UPKAR PRAKASHAN, AGRA 2

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2 (Including Usage, Comprehension, Precis and Letter-Writing) (English Hindi) (An Indispensable Book for Undergraduate Students) By Dr. B.B. Jain M.A., Ph.D. (Retd.) Professor and Head Department of English Studies and Research, Agra College, Agra. Revised & Enlarged Edition UPKAR PRAKASHAN, AGRA 2

3 Author Publishers UPKAR PRAKASHAN (An ISO 9001 : 2000 Company) 2/11A, Swadeshi Bima Nagar, AGRA Phone : , , Fax : (0562) , care@upkar.in Website : Branch Offices 4845, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi Phone : / /B, R.R. Complex (Near Sundaraiah Park, Adjacent to Manasa Enclave Gate), Bagh Lingampally, Hyderabad (A.P.) Phone : Pirmohani Chowk, Kadamkuan, Patna Phone : The publishers have taken all possible precautions in publishing this book, yet if any mistake has crept in, the publishers shall not be responsible for the same. This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form by Photographic, Mechanical, or any other method, for any use, without written permission from the Publishers. Only the courts at Agra shall have the jurisdiction for any legal dispute. ISBN ISBN 13 : Price : (Rs. Two Hundred Forty Five Only) Code No Printed at : UPKAR PRAKASHAN (Printing Unit) Bye-pass, AGRA

4 Preface Adding a new book on English Grammar and Usage to the existing flood of books on the subject sounds rather audacious. But strangely enough, it is this flood of books, some of which are spurious and others too technical and abstruse to be followed by the learner, that has prompted the present author to write a new book on Applied Grammar, Usage, Comprehension, and Letter-Writing which could well be used as a practical handbook and guide to the learning of English Language both by the primary as well as advanced learners. English is indeed a difficult language to learn, and the rules of Formal and Applied Grammar and Usage which govern it are equally difficult for the learner to understand through the medium of English. Therefore, all these rules and their application have been explained in the present book through the medium of Hindi. This would enable even the primary learner to understand all these rules in their real spirit and to apply them with judicious understanding and discrimination. A purist may scoff at the idea of explaining the rules of English Grammar through the medium of Hindi, but the practical needs of the hour and the prospects of future demands would not only justify this attempt but also applaud it as a far-sighted approach. The book is designed to be all-comprehensive in its range and scope. It has 45 Chapters which, as the contents would show, cover practically all aspects of Applied Grammar, Usage, Word-Formation, Comprehension, Composition, and Letter-Writing. It represents a synthesis of the traditional and the structural methods to teach the learner how to read, write and speak English correctly, idiomatically and fluently. While dealing with Grammatical and Structural problems under various chapters, special attention has been paid to the intricate and ticklish problems which even the advanced students have to face. These problems relate particularly to the correct use of Syntax, Articles, Prepositions, Auxiliaries, Non-Finite Verbs, Position of Adverbs, Tense and Time Sense, and Phrasal expressions. Due attention has also been paid to the special requirements of the candidates appearing at various competitive examinations at the State and Central levels. It is confidently hoped that the book would serve as a complete practical text book and manual of English Grammar, Usage, Comprehension, and Letter-Writing to the candidates preparing for the various University and competitive examinations throughout the country. Dr. B. B. Jain

5 CONTENTS Chapters Pages 1. Some Basic Concepts 3 5 Letters, Syllables, Phrases and Sentences 3 Kinds of Sentences.. 4 Parts of Speech 4 2. Syntax 6 20 Agreement of the Verb with the Subject. 6 Some Exceptions. 8 Collective Noun and the Verb. 11 Some Typical Nouns and the Verb. 11 Relative Pronoun and the Verb 12 Numeral Expressions and the Verb. 14 Quantitative Expressions and the Verb 14 Verb 'to be' and the Complement 17 Concord of Nouns, Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives Articles Kinds of Articles. 21 Forms of Indefinite Article : 'A' or 'An'.. 21 Uses of Indefinite Article : 'A' / 'An' 22 Uses of Definite Article : 'The' Omission of Articles 27 Position of Articles Nouns Formation of Genders.. 32 Conversion of Numbers.. 33 Formation of Possessive (Or Genitive) Case.. 35 Correct Use of Nouns : Rules Pronouns Forms of Pronouns Correct Use of Pronouns : Personal Pronouns. 44 Pronoun 'It'/'This'. 48 Relative Pronouns 49 Compound Relative Pronouns. 52 Omission of Relative Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns.. 54 Interrogative Pronouns Adjectives Kinds of Adjectives. 57 Position of Adjectives.. 59

6 ( v ) Degrees of Adjectives.. 60 Correct Use of Adjectives : Positive Degree Adjectives. 62 Comparative Degree Adjectives. 63 Superlative Degree Adjectives 67 Some Other Typical Adjectives Adverbs Kinds of Adverbs 76 Degrees of Adverbs. 76 Position of Adverbs. 77 Some Typical Adverbs 80 Some Common Rules Prepositions Forms of Preposition Functional Types of Preposition. 89 Use of Prepositions : Their Position.. 90 Omission of Preposition.. 91 Wrong Use of Prepositions. 92 Some Typical Prepositions.. 92 Preposition + Gerund.. 95 The Same Word followed by Different Prepositions.. 96 Different Forms of Words followed by Different Prepositions.. 97 List of Appropriate Prepositions. 100 (a) Nouns followed by Prepositions (b) Adjectives and Participles followed by Prepositions 104 (c) Verbs followed by Prepositions Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions. 117 Uses of Conjunctions Functional Conjunctions Verbs Kinds of Verbs. 128 Auxiliary/Modal Verbs : Their Functions Verbs 'To be' : Am, Is, Are, Was, Were Have/Has/Had/Will have. 132 May/Might Can/Could 139 Shall/Should, Will/Would 141 Must/Ought Need/Needn't 145 Dare/Daren't. 146 Used to. 147 Two Auxiliaries and Principal Verb 147 Position of Subject, Verb, Object, and Complement Question Tags/Tail Questions 149

7 ( vi ) 11. Non-Finite Verbs Kinds of Non-Finite Verbs The Infinitive (a) Infinitive with or without to (b) Noun Infinitives (c) Gerundial Infinitives (d) Other Uses of Infinitives. 154 The Gerund (a) Functions of the Gerund (b) Uses of the Gerund. 156 The Participle (a) Kinds of Participles. 157 (b) Uses of Participles (c) Rules of Use of Participles Time and Tense Distinction between Time and Tense Three Forms of Verbs : A List. 161 Structures of Sentences : Structures in the Present Tense 163 Structures in the Past Tense. 170 Structures in the Future Tense. 176 Uses of Tenses. 182 Tenses and Time Structures of It is time, If were and Wish Sentences Active and Passive Voice Interchange between Subject and Object. 190 Changes in the Verb. 191 Imperative Sentences Negative Sentences Interrogative Sentences 194 Some Other Sentence Structures Direct and Indirect Narration Some General Terms Rules for Connectives Rules for Change of Tenses Rules for Change in Persons 201 Miscellaneous Changes 202 Conversion of Interrogative Sentences Conversion of Imperative Sentences Conversion of Exclamatory Sentences. 206 Question-Tags Sentences Beginning with 'Let'. 207 Some General Observations Analysis Some General Observations. 215 Analysis of Complex Sentences.. 216

8 ( vii ) Subordinate Noun Clause. 216 Subordinate Adjective Clause Subordinate Adverb Clause. 219 Analysis of Compound Sentences Synthesis Combining into a Simple Sentence. 227 Combining into a Complex Sentence Combining into a Compound Sentence Transformation Interchange between 'too' and 'so' 237 Conditional Sentences. 238 Concession or Contrast 238 Degrees of Adjectives. 239 Active and Passive Voice 240 Affirmative and Negative Sentences Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences. 241 Changes in Parts of Speech. 242 Interchange between Simple and Compound Sentences. 243 Interchange between Simple and Complex Sentences 244 Interchange between Compound and Complex Sentences. 247 Interchange between Principal and Subordinate Clauses Formation of Words Suffixes 252 Words Converted into Different Parts of Speech 253 Prefixes 255 Antonyms Formed by Negative Prefixes Antonyms Synonyms Homonyms Paronyms Same Word Used as Different Parts of Speech One-Word Substitution Idioms Idiomatic Phrases Noun Phrases Adjective Phrases. 305 Adverb Phrases 306 Prepositional Phrases Verbal Phrases. 308 Phrases in Pairs 311 Idiomatic Comparisons Distinction between Similar Expressions Proverbs Expansion : Paragraph-Writing

9 ( viii ) 30. Spellings Punctuation and Capitals Figures of Speech Foreign Words and Phrases The Courtesy Words Greetings and Salutations Dates and Time Comprehension Precis-Writing Paraphrasing Report-Writing Messages Notices Diary-Writing Telegram Letter-Writing Format of Personal Letters 393 Format of Official Letters. 395 Format of Business Letters 396 Models of Personal Letters 398 Models of Matrimonial Letters. 401 Models of Business Letters and Applications

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11 A Comprehensive Book on English Grammer 30% OFF Publisher : Upkar Prakashan ISBN : Author : Dr.B.B.Jain Type the URL : Get this ebook