National Academies STEM Workforce Summit
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1 National Academies STEM Workforce Summit September 21-22, 2015 Irwin Kirsch Director, Center for Global Assessment
2 PIAAC and Policy Research ETS Policy Research using PIAAC data America s Skills Challenge: Millennials and the Future, written by Madeline Goodman, Anita Sands and Richard Coley (retired), published by the ETS Center for Research on Human Capital and Education PIAAC what is PIAAC which countries participate what is assessed what can the data tell us
3 What is PIAAC? The OECD contracted with ETS to assemble and lead an international consortium in the design, development and implementation of a new survey of adult skills. PIAAC is the largest and most innovative survey of adults ever undertaken. Unlike school-based surveys, which focus on specific ages or grades of in-school students, PIAAC was designed as a household study of nationally representative samples of adults, years of age. It is the first large-scale survey to be designed as a computer delivered assessment. This allowed us to: broaden what could be measured, implement computer scoring for all items, and incorporate a multi-stage adaptive testing algorithm.
4 Australia Austria Belgium Canada Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Ireland Which countries participate? Round 1 Countries Italy Japan Korea, Rep of Netherlands Norway Poland Russian Federation Slovak Republic Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States Round 2 Countries Chile Greece Indonesia Israel Lithuania New Zealand Singapore Slovenia Turkey Round 3 Countries Argentina (Buenos Aires) Colombia Ecuador Hungary Kazakhstan Mexico Peru
5 What Does PIAAC Assess? The main instruments in PIAAC include Background Questionnaire Reading Components Literacy Numeracy Problem Solving in Technology Rich Environments
6 What PIAAC data can tell us? provide a better understanding of the distributions of key skills and proficiencies both at the national and international levels shed light on the extent skills translate into better opportunities for individuals & economies help evaluate how effective our education and training systems, and our social and workplace practices are in developing the required skills and proficiencies
7 Who are the Millennials? Respondents who were born after years of age at time of PIAAC Why are They so Important? They are the most recent products of our educational systems According to various reports they have attained the most years of schooling of any previous cohort They will be in the labor force for the next years Will shape the economic, political and social landscape
8 In literacy, U.S. millennials scored lower than 15 of 22 countries. Only millennials in Spain and Italy scored lower * [VALUE]* [VALUE]* Scale Score [VALUE]* [VALUE]* [VALUE]* [VALUE]* [VALUE]* [VALUE]* [VALUE]* [VALUE]* [VALUE]* [VALUE]* [VALUE]* [VALUE]* [VALUE]* [VALUE]* [VALUE]* Higher Lower No difference * Significantly different (p <.05) from PIAAC (2012).
9 In numeracy, U.S. millennials ranked last, along with Italy and Spain * 291* 289* 289* Scale score * 283* 281* 281* 281* 280* 279* 278* 278* 276* 273* 273* 270* 267* 262* 262* Higher No difference * Significantly different (p <.05) from PIAAC (2012).
10 In PS-TRE, U.S. millennials ranked last, along with the Slovak Republic, Ireland and Poland * 306* 303* 300* 299* 298* 298* 298* 297* 295* 295* 295* 295* 293* 291* 290* Scale score Higher No difference * Significantly different (p <.05) from PIAAC (2012).
11 U.S. millennials attain more education while skills decline * Significantly different (p <.05) from PIAAC (2012).
12 Percent of millennials below level 3 in numeracy increases while percent in highest levels falls * Significantly different (p <.05) from PIAAC (2012).
13 U.S. millennials at the 90th percentile in numeracy scored higher than their counterparts in only one country. Higher Lower No difference * Significantly different (p <.05) from PIAAC (2012).
14 Lower performers (10th percentile) - no country scores lower than the U.S. in numeracy Higher No difference * Significantly different (p <.05) from PIAAC (2012).
15 U.S. gap between high and low performers in numeracy is among the largest. Lower No difference Score gap between 10th and 90th percentile
16 Native-born U.S. millennials do not score higher in numeracy than their peers in any other country. 315 Scale Score 305 * * * 295 * * * * * * * 285 * * * * * * 275 * * * * Higher No difference * Significantly different (p <.05) from PIAAC (2012).
17 Percentage "at or above" and "below" proficient, NAEP Reading, Math & Science, 4th, 8th and 12th grade 100% 80% % below proficient % at or above proficient 60% 40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 4th grade (2013) 8th grade (2013) 12th grade (2013) 4th grade (2013) 8th grade (2013) 12th grade (2013) 4th grade (2009) 8th grade (2011) 12th grade (2009) READING MATH SCIENCE Source: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), accessed from the NAEP Data Explorer, 9/3/15.
18 Percentage "at or above" and "below" established benchmarks, ACT and SAT 100% 80% % at or above % below benchmark 60% 40% 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Reading Math English Science College & Career Ready ACT SAT Source: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), accessed from the NAEP Data Explorer, 9/3/15.
19 Why These Results Matter Education and skills are more closely tied to earnings, employment and other non-economic outcomes In fact, over the past three decades, the annual and lifetime earnings gaps of U.S. workers (both men and women) by educational attainment have widened considerably, contributing to substantial inequalities in earnings, incomes, and wealth.
20 Source: David H. Autor, Skills, education and the rise of earnings inequality among the other 99 percent. Science, 23 May 2014, Volume 344, Issue 6186.
21 Why These Results Matter Education and skills are more closely tied to earnings, employment and other non-economic outcomes. In fact, over the past three decades, the annual and lifetime earnings gaps of U.S. workers (both men and women) by educational attainment have widened considerably, contributing to substantial inequalities in earnings, incomes, and wealth. The growing inequality in family incomes has important consequences for the differential opportunities of children and their academic achievement.
22 Inequality and Opportunity Already the gradient between household income and college attendance has steepened substantially between cohorts born in the early 1960s and those born in the early 1980s. Since education is the key predictor of lifetime earnings, this suggests that the link between circumstances at birth and lifetime incomes will be magnified in the current generation relative to earlier ones. - David Autor (MIT)
23 Percent of Young Adults (24-28) in the U.S. in 2008 with a Bachelor s Degree or Higher By Their ASVAB Score and Family Income Status in 1997 Family Income Status in 2007 ASVAB Test Score Quintile in 2007 Bottom Second Middle Fourth Top All Poor * Poor * Poor * Poor * Poor ALL
24 Conclusions Educated without skills Enormity of the challenges we face is not limited to a single group or locale also important is the fact that these challenges are being driven by forces that continue to gain strength with little evidence that they will pass by us on their own. Where should we go from here? ETS with the full support of the Board of Trustees has funded a project titled Opportunity in America.
25 Questions and Discussion For more information contact: Irwin Kirsch Questions and Comments
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