Lecture 2: Phonetics!

Transcription

1 Lecture 2: Phonetics!

2 Quick review Mental grammar Arguments for innate knowledge (paradox of language acquisition) Descriptive vs. prescriptive grammar

3 Today s agenda Articulartory phonetics IPA Consonants Features Vowels Exercises!

4 How you look to a phonetician

5 How you look to a phonetician Tongue

6 How you look to a phonetician Palate Tongue

7 How you look to a phonetician Palate Velum Tongue

8 How you look to a phonetician Palate Velum Tongue Glottis (vocal folds)

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10 How you look to a phonetician Palate Velum Tongue Lips, teeth etc. Glottis (vocal folds)

11 How you look to a phonetician Alveolarl Palate ridge Velum Tongue Lips, teeth etc. Glottis (vocal folds)

12 How you look to a phonetician Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity

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14 Do you remember now? Tongue Lips, teeth etc.

15 But first...

16 Forget Spelling! Sounds Spelling

17

18 i

19 One Sound - Many Characters he e seas ea believe ie amoeba oe Caesar ae key ey see ee machine i people eo seize ei IPA: [i]

20 u

21 One Sound - Many Characters too oo threw ew to o lieu ieu clue ue shoe oe through ough IPA: [u]

22 a

23 One Character - Many Sounds dame dad father call village many e æ a ɔ ə, ʌ ɛ

24 One Sound - Multiple Letters shoot either character deal Thomas physics rough ʃ k i t f f

25 One Letter 0 Sounds mnemonic psychology y resign ghost island whole debt

26 Differences across Languages English: judge, juvenile, Jesus Spanish: jugar, Jesus German: Johan, jung French: Jean, j accuse, jambon

27 Describing Speech Sounds Is the air-flow blocked? vowel vs. consonant What are the vocal folds doing? (=voicing) voiced vs. voiceless Where is the air-flow blocked? (=place) labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc. Where/how is the air flowing? (=manner) nasal/oral,, stop, fricative, liquid etc.

28 Consonants produced by closure/constriction of the vocal tract

29 IPAs for English consonants

30 IPAs for English consonants [p] pit, tip, spit, appear

31 IPAs for English consonants [b] ball, globe, brick, bubble bbl

32 IPAs for English consonants [t] tag, pat, stick, stuffed

33 IPAs for English consonants [d] dip, card, drop, loved, batted

34 IPAs for English consonants [k] kit, school, character, critique, exceed

35 IPAs for English consonants [g] guard, bag, finger, designate, Pittsburgh

36 IPAs for English consonants [ʔ] uh-oh, h hatrack, Batman (f (cf. bat) bt)

37 IPAs for English consonants [f] foot, laugh, philosophy, h coffee

38 IPAs for English consonants [v] vest, dove, average

39 IPAs for English consonants [θ] through, h teeth, th thing

40 IPAs for English consonants [ ] the, their, mother, either

41 IPAs for English consonants [s] soap, psychology, descent, peace

42 IPAs for English consonants [z] zip, roads, kisses, Xerox, design

43 IPAs for English consonants [ß] shy, mission, i nation, sure

44 IPAs for English consonants [Ω] measure, vision, ii casual, decision ii

45 IPAs for English consonants [h] who, hat, rehash, h hole, whole

46 IPAs for English consonants [tß] (cf. ç) choke, match, feature, constituent t

47 IPAs for English consonants [dω] (cf. ) judge, George, Jell-O, region, residual

48 IPAs for English consonants [m] moose, lamb, smack, ample

49 IPAs for English consonants [n] nap, design, snow, know

50 IPAs for English consonants [ ] lung, think, finger, singer (cf. finger)

51 IPAs for English consonants [l] leaf, feel, mild, applaud

52 IPAs for English consonants [ ] reef, fear, Harris, prune

53 IPAs for English consonants [ ] writer, butter, udder, clutter, cuter

54 IPAs for English consonants [w] with, swim, mowing, queen, twilight (cf. which, where, what, whale, why)

55 IPAs for English consonants [j] you, beautiful, use, yell, yeast

56 Another note: syllabic consontants Some consonants take up one syllable by itself

57 Describing Speech Sounds Is the air-flow blocked? vowel vs. consonant What are the vocal folds doing? (=voicing) voiced vs. voiceless Where is the air-flow blocked? (=place) labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc. Where/how is the air flowing? (=manner) nasal/oral,, stop, fricative, liquid etc.

58 Voiced & voiceless consonants Consonants either voiced or voiceless. English pairs: b/p v/f d/t z/s /θ

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61 Describing Speech Sounds Is the air-flow blocked? vowel vs. consonant What are the vocal folds doing? (=voicing) voiced vs. voiceless Where is the air-flow blocked? (=place) labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc. Where/how is the air flowing? (=manner) nasal/oral,, stop, fricative, liquid etc.

62 Where can you stop the airstrea am?

63 bilabial [b] [p] [m] Where can you stop the airstrea am?

64 labiodental [v] [f] Where can you stop the airstrea am?

65 interdental [ ] [θ] Where can you stop the airstrea am?

66 alveolar [d] [t] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r] Where can you stop the airstrea am?

67 palatal [ʒ] [ʃ] [dω] [tʃ] [j] Where can you stop the airstrea am?

68 velar [g] [k] [ŋ] Where can you stop the airstrea am?

69 uvular Where can you stop the airstrea am?

70 glottis [ʔ][h] Where can you stop the airstrea am?

71 Describing Speech Sounds Is the air-flow blocked? vowel vs. consonant What are the vocal folds doing? (=voicing) voiced vs. voiceless Where is the air-flow blocked? (=place) labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc. Where/how is the air flowing? (=manner) nasal/oral,, stop, fricative, liquid etc.

72 Manner Stops: complete stoppage of air [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]... Fricatives : airflow is severely obstructed causing friction [f] [v] [θ] [ ] [s] [z] [Ω] [ß] [h] []

73 Fricatives & Affricates Palatal sounds [ʒ] [ʃ] [tß] [dω] Palatal Fricatives - [ʒ] [ʃ] [note: according to IPA chart these are strictly postalveolar ] Affricates - combination of stop + fricative - [tß] [dω] as in judge, church

74 Liquids, glides Liquids [l][r] [][] Lateral [l] : air escapes along sides of tongue Retroflex [r]: tongue is bunched upward and back in mouth Glides: semi-vowels semi-consonants Glides: semi vowels, semi consonants [w] [j]

75 nasal Nasal: velum is lowered, and air flows through nasal cavity [m] [n] [ ]

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77

78 Putting them all together Voicing, Place, Manner how do we describe [p]? Voiceless, bilabial stop What about [b]?

79 Features Ways of describing sounds e.g., g,[p] = voiceless bilabial stop Stronger claim: features are the smallest building blocks of language, used to store sounds in the mind Atoms of Speech Roman Jakobson,

80 Chart

81 Features Prediction: by combining a small number of atomic features, it should be possible to create a larger number of speech sounds Goal: a set of universal features should make it possible to describe the speech sounds of all of the languages of the world Different languages choose different feature combinations

82 Sounds from other languages From Spanish: [ɲ] as in año year voiced, palatal, nasal From German: [X] asinbach voiceless, velar, fricative Other languages?

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84 Spanish: año German: Bach

85 Consonant exercises For the following group of sounds, state the phonetic feature(s) they all share. 1. [g], [p], [t], [d], [k], [b] 2. [m], [n], [ ] 3. [t], [s] 4. [Ω] [ß] [j] 5. [ʔ], [h]

86 More consonant exercises Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the phonetic descriptions, then give an English word that contains this sound. 1. voiceless bilabial stop 2. voiced labiodental fricative 3. voiced alveolar lateral liquid 4. voiceless palatal affricate 5. voiced alveolar nasal 6. voiced bilabial glide

87 What are the features of the following sounds: 1. [t] [] 2. [ ] 3. [ß] ß 4. [dω] 5. [ ] 6. [h] 7. [w] 8. [ ]

88 Even more consonant exercises See handouts

89 Phonetics page glish/frameset.html

90 handout use the chart to learn!

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92 What can you do to alter the shape of your vocal tract?

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94 [i]

95 [u]

96 [æ]

97 You can... Raise or lower your tongue Advance or retract your tongue Round or not round your Tense or lax

98 Test slowly pronounce the vowels, feel where the tongue is look in the mirror as you pronounce them close your mouth and try to pronounce the vowels use a lollipop lli

99 Front Central Back i u ɪ ʊ High e o ɛ ə ʌ ɔ Mid æ å Low

100 So what vowels do you have? i

101 So what vowels do you have? i sheep, sleep

102 So what vowels do you have? i sheep, sleep p, p ɪ

103 So what vowels do you have? i sheep, sleep p, p ɪ ship, slip

104 i ɪ So what vowels do you have? e

105 i ɪ So what vowels do you have? e ɛ

106 i ɪ So what vowels do you have? e ɛ led led, sped, tread

107 i ɪ So what vowels do you have? e ɛ æ

108 i ɪ So what vowels do you have? e ɛ æ bat, lad

109 So what vowels do you have? i ɪ u e ɛ æ

110 So what vowels do you have? i ɪ Luke, who d, suit u e ɛ æ

111 So what vowels do you have? i ɪ Luke, who d, suit ʊ u e ɛ æ

112 So what vowels do you have? i ɪ Luke, who d, suit look, hood, soot ʊ u e ɛ æ

113 So what vowels do you have? i ɪ ʊ u e ɛ o æ

114 So what vowels do you have? i ɪ ʊ u e ɛ o æ

115 So what vowels do you have? i ɪ ʊ u e ɛ o ɔ æ

116 So what vowels do you have? i ɪ e ɛ ʊ ɛ caught, tall, dawn æ o ɔ u

117 So what vowels do you have? i ɪ ʊ u e ɛ o ɔ æ å

118 So what vowels do you have? i ɪ ʊ u e ɛ o ɔ father, cot, Don æ å

119 So what vowels do you have? i ɪ ʊ u e ɛ ʌ o ɔ æ å

120 So what vowels do you have? i ɪ ʊ u e ɛ ʌ but, putt, rut o ɔ æ å

121 So what vowels do you have? i ɪ ʊ u e ɛ ə ʌ but, putt, rut o ɔ æ å

122 So what vowels do you have? i ɪ e ɛ metallic, Texas ə ʌ but, putt, rut ʊ o ɔ u æ å

123 i ɪ Here they all are ʊ u e ɛ ə ʌ o ɔ æ å

124 Vowel features High/mid/low: raise or lower the tongue Front/central/back: advance or retract tongue Round/unrounded: round or spread lips Tense/lax: tense tongue muscles or not

125 Front Central Back i u ɪ ʊ High e o ɛ ə ʌ ɔ Mid æ å Low

126 Front Central Back i u ɪ ʊ High e o ɛ ə ʌ ɔ Mid æ a Low round

127 Front Central Back i u ɪ ʊ High e o ɛ ə ʌ ɔ Mid æ tense a Low round

128

129 Vowel features High/mid/low: raise or lower the tongue Front/central/back: advance or retract tongue Round/unrounded: round or spread lips Tense/lax: tense tongue muscles or not Eg E.g. [i] is a high, front, (unrounded) tense vowel. [u] is a high, h back, round tense vowel.

130 Some dialectal differences caught/cot, dawn/don[mid back lax vowel and mid back tense vowel]: many American speakers do not have both of these. aunt/ant, plaza, etc

131 Diphthongs: two-part vowels (cf. monophthongs) 1. [åi] bite, aisle, choir, island 2. [å ] brown, doubt, loud, hour 3. [øi] boy, rejoice, annoy, poison 4. [o ] boat, grow, though, over 5. [ei] bait, reign, great, they, gauge å

132 Diphthongs: å

133 Diphthongs: I å

134 Diphthongs: I side, my, kind å

135 Diphthongs: å

136 Diphthongs: ʊ å

137 Diphthongs: ʊ loud, brow, hour å

138 Diphthongs: ɔ

139 Diphthongs: ɔi

140 Diphthongs: boy, annoy, toil ɔi

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142 Now you have vowels & consonants so you can transcribe sounds of words! write throw textbook

143 handouts Vowel exercises

144 Speech Production - Summary Airflow set in vibration by vocal folds Airflow modified by vocal tract Vowels:shaping of oral cavity Consonants: narrowing or blocking of oral/nasal cavity Diff l h diff Different languages choose different selections of articulatory gestures

145 Speech Perception Speech production processes must be undone by the ear Motions of articulators must be reconstructed from patterns of air vibration Requires extremely precise hearing, possibly a system specialized for hearing speech Substantially developed d at birth

146 For tomorrow Phonetics Quiz (closed book)! Go over the exercises, and remember the consonant and vowel features - no need to remember syllabic consonants flap r [ ] Read LF phonology (up to 3.3) & Jackendoff Ch 5