Encoding. Retrieval. Forgetting. Physiology of Memory. Systems and Types of Memory

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Ronald Richardson
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1 Encoding Storage Retrieval Forgetting

4 Encoding Storage Retrieval

5 Fraction of red lights missed 0.08 Encoding 0.06 Getting information into memory No cell phone With cell phone Divided Attention and Driving Performance

6 Structural Phonemic Semantic Encoding Would the word fit in the Does the word sentence: He met a rhyme with weight? on the street? Yes Yes

7 Visual imagery Elaboration Self-referent encoding Motivation to remember

8 Maintaining Information in Memory Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Long-term Memory

10 Short-term Rehearsal Memory (111) (111) (111) (111) Sensory Memory 6

11 Chunking FBI FBINBCCIAIBM CIA IBM

12 Long-term Memory Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Unlimited capacity store

15 Let s play a game I will share a list of words with you. Your job is to recall all of them as best you can. Please have a blank sheet of paper and a pen or pencil ready for after the demonstration.

16 Here are the words

17 SOUR SUGAR TOFFEE NICE TASTE CANDY BITTER CAKE HONEY CHOCOLATE TOOTH TART

18 Those are the words. On that blank sheet of paper, write your name, full address, and your phone number (this is what s called a distractor activity).

19 Now write the words you can recall in any order.

20 How many of you remembered the word aardvark?

21 How many of you remembered the word sweet?

22 Retrieval

23 Retrieval Serial position effect Primacy effect Recency effect Isolation effect

24 Retrieval Cues Word Definition Favoritism shown or patronage granted by persons in high office to relatives or close friends Retrieval Cue 1: Begins with N Retrieval Cue 2: Ends in ism Retrieval Cue 3: First syllable rhymes with pep

25 Context Cues

26 The misinformation effect and eyewitness testimony

27 Reality Monitoring The process of deciding whether memories are based on external or internal sources

28 Source Monitoring The process of making inferences about the origins of memories

Retention (%) Retention of Nonsense Syllables 100 90 80

29 Retention (%) Retention of Nonsense Syllables Nonsense Syllables Forgetting BAF XOF is Adaptive CLP MEQ Hermann Ebbinghaus AYI VIR 20 min 60 min 9 hours 1 day 2 days 5 days 31 days Retention Interval

30 Two Measures of Retention: Recall Measure Recognition Measure

31 The Difficulty of a Recognition Test Can Vary Which is the correct answer? The fourth president of the United States was: a. Thomas Jimmy Carter Jefferson b. James John F. Monroe Kennedy c. John Harry Quincy TrumanAdams d. James Madison

32 Ineffective Encoding Memories never stored due to lack of attention

33 Mean Number of Test Items Recalled Synonyms Antonyms Unrelated Adjectives Nonsense Syllables Numbers None Decreasing Interference Type of Interfering Material

34 Encoding Specificity Principle Value of a cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code formed during encoding

35 Repressed Memory Sigmund Freud

36 Skeptics Supporters of of Repressed Memory Theory Do Abuse not is think more individuals common are than lying we think on purpose Therapists Repression may is a natural ask leading response questions to trauma until the Lab patient research inadvertently on implanting creates memories a false cannot memory be Countless compared studies to emotional show events that it is like easy sexual to create abuse false No direct memories and empirical evidence Some court cases discredit existence of repressed memories Misinformation effect, source monitoring, and other researched areas show us that memory is not as reliable as many of us think

38 Retrograde Amnesia Memory Loss Onset of Amnesia Time Anterograde Amnesia Memory Loss

40 Prefrontal Cortex Cerebral Cortex Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebellum

41 Memory Loss Memory Loss

42 Declarative Memory System (Factual Information) Memory Nondeclarative Memory System (Actions, Perceptual Motor Skills, Conditioned Reflexes, Emotional Memories) Example: Riding a bike Handle Bars Pedals Spokes

43 Declarative Memory System (Factual Information) Memory Semantic Memory System (General Knowledge, Stored Undated) Example: Lincoln Gave Gettysburg Address Episodic Memory System (Dated Recollections of Personal Experiences) Example: First Kiss

44 Retrospective Memory Prospective Memory Past Future The Present

45 Improving Everyday Memory Engage in adequate rehearsal Schedule distributed practice Engage in deep processing Organize information Use mnemonic devices

46 Mnemonics

47 Mnemonics Fill in the blank

48 Mnemonics Study the pictures on the next slide

49 Mnemonics

50 Mnemonics Now write down as many things as you can remember from the previous slide. Let s check your responses How many did you remember?

51 Mnemonics Study the pictures on the next slide. This time, while you are looking at the pictures, make up a story that has all those things in it. If you were looking at the pictures in the last game, you might make up a story about a cat named Charlie (which begins with C) who was riding a bicycle and chasing a dog. Just then, the cat stopped for coffee and... You get the idea. If the story is silly, that's just fine. Try to imagine the story as you tell it to yourself, picturing the cat on the bicycle and the dog running away.

52 Mnemonics Study the pictures on the next slide

53 Mnemonics Now write down as many things as you can remember from the previous slide. Let s check your responses Now how many did you remember?

54 Mnemonics Google New York Times ancient proven memorization. Click on the first link, read the article, then Give it a try.

AP PSYCHOLOGY VACATION WORK PACKET UNIT 7A: MEMORY

AP PSYCHOLOGY VACATION WORK PACKET UNIT 7A: MEMORY You need to complete the following by class on January 3, 2012: Preread the APA Content Standards to anticipate the content of this unit. Read and take