A Comprehensive Approach to English Grammar

Transcription

1

2 The Sentence Its Kinds A Comprehensive Approach to English Grammar Dr. Avinash Pratap Shrivastava (Principal, Harvest International School, Ludhiana ) Indra Publishing House 1

3 A Comprehensive Approach to English Grammar Published by : Indra Publishing House E-5/21, Arera Colony, Habibganj Police Station Road, Bhopal Phone : , Telefax : manish@indrapublishing.com Copyright 2011 Indra Publishing House Title : A Comprehensive Approach to English Grammar Author : Dr. Avinash Pratap Shrivastava First Print : 2011 ISBN: ` : 180/- Printed & published by Mr. Manish Gupta for Indra Publishing House, E-5/21, Arera Colony, Habibganj Police Station Road, Bhopal INDIA All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the author and publisher. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. Information contained in this work is obtained by the author and publisher from sources believed to be reliable. The publisher and its authors make no representation or warranties with respect to accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and shall not be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information. Dispute if any related to this publication is subject to Bhopal Jurisdiction. 2

4 The Sentence Its Kinds This book is dedicated to Lord BankeBihari, Vrindavan 3

5 A Comprehensive Approach to English Grammar 4

6 The Sentence Its Kinds Preface The pages of this book are the compilation of my classroom facilitation experience of English Language with the students. I believe that language learning is a process and this book will assist you to continue the process of English language learning. The book is titled as A Comprehensive Approach to English Grammar to give the learners an approach and confidence to find a comfortable place to explore English language learning. English Grammar concepts and rules are woven here with simplicity and clarity to provide the reader the most desired confidence to the language. Moreover, it is a workbook to be read and practiced daily with some pages to grasp the concepts of English Language. In India English language has been associated with personality and social status but most of the learners hesitate to communicate in English. The reason is very simple that as the second language they struggle to understand the basic fundamentals of the language. Particularly, at the intermediate level (around 15 years age) learners mind look for reasons before every sentence construction. Though, the learner is not aware about the fundamentals of the language, so he/she evades English speaking people and zone. This book will assist you to have a concrete foundation for English Grammar on which you can develop your own castle of English language and communicate your ideas and thoughts into English language well. Along this book a learner should read and write relentlessly the literature of his or her interest. The literature could be any magazine or book of decent content in English language. A learner should not ignore the listening, which is the one of the most important aspects of language learning. English news channels and Cartoon Channels on the television and interviews are the some of the ways to acquaint with English through listening. I would like to show gratitude to my dear students of Harvest International School, Ludhiana, The Sanskaar Valley School, Bhopal, and The Parvati Radhakishan Fomra 5

7 A Comprehensive Approach to English Grammar School (PRFS), Mathura for their colossal support and encouragement for me to remain a learner of English language. It is not supposable that in so delicate and difficult an undertaking there should be an entire freedom from errors and oversights. I shall gratefully accept any assistance in helping to correct mistakes. Thank you. Dr. Avinash Pratap Shrivastava 6

8 The Sentence Its Kinds Content Part - I Functional Grammar & Correct Use 1. The Sentence Its Kinds Subject and Predicate Parts of Speech The Noun The Verb The Adjective The Adverb The Pronoun Determiners Conjunctions The Prepositions The Interjections The Noun Number The Noun Gender The Noun Case Comparative Degrees Use of Articles The Tenses & Its Uses The Sequence of Tenses Active & Passive Correct Use of Some Adjectives The Infinitive The Participle The Gerund Subject Verb Agreement 170 7

9 A Comprehensive Approach to English Grammar 26. Auxiliary Verbs & Modal Verbs Direct & Indirect Speech Comparison of Adverbs Use of Some Adverbs & Adverb Phrases Noun Clauses Adverb Clauses Adjective Clauses Analysis of Sentences Simple, Compound & Complex Sentences Common Errors Punctuation Marks and Capital Letters 236 Part - II Vocabulary 1. Antonyms Synonyms One Word Substitution Cries & Sounds Sound of Objects Young Ones of Animals Occupations Groups or Collections Comparisons Homes Homonyms/Homophones Differenced In Sense Idioms & Phrases Proverbs Figures of Speech 284 8

10 The Sentence Its Kinds PART - I FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR & CORRECT USE 9

11 A Comprehensive Approach to English Grammar 10

12 The Sentence Its Kinds Chapter 1 The Sentence - Its Kinds Let us have a look on the following group of words : 1. Dog is a pet animal. 2. She writes a letter. These group of words make a complete sense. Key Points : Sentence : A group of words that gives meaningful and complete sense, is called a Sentence. A sentence always starts with a capital letter. It always ends with a full stop (.) Types of Sentences : 1. Declarative or Assertive 2. Interrogative 3. Imperative 4. Exclamatory (1) Declarative Or Assertive Sentence : A sentence, which makes an assertion or a statement is called a Declarative or Assertive sentence. e.g. (i) The class is making a noise. (ii) The earth revolves around the Sun. Key Point : These types of sentences always end with a full stop (.) Affirmative and Negative are two types of Declarative Sentences. 11

13 (2) Interrogative Sentence : A Comprehensive Approach to English Grammar A sentence which asks a question is called an Interrogative sentence. e.g. (i) Why are you all shouting? (ii) Has he gone to the market? (iii) What are you eating? (iv) Which is your favourite colour? Key Points : These types of sentences are always followed by a question mark (?) (3) Imperative Sentence : A sentence which expresses a command, a desire or a request is called an Imperative sentence. e.g. (i) Please clean this room. (Request) (ii) Ramu, open the door. (Command) (iii) Please let me go outside. (Request) Key Points : These types of sentences always end in a full stop (.) (4) Exclamatory Sentence : A sentence which expresses some sudden or strong feeling is called an Exclamatory sentence. e.g. (i) It s a beautiful flower! (ii) What a shame! (iii) May God bless you! Key points : These types of sentence always end with an exclamatory mark (!) Apart from these there are some groups of words that make sense but not complete sense, such group of words is termed as a PHRASE. 12

14 The Sentence Its Kinds Phrase : A group of words which make some sense but not a complete sense is called a Phrase. e.g. At office, on the chair, in the north, at the weekend, in a room, of silver, during the night. These can be used in sentences such as: (a) The cat is sitting on the chair. (b) They kept him in a room. (c) This jewellery is made of silver. Key Points : The major difference between a sentence and a phrase is that a sentence contains a verb but a phrase never contains a verb. EXERCISE The words given below have been jumbled. Put them in their correct order so as to make them a sentence. 1. Cat, is, the, milk, drinking. 2. flag, colours, contains, Our, three. 3. is, playing, her, friends, with, Sita. 4. east, Sun, the, in, rises, the. 5. birds, in, sky, The, flying, are. 6. purchased, I, a, dress, have, new. 7. is, good, player, a, Sania, tennis. 8. beautiful, You, are, looking, very. 13

15 Every sentence has two parts :- 1. Subject 2. Predicate A Comprehensive Approach to English Grammar Chapter 2 Subject and Predicate e.g. Subject : The name of the person or thing which is referred in the sentence is called the Subject. Predicate : The matter which is said in relation with the subject is called the Predicate. The easiest way to find the subject in the sentence is to ask question like 'who?' or 'what'? Key points : 1. Sita is riding a bicycle. Subject : Sita (ask a question who is riding a bicycle.) Predicate : is riding a bicycle. 2. A bad workman quarrels with his tools. Subject : A bad workman. Predicate : quarrels with his tools. 3. The dogs barked at the thief. Subject : The dogs. Predicate : barked at the thief. 4. The bomb blast resulted in heavy destruction. Subject : The bomb blast. Predicate : resulted in heavy destruction. 1. Generally the subject appears first in a sentence but occasionally it is put at the end i.e. after the predicate. e.g. Sweet are the fruits of hard work. Subject : hard work. 2. In Imperative sentences (which express a command or request) the subject is generally left out. 14

16