Multidigit Computation and Finding Common Factors and Multiples

Transcription

1 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.1 Multidigit Computation and Finding Common Factors and Multiples Overview Number of instructional days: 12 (1 day = minutes) Content to be learned Fluently divide multidigit numbers using the standard algorithm. Fluently add, subtract, multiply, and divide multidigit decimals using the standard algorithm. Apply the properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions (e.g., distributive property and order of operations; see Table 3 in CCSS Glossary for complete list). Find the greatest common factor of two whole numbers less than or equal to 100. Use the distributive property to express the sum of two whole numbers with a common factor as a multiple of a sum of two whole numbers with no common factor, e.g., express as 4 (9 + 2). Find the least common multiple of two whole numbers less than or equal to 12. Mathematical practices to be integrated Reason abstractly and quantitatively. Attend to the meaning of quantities. Make sense of quantities in problem situations. Attend to precision. Strive for accuracy. Communicate understanding of mathematics to others. Look for and make use of structure. Apply and discuss properties. Look for, develop, generalize, and describe a pattern orally, symbolically, and in written form. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. Look for mathematically sound shortcuts. Use repeated applications to generalize properties. Essential questions How is the standard algorithm for dividing multidigit numbers related to a model of dividing multidigit numbers? Give an example of a situation or mathematical problem that would require knowing the greatest common factor. 51

2 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.1 Multidigit Computation and Finding Common Factors and Multiples (12 days) How are the standard algorithms for adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing multidigit decimals related to models of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing multidigit decimals? Describe how place value and properties of operations (composing/decomposing) are evident in your algorithm. How can you verify that your computation is reasonable? How are common multiples and common factors different? What is your strategy for finding the greatest common factor? What is your strategy for finding the least common multiple? Why do you need a strategy for finding the least common multiple and not the greatest? Give an example of a situation or mathematical problem that would require knowing the least common multiple. Given an expression, how could you use a property of operations to generate an equivalent expression? Justify that your expression is equivalent. Describe how the distributive property works. Use an example to explain your thinking. Written Curriculum Common Core State Standards for Mathematical Content The Number System 6.NS Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples. 6.NS.2 6.NS.3 6.NS.4 Fluently divide multi-digit numbers using the standard algorithm. Fluently add, subtract, multiply, and divide multi-digit decimals using the standard algorithm for each operation. Find the greatest common factor of two whole numbers less than or equal to 100 and the least common multiple of two whole numbers less than or equal to 12. Use the distributive property to express a sum of two whole numbers with a common factor as a multiple of a sum of two whole numbers with no common factor. For example, express as 4 (9 + 2). Expressions and Equations 6.EE Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions. 6.EE.3 Apply the properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions. For example, apply the distributive property to the expression 3 (2 + x) to produce the equivalent expression 6 + 3x; apply the distributive property to the expression 24x + 18y to produce the equivalent expression 6 (4x + 3y); apply properties of operations to y + y + y to produce the equivalent expression 3y. 52

3 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.1 Multidigit Computation and Finding Common Factors and Multiples (12 days) Common Core Standards for Mathematical Practice 6 Attend to precision. Mathematically proficient students try to communicate precisely to others. They try to use clear definitions in discussion with others and in their own reasoning. They state the meaning of the symbols they choose, including using the equal sign consistently and appropriately. They are careful about specifying units of measure, and labeling axes to clarify the correspondence with quantities in a problem. They calculate accurately and efficiently, express numerical answers with a degree of precision appropriate for the problem context. In the elementary grades, students give carefully formulated explanations to each other. By the time they reach high school they have learned to examine claims and make explicit use of definitions. 7 Look for and make use of structure. Mathematically proficient students look closely to discern a pattern or structure. Young students, for example, might notice that three and seven more is the same amount as seven and three more, or they may sort a collection of shapes according to how many sides the shapes have. Later, students will see 7 8 equals the well remembered , in preparation for learning about the distributive property. In the expression x 2 + 9x + 14, older students can see the 14 as 2 7 and the 9 as They recognize the significance of an existing line in a geometric figure and can use the strategy of drawing an auxiliary line for solving problems. They also can step back for an overview and shift perspective. They can see complicated things, such as some algebraic expressions, as single objects or as being composed of several objects. For example, they can see 5 3(x y) 2 as 5 minus a positive number times a square and use that to realize that its value cannot be more than 5 for any real numbers x and y. 8 Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. Mathematically proficient students notice if calculations are repeated, and look both for general methods and for shortcuts. Upper elementary students might notice when dividing 25 by 11 that they are repeating the same calculations over and over again, and conclude they have a repeating decimal. By paying attention to the calculation of slope as they repeatedly check whether points are on the line through (1, 2) with slope 3, middle school students might abstract the equation (y 2)/(x 1) = 3. Noticing the regularity in the way terms cancel when expanding (x 1)(x + 1), (x 1)(x 2 + x + 1), and (x 1)(x 3 + x 2 + x + 1) might lead them to the general formula for the sum of a geometric series. As they work to solve a problem, mathematically proficient students maintain oversight of the process, while attending to the details. They continually evaluate the reasonableness of their intermediate results. Clarifying the Standards Prior Learning In kindergarten, students represented addition and subtraction with objects and added and subtracted within 10. In grade 1, students developed an understanding of two-digit numbers, and added within 100, including adding a two-digit and one-digit number, and adding a two-digit number and a multiple of 10, using concrete models and drawings. They subtracted multiples of 10 in the range from multiples of 10 in the range 10 90, using concrete models and drawings. 53

4 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.1 Multidigit Computation and Finding Common Factors and Multiples (12 days) In grade 2, students used addition and subtraction within 100 to solve one- and two-step word problems. They fluently added and subtracted within 20 using mental strategies, and within 100 using strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between adding and subtraction. In grade 3, students fluently multiplied and divided within 100, using strategies such as the relationship between multiplication and division. In grade 4, students fluently added and subtracted multidigit whole numbers, using the standard algorithm. Students began to multiply two two-digit numbers, using strategies based on place value. Students were able to find whole number quotients and remainders with up to four-digit dividends and one-digit divisors, using strategies based on place value. In grade 5, students fluently multiplied multidigit whole numbers using a standard algorithm. The divisors increased to two-digit, using the same strategies. Students added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided decimals (to hundredths) using models. Current Learning In grade 6, students are fluently dividing multidigit numbers using the standard algorithm. They are also fluently adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing multidigit decimals using the standard algorithm for each operation. Students apply the properties of operations (distributive property, order of operations, etc.) to generate equivalent expressions (for example, 58 x 9 is the same as 50 x x 9). Students find the greatest common factor of two whole numbers less than or equal to 100, and use the distributive property to express a sum of two whole numbers with a common factor as a multiple of a sum of two whole numbers with no common factor (see standard for example). Finally, students are finding the least common multiple of two whole numbers less than or equal to 12. Future Learning In grade 7, students will apply and extend previous understandings of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division to rational numbers. Students will convert a rational number to a decimal using long division; they will know that the decimal form of a rational number terminates in zeros or eventually repeats. In grade 8, students will understand informally that every number has a decimal expansion; for rational numbers, they will show that the decimal expansion repeats eventually, and will convert a decimal expansion, which repeats eventually into a rational number. Rational numbers will be further explored and expanded upon in high school. Additional Findings According to Principles and Standards for School Mathematics, in grades 6 8, students should acquire computational fluency the ability to compute efficiently and accurately with decimals. Students understanding of computation can be enhanced by developing their own methods and sharing them with one another, explaining why their methods work and are reasonable to use, and then comparing their methods with the algorithms traditionally taught in school. In this way, students can appreciate the power and efficiency of the traditional algorithms and also connect them to student-invented methods that may sometimes be less powerful or efficient but are often easier to understand. (p. 220) 54

5 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.2 Understanding Statistical Variability Overview Number of instructional days: 10 (1 day = minutes) Content to be learned Recognize a statistical question as one that anticipates variability in the data related to the question and accounts for it in the answers. Understand a set of data collected to answer a statistical question. Understand that a set of data has a distribution that can be described by its center, mean, median, spread, and overall shape. Recognize that a measure of center, mean, and median for a numerical data set summarizes all of its values with a single number. Recognize that a measure of variation, mean absolute deviation, and interquartile range describes how its values vary with a single number. Mathematical practices to be integrated Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. Evaluate progress toward the solution and make revisions if necessary. Check answers using a different method and continually ask, Does this make sense? Reason abstractly and quantitatively. Attend to the meaning of quantities. Make sense of quantities in problem situations. Use appropriate tools strategically. Use tools to solve, explore, compare, and visualize problems, and to deepen knowledge and understanding. Essential questions What is an example of a statistical question? What are different ways you can describe the distribution of a set of data using measures of center and spread? What does the overall shape of a set of data indicate? How does the median help you summarize all of the values in a data set? How does range describe how the values of data set vary? What does the mean tell you about the data? 55

6 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.2 Understanding Statistical Variability (10 days) Written Curriculum Common Core State Standards for Mathematical Content Statistics and Probability 6.SP Develop understanding of statistical variability. 6.SP.1 6.SP.2 6.SP.3 Recognize a statistical question as one that anticipates variability in the data related to the question and accounts for it in the answers. For example, How old am I? is not a statistical question, but How old are the students in my school? is a statistical question because one anticipates variability in students ages. Understand that a set of data collected to answer a statistical question has a distribution which can be described by its center, spread, and overall shape. Recognize that a measure of center for a numerical data set summarizes all of its values with a single number, while a measure of variation describes how its values vary with a single number. Common Core Standards for Mathematical Practice 1 Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. Mathematically proficient students start by explaining to themselves the meaning of a problem and looking for entry points to its solution. They analyze givens, constraints, relationships, and goals. They make conjectures about the form and meaning of the solution and plan a solution pathway rather than simply jumping into a solution attempt. They consider analogous problems, and try special cases and simpler forms of the original problem in order to gain insight into its solution. They monitor and evaluate their progress and change course if necessary. Older students might, depending on the context of the problem, transform algebraic expressions or change the viewing window on their graphing calculator to get the information they need. Mathematically proficient students can explain correspondences between equations, verbal descriptions, tables, and graphs or draw diagrams of important features and relationships, graph data, and search for regularity or trends. Younger students might rely on using concrete objects or pictures to help conceptualize and solve a problem. Mathematically proficient students check their answers to problems using a different method, and they continually ask themselves, Does this make sense? They can understand the approaches of others to solving complex problems and identify correspondences between different approaches. 56

7 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.2 Understanding Statistical Variability (10 days) 2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. Mathematically proficient students make sense of quantities and their relationships in problem situations. They bring two complementary abilities to bear on problems involving quantitative relationships: the ability to decontextualize to abstract a given situation and represent it symbolically and manipulate the representing symbols as if they have a life of their own, without necessarily attending to their referents and the ability to contextualize, to pause as needed during the manipulation process in order to probe into the referents for the symbols involved. Quantitative reasoning entails habits of creating a coherent representation of the problem at hand; considering the units involved; attending to the meaning of quantities, not just how to compute them; and knowing and flexibly using different properties of operations and objects. 5 Use appropriate tools strategically. Mathematically proficient students consider the available tools when solving a mathematical problem. These tools might include pencil and paper, concrete models, a ruler, a protractor, a calculator, a spreadsheet, a computer algebra system, a statistical package, or dynamic geometry software. Proficient students are sufficiently familiar with tools appropriate for their grade or course to make sound decisions about when each of these tools might be helpful, recognizing both the insight to be gained and their limitations. For example, mathematically proficient high school students analyze graphs of functions and solutions generated using a graphing calculator. They detect possible errors by strategically using estimation and other mathematical knowledge. When making mathematical models, they know that technology can enable them to visualize the results of varying assumptions, explore consequences, and compare predictions with data. Mathematically proficient students at various grade levels are able to identify relevant external mathematical resources, such as digital content located on a website, and use them to pose or solve problems. They are able to use technological tools to explore and deepen their understanding of concepts. Clarifying the Standards Prior Learning In grade 1, students organized, represented, and interpreted data with up to three categories. In grade 2, students drew a picture graph and a bar graph (with a single-unit scale) to represent a data set up to four categories. In grade 3, students drew a scaled picture graph and a scaled bar graph to represent a data set with several categories. In grades 4 5, students made line plots to display a data set. Current Learning In grade 6, students recognize a statistical question as one that anticipates variability in the data related to the question and accounts for it in the answers. For example, How old am I? is not a statistical question, but How old are the students in my school? is a statistical question because one anticipates variability in students ages. Students also understand that a set of data collected to answer a statistical question has a distribution, which can be described by its center, spread, and overall shape. Finally, students recognize that a measure of center for a numerical data set summarizes all of its values with a single number, while a measure of variation (range) describes how its values vary with a single number. Note: Measures of center and measures of variation are NOT standards covered in grades prior to grade 6. These standards are part of a critical area of instruction in grade 6. 57

8 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.2 Understanding Statistical Variability (10 days) Future Learning In grade 7, students will use random sampling to draw inferences about a population and to draw informal comparative inferences about two populations. In grade 8, students will investigate patterns of association in bivariate data. In high school, students will summarize, represent, and interpret data on a single count or measurement variable. Students will also summarize, represent, and interpret data on two categorical and quantitative variables. In addition, they will interpret linear models. Students will understand and evaluate random processes underlying statistical experiments. Finally, they will make inferences and justify conclusions from sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies. Additional Findings According to Principles and Standards for School Mathematics, in the middle grades, students should learn to use the mean median and the mode, to describe the center of a set of data. Although the mean often quickly becomes the method of choice for students when summarizing a data set, their knack for computing the mean does not necessarily correspond to a solid understanding of its meaning or purpose (McClain, 1999). Students need to understand that the mean evens out or balances a set of data and that the median identifies the middle of a data set. They should compare the utility of the mean and the median as measures of center for different data sets the teacher has an important role in providing experiences that help students construct a solid understanding of the mean and its relation to other measures of center (pp ). 58

9 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 1, Unit 4.3 Displaying, Analyzing, and Summarizing Data Overview Number of instructional days: 15 (1 day = minutes) Content to be learned Display numerical data on a number line and in plots, including dot plots (line plots), histograms, and box plots (box-and-whisker plots). Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context by reporting the number of observations. Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context by describing the attribute under investigation, including how it was measured and the units of measure. Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context by giving measures of center (i.e., median and mean). Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context by giving measures of variability (interquartile range and mean absolute deviation). Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context by describing any overall pattern and any striking deviations from the overall pattern. Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context by relating the choice of measures of center and the variability to the shape of the data distribution. Essential questions What information can be easily seen from your data representation (e.g., a box-plot will readily show the variability of the data and its median)? Mathematical practices to be integrated Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. Justify conclusions and communicate conclusions to others. Reason inductively about data taking into account the context of the data. Model with mathematics. Model data with different representations. Apply proportional reasoning to make predictions for larger populations. Use appropriate tools strategically. Use technology (e.g., spreadsheets, graphing calculators) to represent large sets of data. Recognize strengths and limitations of different data representations. Use technology to visualize data, explore effects of changes in data, and make predictions. Describe the variability of the data using interquartile range and mean absolute deviation. What measure of variability best describes the shape of the data distribution? Justify your selection. 59

10 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.3 Displaying, Analyzing, and Summarizing Data (15 days) What information cannot be obtained or readily seen from your representation of data (e.g., a box-plot will not reflect the actual data values nor the number of data that was collected)? What is the best way to represent your data? Explain your rationale. What measure of center, median, or mean best describes the data? Justify your selection. When the mean and the median are very similar or close in value, what would that say about the shape of the data? When the mean and median are not close in value, what does that tell you about the shape of the data? How would you summarize the overall shape of the data? What representation was most helpful in seeing the overall shape of the data? Explain your reasoning. Explain any striking deviations from the overall pattern and how they are reflected in the representation. Written Curriculum Common Core State Standards for Mathematical Content Statistics and Probability 6.SP Summarize and describe distributions. 6.SP.4 6.SP.5 Display numerical data in plots on a number line, including dot plots, histograms, and box plots. Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context, such as by: a. Reporting the number of observations. b. Describing the nature of the attribute under investigation, including how it was measured and its units of measurement. c. Giving quantitative measures of center (median and/or mean) and variability (interquartile range and/or mean absolute deviation), as well as describing any overall pattern and any striking deviations from the overall pattern with reference to the context in which the data were gathered. d. Relating the choice of measures of center and variability to the shape of the data distribution and the context in which the data were gathered. Common Core Standards for Mathematical Practice 3 Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. Mathematically proficient students understand and use stated assumptions, definitions, and previously established results in constructing arguments. They make conjectures and build a logical progression of statements to explore the truth of their conjectures. They are able to analyze situations by breaking them into cases, and can recognize and use counterexamples. They justify their conclusions, communicate them to others, and respond to the arguments of others. They reason inductively about data, making plausible arguments that take into account the context from which the data arose. Mathematically proficient 60

11 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.3 Displaying, Analyzing, and Summarizing Data (15 days) students are also able to compare the effectiveness of two plausible arguments, distinguish correct logic or reasoning from that which is flawed, and if there is a flaw in an argument explain what it is. Elementary students can construct arguments using concrete referents such as objects, drawings, diagrams, and actions. Such arguments can make sense and be correct, even though they are not generalized or made formal until later grades. Later, students learn to determine domains to which an argument applies. Students at all grades can listen or read the arguments of others, decide whether they make sense, and ask useful questions to clarify or improve the arguments. 4 Model with mathematics. Mathematically proficient students can apply the mathematics they know to solve problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace. In early grades, this might be as simple as writing an addition equation to describe a situation. In middle grades, a student might apply proportional reasoning to plan a school event or analyze a problem in the community. By high school, a student might use geometry to solve a design problem or use a function to describe how one quantity of interest depends on another. Mathematically proficient students who can apply what they know are comfortable making assumptions and approximations to simplify a complicated situation, realizing that these may need revision later. They are able to identify important quantities in a practical situation and map their relationships using such tools as diagrams, two-way tables, graphs, flowcharts and formulas. They can analyze those relationships mathematically to draw conclusions. They routinely interpret their mathematical results in the context of the situation and reflect on whether the results make sense, possibly improving the model if it has not served its purpose. 5 Use appropriate tools strategically. Mathematically proficient students consider the available tools when solving a mathematical problem. These tools might include pencil and paper, concrete models, a ruler, a protractor, a calculator, a spreadsheet, a computer algebra system, a statistical package, or dynamic geometry software. Proficient students are sufficiently familiar with tools appropriate for their grade or course to make sound decisions about when each of these tools might be helpful, recognizing both the insight to be gained and their limitations. For example, mathematically proficient high school students analyze graphs of functions and solutions generated using a graphing calculator. They detect possible errors by strategically using estimation and other mathematical knowledge. When making mathematical models, they know that technology can enable them to visualize the results of varying assumptions, explore consequences, and compare predictions with data. Mathematically proficient students at various grade levels are able to identify relevant external mathematical resources, such as digital content located on a website, and use them to pose or solve problems. They are able to use technological tools to explore and deepen their understanding of concepts. Clarifying the Standards Prior Learning In grade 1, students organized, represented, and interpreted data with up to three categories. Students in grade 2 drew picture graphs, line plots, and bar graphs with a single unit scale to represent a data set with up to four categories. In grade 3, students showed data by making a line plot where the horizontal scale was marked off in whole number, halves, or quarters. Also, they drew a scaled picture graph and scaled bar graph to represent a data set with several categories. Students in grades 4 and 5 displayed a fractional data set, and used information presented in line plots. 61

12 Grade 6 Mathematics, Quarter 4, Unit 4.3 Displaying, Analyzing, and Summarizing Data (15 days) Current Learning In grade 6, students display numerical data in plots on a number line, including dot plots, histograms, and box plots (box-and-whisker plots). Students summarize numerical data sets by reporting the number of observations, describing the way the data was collected, describing any overall pattern and any striking deviations from the overall deviation to the shape of the data distribution within the context of the data gathered. While students have prior learning with representing and interpreting data, sixth-grade instruction will begin to look at variability, summarizing, and describing distributions at a developmental level. Instructional time should focus on developing statistical thinking in grade 6, as it is a critical area. The PARCC Model Frameworks document (grade 6, p. 28) cites that working with data sets is an opportunity to connect to estimation and mental computations. For example, in a situation where there are 20 different numbers that are all between 8 and 10, one might quickly estimate the sum of the numbers as 9 x 20 = 180. Future Learning In grade 7, students will continue with variability (mean absolute deviation). Students in grade 8 will continue to construct and interpret scatterplots or bivariate measurement data to investigate patterns of association between two quantities. In high school, students will represent data with plots on the real number line (dot plots, histograms, and box plots) as well as to represent data on two quantitative variables on a scatter plot, and to describe how the variables are related. They will also use the mean and standard deviation of a data set to fit it to a normal distribution and to estimate population percentages. Additional Findings According to Principles and Standards for School Mathematics, students need to think about measures of center in relation to the spread of a distribution. In general, the crucial question is, How do changes in data values affect the mean and median of a set of data? Also, students should consider how well different graphs represent important characteristics of data sets. For example, they might notice that it is easier to see symmetry or skewness in a graph than in a table of values. Graphs, however, can lose some of the features of the data, as can be demonstrated by generating a family of histograms for a single set of data, using different bin sizes: the different histograms may convey different pictures of the symmetry, skewness, or variability of the data set. Another example is seen when comparing a histogram and a box plot for the same data Box plots do not convey as much specific information about the data set, such as where clusters occur, as histograms do. But box plots can provide effective comparisons between two data sets because they make descriptive characteristics such as median and interquartile range readily apparent (p. 251). 62