Devanagari alphabet --> ILSL

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1 Devanagari alphabet > ILSL अ आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, a aa i ii u uu ee ei o ou क ख ग घ ङ k kh g gh ng च छ ज झ ञ c ch j jh nj ट ठ ड ढ़ ण tx txh dx dxh nx त थ द ध न t th d dh n प फ ब भ म p ph b bh m य र ल व श ष स ह y r l w sh sx s h

2 Indian Language Speech sound Label set (ILSL) Version 3.1 This document specifies a standard set of labels (in Roman script) for speech sounds commonly used in Indian languages. This document lists the label set for 13 languages (currently being processed by ASR/TTS consortia of TDIL, DIT, GoI). These labels are to be used for computer processing of spoken Indian languages. (1) Similar sounds in different languages are given a single label. (2) The IPA symbol refers to an exemplar (Hindi/Tamil/other) language. (3) This is not an IPA chart of sounds of Indian languages. (4) The label set is designed such that the native script is largely recoverable from the transliteration. A label may consist of a sequence of alphanumeric characters of the Roman alphabet; they will not contain any special character such as quote, hyphen etc. All labels are in lower case even though the labels are case insensitive. Since the number of speech sounds are larger than the Roman alphabet, a system of suffixes as well as letter combinations are used for labels. (A) Notes on suffixes: 1. Aspiration: Use suffix h to denote aspiration: k (क) versus kh (ख). 2. Retroflex consonants: Use suffix x to denote retroflex place of articulation: t (त) versus tx (ट). 3. Nukta / bindu : Use suffix q to denote a nukta/bindu: dx (ड) versus dxq (ड). Nukta (a dot below the glyph) may denote a flap/tap or a fricative variant of the consonant. Bindu (a dot above an [vowel] glyph) denotes a nasal after the vowel; the place of articulation of the nasal will be the same as that of the following consonant. If there is no consonant after the bindu, the vowel is nasalized. 4. Nasalized vowel: Use suffix n to denote nasalization of a vowel: k a h aa (कह ) versus k a h aan (कह ). 5. Geminated sounds: The label for a geminated consonant is the label of the corresponding single consonant with the first letter of the label repeated. Example: p a k aa (पक ) versus p a kk aa (पकक ) in Hindi; a ddx aa (अड ) in Hindi; a ll a m (ginger in Tamil). 6. Other special cases: Use suffix x to denote certain special cases: reduced vowel (axx) in various languages; a of Bangla; apical affricates of Marathi; special r of Dravidian languages etc. 7. Priority of suffixes: Some symbols may have multiple suffixes. In such cases the following is the priority (in decreasing order): x h q n (B) Notes on Matras, Diphthongs and Halant: 1. The label for an vowel matra is the same as that of the vowel. 2. The label of a diphthong is generated as a concatenation of the labels of the corresponding vowel. The exceptions to this rule are ae, ea and eu ; these are monophthongs. 3. The halant in Indian scripts denotes the absence of the implicit a in Indian consonant characters. It is not a sound and hence there is no label for halant. The morphological analyser of the language shall delete the implicit a when a halant is present in the script. 4. Punctuation marks: The 'transliteration' module will retain the punctuation marks (exception: ' ' and will be replaced by fullstop); these are useful for prosody generation. The morphological analyser will remove the punctuation marks while generating the

3 word/phone level transcription. (C) Language specific notes* : This section has notes on sounds (and labels) specific to a subset of the languages. Whenever possible, minimal pairs for language specific phonemes are provided. In other cases, examplar words containing common phones in that language are written. 1. Hindi (i) The glyph ञ is pronounced as a sequence of two phones: "g y". The morphological analyser of the language will do this translation from glyph to the phone sequence. (i) The compound glyph ज= ज + ञ " is pronounced as a sequence of two phones: "g y". The morphological analyser of the language will do this translation from glyph to the phone sequence. 2. Marathi Label IPA Glyph Minimal pair Exemplar words/ Comment nxh /ɳ h / णह nh /n h / नह mh /m h / मह rh /r h / ऱह न ण (coin) नह ण (take bath) महण (say) मण () र स (heap) ऱह स (decay) lh /l h / लह उलह स, क लह य wh /w h / वह व ळ (a kind of cereal) वह ळ (will become) * content not complete

4 (1) This is a common Label Set (in Roman script) for the purpose of computer processing of spoken Indian languages. (2) Similar sounds in different languages are given a single label. (3) The IPA label refers to an exemplar (Hindi/Tamil/other) language. (4) This is NOT an IPA chart of sounds of Indian languages. Sl.No. Label IPA Hindi Marathi Rajasthani Gujarati Odia 1 a a अ अ अ અ 2 ax ɔ ऑ ઑ ଅ 3 aa aː आ आ आ આ ଆ 4 axx ə 5 i ɪ, i इ इ इ ઇ 6 ii iː ई ई ई ઈ ଇ, ଈ 7 u u, ʊ उ उ उ ઉ ଉ, ଊ 8 eu ɯ 9 uu uː ऊ ऊ ऊ ઊ 10 rq ऋ,ॠ ऋ,ॠ ऋ ଋ 11 e e ଏ 12 ee eː ए ए,ऎ ए એ 12a ea ɛ 13 ei ɛː ऐ ऐ ઐ 14 ai ai ऐ ଐ 15 oi oj 16 o o ओ ओ,ऒ ओ ઓ ଓ 17 oo oː 18 ae ae ऍ ઍ Page 1

5 19 au aʊ औ ଔ 20 ou oʊ औ औ ઔ 21 k k क क क ક କ 22 kh kʰ ख ख ख ખ ଖ 23 g g ग ग ग ગ ଗ 24 gh ɡʰ घ घ घ ઘ ଘ 25 ng ŋ ङ ङ ङ ઙ ଙ 26 c tʃ च च च ચ ଚ 27 ch tʃʰ छ छ छ છ ଛ 28 cx t ʃ च 29 j dʒ ज ज ज જ ଜ,ଯ 30 jh dʒʰ झ झ झ ઝ ଝ 31 jx d ʃ ज 32 nj ɲ ञ ञ ઞ ଞ 33 tx ʈ ट ट ट ટ ଟ 34 txh ʈʰ ठ ठ ठ ઠ ଠ 35 dx ɖ ड ड ड ડ ଡ 36 dxh ɖʰ ढ ढ ढ ઢ ଢ 37 nx ɳ ण ण ण ણ ଣ 38 t t त त त ત ତ 39 th t ʰ थ थ थ થ ଥ 40 d d द द द દ ଦ 41 dh d ʰ ध ध ध ધ ଧ 42 n n न,ऩ न,ऩ न ન ନ Page 2

6 43 nd 44 p p प प प પ ପ 45 ph pʰ फ फ फ ફ ଫ 46 b b ब ब ब બ ବ 47 bh bʰ भ भ भ ભ ଭ 48 m m म म म મ ମ 49 y j य,य़ य,य़ य ય ୟ 50 r r र,ऱ र,ऱ र ર ର 51 l l ल ल ल લ ଲ 52 lx ɭ ळ,ऴ ळ ળ ଳ 53 w ʋ व व व વ ୱ,ଵ 54 sh ʃ श श श શ 55 sx ʂ ष ष ष ષ 56 s s स स स સ ସ, ଶ, ଷ 57 h ɦ ह ह ह હ ହ 58 kq q क़ क़ 59 khq x ख़ ख़ 60 gq ɣ ग़ ग़ 61 z z ज़ ज़ 62 jhq ʒ झ झ 63 dxq ɽ ड़ ड़ ड़ ଡ 64 dxhq ɽʰ ढ़ ढ़ ढ़ ଢ 65 dhq ध 66 f f फ़ फ़ Page 3

7 67 bq ब 68 yq 69 nq 70 rx ɾ 71 sq स 72 zh ɻ 73 nxh ɳʰ ण ह 74 nh nʰ न ह 75 mh mʰ म ह म ह 76 rh lʰ ऱ ह 77 lh lʰ ल ह 78 wh wʰ व ह व ह 79 q 80 hq 81 mq 82 x x Page 4

8 (1) This is a common Label Set (in Roman script) for the purpose of computer processing of spoken Indian languages. (2) Similar sounds in different languages are given a single label. (3) The IPA label refers to an exemplar (Hindi/Tamil/other) language. (4) This is NOT an IPA chart of sounds of Indian languages. Sl.No. Label Bengali Assamese Manipuri Bodo P G P G P G 1 a অ অ अ 2 ax অ অ অ অ 3 aa আ আ আ আ আ আ आ 4 axx অ অ 5 i ই,ঈ ই ই,ঈ ই ই ই इ 6 ii ঈ ঈ ঈ ঈ ई 7 u উ,ঊ উ উ,ঊ উ উ উ उ 8 eu 9 uu ঊ ঊ ঊ ঊ ऊ 10 rq ঋ,ৠ ঋ,ৠ ঋ ঋ ऋ 11 e এ এ এ এ এ এ ए 12 ee 13 ei ऐ 14 ai ঐ ঐ 15 oi ঐ ঐ ঐ ঐ ওই ওই 16 o ও ও ও ও ও ও ओ 17 oo 18 ae অয Page 5

9 19 au ঔ ঔ 20 ou ঔ ঔ ঔ ঔ औ 21 k ক ক ক ক ক ক क 22 kh খ খ খ খ খ খ ख 23 g গ গ গ গ গ গ ग 24 gh ঘ ঘ ঘ ঘ ঘ ঘ घ 25 ng ঙ, ঙ ঙ, ঙ ঙ ঙ ङ 26 c চ চ চ চ च 27 ch ছ ছ ছ ছ छ 28 cx 29 j জ,য জ জ,য জ,য জ জ ज 30 jh ঝ ঝ ঝ ঝ ঝ ঝ झ 31 jx 32 nj ঞ ঞ ঞ ঞ ञ 33 tx ট ট ট ট ट 34 txh ঠ ঠ ঠ ঠ ठ 35 dx ড ড ড ড ड 36 dxh ঢ ঢ ঢ ঢ ढ 37 nx ণ ণ ণ ণ ण 38 t ত,ৎ ত,ৎ ট,ত,ৎ ত,ৎ ট,ত,ৎ ত,ৎ त 39 th থ থ ঠ,থ থ ঠ,থ থ थ 40 d দ দ ড,দ দ ড,দ দ द 41 dh ধ ধ ঢ,ধ ধ ঢ,ধ ধ ध 42 n ন ন ণ,ন ন ণ,ন ন न Page 6

10 43 nd 44 p প প প প প প प 45 ph ফ ফ ফ ফ ফ ফ फ 46 b ব ব ব ব ব ব ब 47 bh ভ ভ ভ ভ ভ ভ भ 48 m ম ম ম ম ম ম म 49 y য় য য় য় য়,য য়,য य 50 r র র ৰ,ড় ৰ,ড় র র र 51 l ল ল ল ল ল ল ल 52 lx 53 w ওয় ৱ ৱ ৱ ৱ व 54 sh শ,ষ শ শ শ श 55 sx ষ ষ ষ ष 56 s স স চ, ছ চ, ছ স স स 57 h হ হ হ হ হ হ ह 58 kq 59 khq 60 gq 61 z জ 62 jhq झ 63 dxq ড় ড় ड़ 64 dxhq ঢ় ঢ় ঢ় ঢ় ढ़ 65 dhq 66 f ফ Page 7

11 67 bq 68 yq য় 69 nq 70 rx 71 sq 72 zh 73 nxh 74 nh 75 mh 76 rh 77 lh 78 wh 79 q 80 hq 81 mq 82 x শ,ষ,স শ,ষ,স Page 8

12 (1) This is a common Label Set (in Roman script) for the purpose of computer processing of spoken Indian languages. (2) Similar sounds in different languages are given a single label. (3) The IPA label refers to an exemplar (Hindi/Tamil/other) language. (4) This is NOT an IPA chart of sounds of Indian languages. Sl.No. Label Tamil Malayalam Telugu Kannada 1 a அ അ అ ಅ 2 ax 3 aa ஆ ആ ఆ ಆ 4 axx 5 i இ ഇ ఇ ಇ 6 ii ஈ ഈ ఈ ಈ 7 u உ ഉ ఉ ಉ 8 eu உ 9 uu ஊ ഊ ఊ ಊ 10 rq ഋ ఋ,ౠ ಋ,ೠ 11 e எ എ ఎ ಎ 12 ee ஏ ഏ ఏ ಏ ಎ 13 ei 14 ai ஐ ഐ ఐ ಐ 15 oi 16 o ஒ ഒ ఒ ಒ 17 oo ஓ ഓ ఓ ಓ 18 ae Page 9

13 19 au ஔ ഔ ఔ ಔ 20 ou 21 k க ക క ಕ 22 kh ഖ ఖ ಖ 23 g கv ഗ గ ಗ 24 gh ഘ ఘ ಘ 25 ng ங ങ ఙ ಙ 26 c ச ച చ ಚ 27 ch ഛ ఛ ಛ 28 cx 29 j ஜ ജ జ ಜ 30 jh ഝ ఝ ಝ 31 jx 32 nj ஞ ഞ ఞ ಞ 33 tx ட ട ట ಟ 34 txh ഠ ఠ ಠ 35 dx டv ഡ డ ಡ 36 dxh ഢ ఢ ಢ 37 nx ண ണ ణ ಣ 38 t த ത త ತ 39 th ഥ థ ಥ 40 d த v ദ ద ದ 41 dh ധ ధ ಧ 42 n ந,ன ന న ನ Page 10

14 43 nd ந 44 p ப പ ప ಪ 45 ph ഫ ఫ ಫ 46 b பv ബ బ ಬ 47 bh ഭ భ ಭ 48 m ம മ మ ಮ 49 y ய യ య ಯ 50 r ர ര ర ರ 51 l ல ല ల ಲ 52 lx ள ള ళ ಳ 53 w வ വ వ ವ 54 sh ശ శ ಶ 55 sx ஷ ഷ ష ಷ 56 s ஸ സ స ಸ 57 h ஹ ഹ హ ಹ 58 kq 59 khq 60 gq 61 z 62 jhq 63 dxq ട 64 dxhq 65 dhq 66 f ஃப Page 11

15 67 bq 68 yq 69 nq ന 70 rx ற റ ఱ ಱ 71 sq 72 zh ழ ഴ 73 nxh 74 nh 75 mh 76 rh 77 lh 78 wh 79 q 80 hq 81 mq 82 x Page 12

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