PENGAJARAN & PEMBELAJARAN PERSPEKTIF KONSTRUKTIVISME. Profesor Dr. Kamarulzaman Kamaruddin

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1 PENGAJARAN & PEMBELAJARAN PERSPEKTIF KONSTRUKTIVISME Profesor Dr. Kamarulzaman Kamaruddin

2 Apa itu Konstruktivisme The constructivist approach to education attempts to shift education from a teacher-dominated focus to a studentcentered one Exploring or experiencing the surroundings, EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING is the key method of constructivism. Constructivists emphasize the motivational role of teachers in helping students learn to love learning Satu pendekatan yang menjurus kpd ke arah PEMBINAAN KEFAHAMAN/membina pengetahuan sendiri yg betul

3 Types of constructivism Exogenous Constructivism a perspective that considers knowledge to be the reconstruction of structures that really exist in the external world. Endogenous Constructivism the view that emphasizing that learners construct their own knowledge through transforming and reorganizing their existing cognitive structures

4 What is Learning? Learning learning is creating new understanding learning involves shaping information success is learning any displine, which requires discovering that displine unique structure

5 Pendekatan Konstruktivisme Sosial Pendekatan konrstrukvisme sosial menekankan pada P&P berfokuskan pelajar. Pelajar sepatutnya menjadi pembelajar yang aktif. Sistem pendidikan kini menumpukan kepada penglibatan pelajar di mana pelajar harus meneroka sendiri untuk mendapatkan ilmu pengetahuan. Guru memainkan peranan sebagai pemudahcara. Pendekatan seperti kognitif bersituasi, scaffolding, perantisan kognitif, tutoring, pembelajaran koperatif dan kolaboratif merupakan antara pendekatan yang membantu pelajar meneroka ilmu pengetahuan.

6 Kognitif Bersituasi Pembelajaran yg berfokuskan individu bertukar kpd situasi di mana ianya menjadi fenomena interaksi pelajar dgn persekitaran. Oleh itu pendekatan yg percaya pengetahuan tidak boleh dipisahkan dpd melakukan aktiviti spt berhujah di mana pengetahuan semua terletak dalam aktiviti yang terikat kepada konteks sosial, budaya dan fizikal. Pendekatan pengajaran yang mencadangkan pembelajaran secara semulajadi melibatkan aktiviti sebenar, konteks, dan budaya (Brown, Collins, & Duguid, 1989). Ia adalah lebih sukar untuk belajar daripada aktiviti tidak sebenar.

7 Scaffolding Scaffolding is a learning process designed to promote a deeper learning. Scaffolding is the support given during the learning process which is tailored to the needs of the student with the intention of helping the student achieve his/her learning goals (Sawyer, 2006). Instructional scaffolding is the provision of sufficient support to promote learning when concept and skills are being first introduced to students.

8 Perantisan Kognitif In traditional apprenticeship, the expert shows the apprentice how to do a task, watches as the apprentice practices portions of the task, and then turns over more and more responsibility until the apprentice is proficient enough to accomplish the task independently. That is the basic notion of apprenticeship: showing the apprentice how to do a task and helping the apprentice to do it. There are four important aspects of traditional apprenticeship: modeling, scaffolding, fading, and coaching. Cognitive apprenticeships are situated within the social constructivist paradigm. They suggest students work in teams on projects or problems with close scaffolding of the instructor. Cognitive apprenticeships reflect situated cognition theory,

9 Tutoring Adalah idea digunakan seorang guru (pakar) utk membantu seorang utk menguasai kemahiran A tutor is a person employed in the education of others, either individually or in groups. A tutor provides expertise, experience, and encouragement. They do not provide "answers," but rather assist in problem solving, in getting answers. The challenge is to focus on assignments within the context they are assigned.

10 Strategi Pengajaran & Pembelajaran Konstruktivisme Inquiry learning a teachingmethod that requires students to take an active role in the learning process; emphasizes investigation by students of subject matter via independent study, oral and written reports, library searches, lab experiments and fieldwork

11 Cognitive apprenticeship The notion that learners can best become more skilled at gathering and using knowledge for themselves by observing experts. Situated learning coaching, modelling,scaffolding dsb

12 Cooperative learning A teaching method that uses heterogenous groups of learners who are responsible for one another s learning with respect to common goal. Kumpulan kuiz/mata/assignment jigsaw

13 Pengajaran Koloborasi between regular teacher and the expert between high achievers and low achievers essential to help the regular teacher to adapt instruction or inclusion

14 Pembelajaran Mastery An approach to teaching and grading that focuses on achieving specific objectives before moving to the next unit or topic. Based on the assuption that every student is capable of achieving most of the objectives if given enough time and proper instruction

15 Reciprocal teaching Teaching that provides alternatives representations or elaborations of the content to be learned through the vehicle of group discussion. Approach where groups of two or three students and answer each other s questions after a lesson or presentation