake men. - In higher qualification, we start to see women overcoming the gap.
35 35 Downstream Effects Specialists - Number of male and female specialists over time starts to equalize. - But almost male specialists declining over time. - At least these women, who spend additional years, are more likely to be working.
36 36 Downstream Effects Specialists, Major Categories - Fraction female rising across medicine and pediatrics & related. - OB-Gyn is already female dominated. - Surgery is moving as well. - Feminization is occurring within these higher echelons. - Q: What are its effects?
37 37 Downstream Effects Other Specialties Rising trend across specialties.
38 38 Summary & Future Work Descriptive changes in the educational system and the medical profession in Pakistan STEM enrollment is increasing, but choices within STEM are different for men and women Medical college enrollment dominated by women Medicine appears to be an increasingly feminized occupation Could be a causal effect of the open merit policy Future Work: Focus more on identification Obtain individual-data on high school exam results Cohort surveys to understand labor force participation Understanding the effects of feminization
RCPCH MMC Cohort Study (Part 4) March 2016
RCPCH MMC Cohort Study (Part 4) March 2016 Acknowledgements Dr Simon Clark, Officer for Workforce Planning, RCPCH Dr Carol Ewing, Vice President Health Services, RCPCH Dr Daniel Lumsden, Former Chair,
More informationEMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON THE ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE STUDENTS OPINION ABOUT THE PERSPECTIVE OF THEIR PROFESSIONAL TRAINING AND CAREER PROSPECTS
Persefoni Polychronidou Department of Accounting and Finance TEI of Central Macedonia, Serres, Greece E-mail: polychr@teicm.gr Stephanos Nikolaidis Department of Accounting and Finance TEI of East Macedonia
More informationGraduate Division Annual Report Key Findings
Graduate Division 2010 2011 Annual Report Key Findings Trends in Admissions and Enrollment 1 Size, selectivity, yield UCLA s graduate programs are increasingly attractive and selective. Between Fall 2001
More informationU VA THE CHANGING FACE OF UVA STUDENTS: SSESSMENT. About The Study
About The Study U VA SSESSMENT In 6, the University of Virginia Office of Institutional Assessment and Studies undertook a study to describe how first-year students have changed over the past four decades.
More informationImproving recruitment, hiring, and retention practices for VA psychologists: An analysis of the benefits of Title 38
Improving recruitment, hiring, and retention practices for VA psychologists: An analysis of the benefits of Title 38 Introduction / Summary Recent attention to Veterans mental health services has again
More informationGCSE English Language 2012 An investigation into the outcomes for candidates in Wales
GCSE English Language 2012 An investigation into the outcomes for candidates in Wales Qualifications and Learning Division 10 September 2012 GCSE English Language 2012 An investigation into the outcomes
More informationNCEO Technical Report 27
Home About Publications Special Topics Presentations State Policies Accommodations Bibliography Teleconferences Tools Related Sites Interpreting Trends in the Performance of Special Education Students
More informationWestern Australia s General Practice Workforce Analysis Update
Western Australia s General Practice Workforce Analysis Update NOVEMBER 2015 PUBLISHED MAY 2016 Rural Health West This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no
More informationPREPARING FOR THE SITE VISIT IN YOUR FUTURE
PREPARING FOR THE SITE VISIT IN YOUR FUTURE ARC-PA Suzanne York SuzanneYork@arc-pa.org 2016 PAEA Education Forum Minneapolis, MN Saturday, October 15, 2016 TODAY S SESSION WILL INCLUDE: Recommendations
More informationUPPER SECONDARY CURRICULUM OPTIONS AND LABOR MARKET PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM A GRADUATES SURVEY IN GREECE
UPPER SECONDARY CURRICULUM OPTIONS AND LABOR MARKET PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM A GRADUATES SURVEY IN GREECE Stamatis Paleocrassas, Panagiotis Rousseas, Vassilia Vretakou Pedagogical Institute, Athens Abstract
More informationESIC Advt. No. 06/2017, dated WALK IN INTERVIEW ON
EMPLOYEES STATE INSURANCE CORPORATION ESIC-PGIMSR & ESIC MEDICAL COLLEGE ESIC Hospital & ODC (EZ) Diamond Harbour Road, P.O. Joka, Kolkata - 700104 Tel No: (033) 24381382, Tel/Fax No: (033) 24381176 E-mail:
More informationProduction of Cognitive and Life Skills in Public, Private, and NGO Schools in Pakistan
The Pakistan Development Review 42 : 1 (Spring 2003) pp. 1 28 Production of Cognitive and Life Skills in Public, Private, and NGO Schools in Pakistan G. M. ARIF and NAJAM US SAQIB * The share of private
More informationINFORMATION BOOKLET. Refer RUHS website (www.ruhsraj.org) for updated and relevant information.
RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES Kumbha Marg, Sector-18, Pratap Nagar, Tonk Road, Jaipur -302033 Phone: 0141-2795527, 2795550; Fax: 0141-2795550 Website: www.ruhsraj.org RAJASTHAN CENTRALIZED ADMISSIONS
More informationStrategic Practice: Career Practitioner Case Study
Strategic Practice: Career Practitioner Case Study heidi Lund 1 Interpersonal conflict has one of the most negative impacts on today s workplaces. It reduces productivity, increases gossip, and I believe
More informationBASIC EDUCATION IN GHANA IN THE POST-REFORM PERIOD
BASIC EDUCATION IN GHANA IN THE POST-REFORM PERIOD By Abena D. Oduro Centre for Policy Analysis Accra November, 2000 Please do not Quote, Comments Welcome. ABSTRACT This paper reviews the first stage of
More informationFoundations of Bilingual Education. By Carlos J. Ovando and Mary Carol Combs
Foundations of Bilingual Education T tb k Bili l d ESL Cl Textbook: Bilingual and ESL Classrooms By Carlos J. Ovando and Mary Carol Combs Chapter 2 Policy and Programs The Politics of Bilingual Education
More informationNATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS RESPONSE TO RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE NATIONAL ASSESSMENT GOVERNING BOARD AD HOC COMMITTEE ON.
NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS RESPONSE TO RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE NATIONAL ASSESSMENT GOVERNING BOARD AD HOC COMMITTEE ON NAEP TESTING AND REPORTING OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES (SD) AND ENGLISH
More informationEducation in Armenia. Mher Melik-Baxshian I. INTRODUCTION
Education in Armenia Mher Melik-Baxshian I. INTRODUCTION Education has always received priority in Armenia a country that has a history of literacy going back 1,600 years. From the very beginning the school
More informationWhat is related to student retention in STEM for STEM majors? Abstract:
What is related to student retention in STEM for STEM majors? Abstract: The purpose of this study was look at the impact of English and math courses and grades on retention in the STEM major after one
More informationWisconsin 4 th Grade Reading Results on the 2015 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
Wisconsin 4 th Grade Reading Results on the 2015 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Main takeaways from the 2015 NAEP 4 th grade reading exam: Wisconsin scores have been statistically flat
More informationAustralia s tertiary education sector
Australia s tertiary education sector TOM KARMEL NHI NGUYEN NATIONAL CENTRE FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION RESEARCH Paper presented to the Centre for the Economics of Education and Training 7 th National Conference
More informationEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT By 2030, at least 60 percent of Texans ages 25 to 34 will have a postsecondary credential or degree. Target: Increase the percent of Texans ages 25 to 34 with a postsecondary credential.
More informationEarly Warning System Implementation Guide
Linking Research and Resources for Better High Schools betterhighschools.org September 2010 Early Warning System Implementation Guide For use with the National High School Center s Early Warning System
More informationExecutive Summary. Laurel County School District. Dr. Doug Bennett, Superintendent 718 N Main St London, KY
Dr. Doug Bennett, Superintendent 718 N Main St London, KY 40741-1222 Document Generated On January 13, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Description of the School System 2 System's Purpose 4 Notable
More informationStatus of Women of Color in Science, Engineering, and Medicine
Status of Women of Color in Science, Engineering, and Medicine The figures and tables below are based upon the latest publicly available data from AAMC, NSF, Department of Education and the US Census Bureau.
More informationIntegration of ICT in Teaching and Learning
Integration of ICT in Teaching and Learning Dr. Pooja Malhotra Assistant Professor, Dept of Commerce, Dyal Singh College, Karnal, India Email: pkwatra@gmail.com. INTRODUCTION 2 st century is an era of
More informationEXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Online courses for credit recovery in high schools: Effectiveness and promising practices. April 2017
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Online courses for credit recovery in high schools: Effectiveness and promising practices April 2017 Prepared for the Nellie Mae Education Foundation by the UMass Donahue Institute 1
More informationVerification Program Health Authority Abu Dhabi
ONLY COMPLETE FORMS WILL BE ACCEPTED Verification Program Health Authority Abu Dhabi Facility Name (If applicable) PearsonVue Registration ID (if applicable) Personal Details: Please give your name in
More informationCONFERENCE PAPER NCVER. What has been happening to vocational education and training diplomas and advanced diplomas? TOM KARMEL
CONFERENCE PAPER NCVER What has been happening to vocational education and training diplomas and advanced diplomas? TOM KARMEL NATIONAL CENTRE FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION RESEARCH Paper presented to the National
More informationScience Clubs as a Vehicle to Enhance Science Teaching and Learning in Schools
2014 4th International Conference on Education, Research and Innovation IPEDR vol.81 (2014) (2014) IACSIT Press, Singapore DOI: 10.7763/IPEDR.2014.V81.26 Science Clubs as a Vehicle to Enhance Science Teaching
More informationRAJASTHAN CENTRALIZED ADMISSIONS TO BACHELOR OF PHYSIOTHERAPY COURSE-2017 (RCA BPT-2017) INFORMATION BOOKLET
RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES Kumbha Marg, Sector-18, Pratap Nagar, Tonk Road, Jaipur -302033 Phone: 0141-2792644, 2795527 Website: www.ruhsraj.org RAJASTHAN CENTRALIZED ADMISSIONS TO BACHELOR
More informationRAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES Kumbha Marg, Sector-18, Pratap Nagar, Tonk Road, Jaipur Phone: ,
RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES Kumbha Marg, Sector-18, Pratap Nagar, Tonk Road, Jaipur -302033 Phone: 0141-2795527, 2795550 Websites: www.ruhsraj.org www.ruhspmc2017.org RAJASTHAN CENTRALIZED
More informationUpdated: December Educational Attainment
Updated: Educational Attainment Among 25- to 29-year olds, the proportions who have attained a high school education, some college, or a bachelor s degree are all rising, according to longterm trends.
More informationStudent Handbook 2016 University of Health Sciences, Lahore
Student Handbook 2016 University of Health Sciences, Lahore 1 Welcome to the Certificate in Medical Teaching programme 2016 at the University of Health Sciences, Lahore. This programme is for teachers
More informationDetails of educational qualifications
Name of the Teacher: Name of the Department: Current post held: Associate Professor Date on which this format was filled (dd/mm/yyyy): 15/03/2017 Details of educational qualifications Qualification College
More information2 di 7 29/06/
2 di 7 29/06/2011 9.09 Preamble The General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, meeting at Paris from 17 October 1989 to 16 November 1989 at its twenty-fifth
More informationFULBRIGHT MASTER S AND PHD PROGRAM GRANTS APPLICATION FOR STUDY IN THE UNITED STATES
FULBRIGHT MASTER S AND PHD PROGRAM GRANTS APPLICATION FOR STUDY IN THE UNITED STATES ***READ ALL INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION CAREFULLY BEFORE COMPLETING APPLICATION*** ELIGIBILITY Pakistani citizens with
More informationUDW+ Student Data Dictionary Version 1.7 Program Services Office & Decision Support Group
UDW+ Student Data Dictionary Version 1.7 Program Services Office & Decision Support Group 1 Table of Contents Subject Areas... 3 SIS - Term Registration... 5 SIS - Class Enrollment... 12 SIS - Degrees...
More informationI set out below my response to the Report s individual recommendations.
Written Response to the Enterprise and Business Committee s Report on Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) Skills by the Minister for Education and Skills November 2014 I would like to set
More informationEUA Quality Culture: Implementing Bologna Reforms
UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE FINLAND EUA Quality Culture: Implementing Bologna Reforms 1. What is my university s concept of a quality reform with respect to the Bologna process? Note: as for detailed specification
More informationA Diverse Student Body
A Diverse Student Body No two diversity plans are alike, even when expressing the importance of having students from diverse backgrounds. A top-tier school that attracts outstanding students uses this
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 191 ( 2015 ) WCES Why Do Students Choose To Study Information And Communications Technology?
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 191 ( 2015 ) 2867 2872 WCES 2014 Why Do Students Choose To Study Information And Communications Technology?
More informationMEASURING GENDER EQUALITY IN EDUCATION: LESSONS FROM 43 COUNTRIES
GIRL Center Research Brief No. 2 October 2017 MEASURING GENDER EQUALITY IN EDUCATION: LESSONS FROM 43 COUNTRIES STEPHANIE PSAKI, KATHARINE MCCARTHY, AND BARBARA S. MENSCH The Girl Innovation, Research,
More informationNational Academies STEM Workforce Summit
National Academies STEM Workforce Summit September 21-22, 2015 Irwin Kirsch Director, Center for Global Assessment PIAAC and Policy Research ETS Policy Research using PIAAC data America s Skills Challenge:
More informationMSc Education and Training for Development
MSc Education and Training for Development Awarding Institution: The University of Reading Teaching Institution: The University of Reading Faculty of Life Sciences Programme length: 6 month Postgraduate
More informationCurriculum and Assessment Policy
*Note: Much of policy heavily based on Assessment Policy of The International School Paris, an IB World School, with permission. Principles of assessment Why do we assess? How do we assess? Students not
More informationMaster of Arts in Applied Social Sciences
Master of Arts in Applied Social Sciences Programme Code: Normal Duration: Maximum Study Period: Mode of Programme: MAASS(P77) 1 Year (full-time) / 2 Years (part-time/combined mode) 2.5 Years (full-time)
More informationAnnual Report to the Public. Dr. Greg Murry, Superintendent
Annual Report to the Public Dr. Greg Murry, Superintendent 1 Conway Board of Education Ms. Susan McNabb Mr. Bill Clements Mr. Chuck Shipp Mr. Carl Barger Dr. Adam Lamey Dr. Quentin Washispack Mr. Andre
More informationUniversity of Toronto Mississauga Degree Level Expectations. Preamble
University of Toronto Mississauga Degree Level Expectations Preamble In December, 2005, the Council of Ontario Universities issued a set of degree level expectations (drafted by the Ontario Council of
More informationOne Hour of Code 10 million students, A foundation for success
One Hour of Code 10 million students, A foundation for success Everybody in this country should learn how to program a computer... because it teaches you how to think. Steve Jobs Code.org is organizing
More informationFIELD PLACEMENT PROGRAM: COURSE HANDBOOK
FIELD PLACEMENT PROGRAM: COURSE HANDBOOK COURSE OBJECTIVE: The Field Placement Program aims to bridge the gap between the law on the books and the law in action for law students by affording them the opportunity
More information2007 No. xxxx EDUCATION, ENGLAND. The Further Education Teachers Qualifications (England) Regulations 2007
Please note: these Regulations are draft - they have been made but are still subject to Parliamentary Approval. They S T A T U T O R Y I N S T R U M E N T S 2007 No. xxxx EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Further
More informationCONSULTATION ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE COMPETENCY STANDARD FOR LICENSED IMMIGRATION ADVISERS
CONSULTATION ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE COMPETENCY STANDARD FOR LICENSED IMMIGRATION ADVISERS Introduction Background 1. The Immigration Advisers Licensing Act 2007 (the Act) requires anyone giving advice
More informationPrincipal vacancies and appointments
Principal vacancies and appointments 2009 10 Sally Robertson New Zealand Council for Educational Research NEW ZEALAND COUNCIL FOR EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH TE RŪNANGA O AOTEAROA MŌ TE RANGAHAU I TE MĀTAURANGA
More informationEnrollment Trends. Past, Present, and. Future. Presentation Topics. NCCC enrollment down from peak levels
Presentation Topics 1. Enrollment Trends 2. Attainment Trends Past, Present, and Future Challenges & Opportunities for NC Community Colleges August 17, 217 Rebecca Tippett Director, Carolina Demography
More informationSETTING STANDARDS FOR CRITERION- REFERENCED MEASUREMENT
SETTING STANDARDS FOR CRITERION- REFERENCED MEASUREMENT By: Dr. MAHMOUD M. GHANDOUR QATAR UNIVERSITY Improving human resources is the responsibility of the educational system in many societies. The outputs
More informationCERTIFIED TEACHER LICENSURE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
CERTIFIED TEACHER LICENSURE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2016-2017 DODGE CITY PUBLIC SCHOOLS USD 443 DODGE CITY, KANSAS LOCAL PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT GUIDE Table of Contents 1. General Information -
More informationAfrican American Male Achievement Update
Report from the Department of Research, Evaluation, and Assessment Number 8 January 16, 2009 African American Male Achievement Update AUTHOR: Hope E. White, Ph.D., Program Evaluation Specialist Department
More informationRecruitment for Teaching posts of RUHS Information Booklet. Refer RUHS website (www.ruhsraj.org) for updated and relevant information.
RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES Kumbha Marg, Sector-18, Pratap Nagar, Tonk Road, Jaipur -33 Phone: 41-2795527, 2795550; Fax: 41-2795550 Website: www.ruhsraj.org Recruitment for Teaching posts of
More informationAccessing Higher Education in Developing Countries: panel data analysis from India, Peru and Vietnam
Accessing Higher Education in Developing Countries: panel data analysis from India, Peru and Vietnam Alan Sanchez (GRADE) y Abhijeet Singh (UCL) 12 de Agosto, 2017 Introduction Higher education in developing
More informationSummary results (year 1-3)
Summary results (year 1-3) Evaluation and accountability are key issues in ensuring quality provision for all (Eurydice, 2004). In Europe, the dominant arrangement for educational accountability is school
More informationNational Survey of Student Engagement at UND Highlights for Students. Sue Erickson Carmen Williams Office of Institutional Research April 19, 2012
National Survey of Student Engagement at Highlights for Students Sue Erickson Carmen Williams Office of Institutional Research April 19, 2012 April 19, 2012 Table of Contents NSSE At... 1 NSSE Benchmarks...
More informationNBER WORKING PAPER SERIES WOULD THE ELIMINATION OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AFFECT HIGHLY QUALIFIED MINORITY APPLICANTS? EVIDENCE FROM CALIFORNIA AND TEXAS
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES WOULD THE ELIMINATION OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AFFECT HIGHLY QUALIFIED MINORITY APPLICANTS? EVIDENCE FROM CALIFORNIA AND TEXAS David Card Alan B. Krueger Working Paper 10366 http://www.nber.org/papers/w10366
More information4.0 CAPACITY AND UTILIZATION
4.0 CAPACITY AND UTILIZATION The capacity of a school building is driven by four main factors: (1) the physical size of the instructional spaces, (2) the class size limits, (3) the schedule of uses, and
More informationEducational Attainment
A Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile of Allen County, Indiana based on the 2010 Census and the American Community Survey Educational Attainment A Review of Census Data Related to the Educational Attainment
More informationWOMEN RESEARCH RESULTS IN ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
WOMEN RESEARCH RESULTS IN ARCHITECRE AND URBANISM Arianna Guardiola-Víllora, Luisa Basset-Salom Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura, Universitat Politècnica de València (SPAIN) aguardio@mes.upv.es,
More informationUniversity Of Winneba Sandwich Post Graduate Programmes
Sandwich Programmes Free PDF ebook Download: Sandwich Programmes Download or Read Online ebook university of winneba sandwich post graduate programmes in PDF Format From The Best User Guide Database R.
More informationEducational system gaps in Romania. Roberta Mihaela Stanef *, Alina Magdalena Manole
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Scien ce s 93 ( 2013 ) 794 798 3rd World Conference on Learning, Teaching and Educational Leadership (WCLTA-2012)
More informationFACULTY OF ENGINEERING. Alberto J Tsamba Faculty of Engineering, UEM
FACULTY Alberto J Tsamba Faculty of Engineering, UEM Key areas for the growth in O&G industry: Deepwater O&G; Heavy oils; and, Unconventional O&G FACULTY DEVELOPMENT IS AN WORK! 2 O&G growth demand: Drilling
More informationRevision activity booklet for Paper 1. Topic 1 Studying society
Name Revision activity booklet for Paper 1 Topic 1 Studying society Specialist terms glossary Agents/agencies of socialisation Beliefs Conflict/consensus Culture Cultural differences Customs Discrimination
More informationJOB OUTLOOK 2018 NOVEMBER 2017 FREE TO NACE MEMBERS $52.00 NONMEMBER PRICE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES AND EMPLOYERS
NOVEMBER 2017 FREE TO NACE MEMBERS $52.00 NONMEMBER PRICE JOB OUTLOOK 2018 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES AND EMPLOYERS 62 Highland Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18017 www.naceweb.org 610,868.1421 TABLE OF CONTENTS
More informationAcademic Brochure. SVS Institute of Dental Sciences Mahabubnagar
Academic Brochure SVS Institute of Dental Sciences Mahabubnagar Administration Principal Dr. N. Viveka Vardhan Reddy MDS, DNB, FFDRCS, FDSRCS E mail: drvvrhyd@yahoo.co.in Contact # 93999 30125 Dean Dr
More informationPCG Special Education Brief
PCG Special Education Brief Understanding the Endrew F. v. Douglas County School District Supreme Court Decision By Sue Gamm, Esq. and Will Gordillo March 27, 2017 Background Information On January 11,
More informationReferences 1. Constitution No.2 /1989 on National Education System 2. Government Regulation No.60/1999 on Higher Education
Indonesian Minister of National Education Instruction No.232/U/2000 On Curriculum Arrangement Guideline for Higher Education and Evaluation of University Student Learning Achievement Consideration The
More informationNurturing Engineering Talent in the Aerospace and Defence Sector. K.Venkataramanan
Nurturing Engineering Talent in the Aerospace and Defence Sector K.Venkataramanan 1.0 Outlook of India's Aerospace &DefenceSector The Indian aerospace industry has become one of the fastest growing aerospace
More informationAssessment System for M.S. in Health Professions Education (rev. 4/2011)
Assessment System for M.S. in Health Professions Education (rev. 4/2011) Health professions education programs - Conceptual framework The University of Rochester interdisciplinary program in Health Professions
More informationDepartment: Basic Education REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA MACRO INDICATOR TRENDS IN SCHOOLING: SUMMARY REPORT 2011
Department: Basic Education REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA MACRO INDICATOR TRENDS IN SCHOOLING: SUMMARY REPORT 2011 Published by the Department of Basic Education Sol Plaatje House 222 Struben Street Pretoria
More informationORDINANCES FOR BTECH PROGRAMS For details please visit at the following link: http://www.iiitd.ac.in/sites/default/files/docs/education/btech-ordinances.pdf 1 REGULATIONS FOR BTECH PROGRAMS 1 General (1)
More informationPediatric Wheelchair Seating
Pediatric Wheelchair Seating Saturday, November 1, 2008 Siebens Building, 1st Floor Phillips Hall Rochester, Minnesota PRESENTER: Michelle L. Lange, OTR, ABDA, ATP Course Directors: Sherilyn W. Driscoll,
More informationOver-Age, Under-Age, and On-Time Students in Primary School, Congo, Dem. Rep.
Primary School Net and Gross Attendance Rates, Congo, Dem. Rep. Less than two thirds of school age children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo attend primary school. Boys are not much more likely
More informationData Glossary. Summa Cum Laude: the top 2% of each college's distribution of cumulative GPAs for the graduating cohort. Academic Honors (Latin Honors)
Institutional Research and Assessment Data Glossary This document is a collection of terms and variable definitions commonly used in the universities reports. The definitions were compiled from various
More informationSECTION I: Strategic Planning Background and Approach
JOHNS CREEK HIGH SCHOOL STRATEGIC PLAN SY 2014/15 SY 2016/17 APPROVED AUGUST 2014 SECTION I: Strategic Planning Background and Approach In May 2012, the Georgia Board of Education voted to make Fulton
More informationELDER MEDIATION INTERNATIONAL NETWORK
ELDER MEDIATION INTERNATIONAL NETWORK Call for Presenters EMIN World Summit Mount Saint Vincent University Halifax, Canada June 25-27, 2014 The call for speakers and panelists for the upcoming Summit is
More informationNew Venture Financing
New Venture Financing General Course Information: FINC-GB.3373.01-F2017 NEW VENTURE FINANCING Tuesdays/Thursday 1.30-2.50pm Room: TBC Course Overview and Objectives This is a capstone course focusing on
More informationPC-I SHORT TERM SKILL DEVELOPMENT COURSES UNDER PRIME MINISTER S HUNARMAND PAKISTAN PROGRAMME AT
PC-I SHORT TERM SKILL DEVELOPMENT COURSES UNDER PRIME MINISTER S HUNARMAND PAKISTAN PROGRAMME AT Estimated Cost: Rs. Millions SPONSORING AGENCY National Vocational and Technical Education Commission (NAVTEC)
More informationAnnex 1: Millennium Development Goals Indicators
Annex 1: Millennium Development Goals Indicators Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Goals and Targets(Millennium Declaration) Indicators for monitoring progress GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
More informationTools to SUPPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF a monitoring system for regularly scheduled series
RSS RSS Tools to SUPPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF a monitoring system for regularly scheduled series DEVELOPED BY the Accreditation council for continuing medical education December 2005; Updated JANUARY 2008
More informationAn Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Mexican American Studies Participation on Student Achievement within Tucson Unified School District
An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Mexican American Studies Participation on Student Achievement within Tucson Unified School District Report Submitted June 20, 2012, to Willis D. Hawley, Ph.D., Special
More informationCharter School Performance Accountability
sept 2009 Charter School Performance Accountability The National Association of Charter School Authorizers (NACSA) is the trusted resource and innovative leader working with educators and public officials
More informationEARNING. THE ACCT 2016 INVITATIONAL SYMPOSIUM: GETTING IN THE FAST LANE Ensuring Economic Security and Meeting the Workforce Needs of the Nation
THE ACCT 2016 INVITATIONAL SYMPOSIUM: GETTING IN THE FAST LANE Ensuring Economic Security and Meeting the Workforce Needs of the Nation Discussion Papers 2016 Invitational Symposium LEARNING WHILE EARNING
More informationSORRELL COLLEGE OF BUSINESS
43 The vision of the Sorrell College of Business is to be the first choice for higher business education students in their quest to succeed in a dynamic and global economy. Sorrell College of Business
More informationUniversity of Toronto
University of Toronto OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT AND PROVOST 1. Introduction A Framework for Graduate Expansion 2004-05 to 2009-10 In May, 2000, Governing Council Approved a document entitled Framework
More informationInvestigating the Relationship between Ethnicity and Degree Attainment
Investigating the Relationship between Ethnicity and Degree Attainment Jaki Lilly (Jaki.Lilly@anglia.ac.uk), INSPIRE Berenice Rivera Macías (berenice.riveramacias@anglia.ac.uk), INSPIRE Mark Warnes (Mark.Warnes@anglia.ac.uk),
More informationListening and Speaking Skills of English Language of Adolescents of Government and Private Schools
Listening and Speaking Skills of English Language of Adolescents of Government and Private Schools Dr. Amardeep Kaur Professor, Babe Ke College of Education, Mudki, Ferozepur, Punjab Abstract The present
More informationLiteracy Level in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana States A Statistical Study
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES) Volume 6 Issue 6 Pages PP 70-77 2017 ISSN (e): 2319 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 1805 Literacy Level in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana States A Statistical
More informationCore Strategy #1: Prepare professionals for a technology-based, multicultural, complex world
Wright State University College of Education and Human Services Strategic Plan, 2008-2013 The College of Education and Human Services (CEHS) worked with a 25-member cross representative committee of faculty
More informationKnowledge for the Future Developments in Higher Education and Research in the Netherlands
Knowledge for the Future Developments in Higher Education and Research in the Netherlands Don F. Westerheijden Contribution to Vision Seminar Higher education and Research 2030 Helsinki, 2017-06-14 How
More informationSUNY Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn, NY
C O L L E G E P R O F I L E - O V E R V I E W SUNY Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn, NY SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn, founded in 1858, is a public, upper-division institution. Its 13-acre campus
More informationThe Isett Seta Career Guide 2010
The Isett Seta Career Guide 2010 Our Vision: The Isett Seta seeks to develop South Africa into an ICT knowledge-based society by encouraging more people to develop skills in this sector as a means of contributing
More informationIowa School District Profiles. Le Mars
Iowa School District Profiles Overview This profile describes enrollment trends, student performance, income levels, population, and other characteristics of the public school district. The report utilizes
More information