CATEGORIES & FUNCTIONS: BASIC CONCEPTS IN EMPIRICAL GRAMMAR Brett Reynolds
|
|
- Jane Franklin
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CATEGORIES & FUNCTIONS: BASIC CONCEPTS IN EMPIRICAL GRAMMAR Brett Reynolds Thor Heyerdahl: make the data fit the theory Make the data fit the theory (or no clear theory) "A phrase is a group of words which form a grammatical unit." "A phrase does not contain a finite verb. "Phrases are usually classified according to their central word or HEAD. e.g., NOUN PHRASE 1, VERB PHRASE, etc. 1
2 Empirical grammar Make the theory fit the data Here s the theory Categories and functions are distinct. Both are needed to explain the observed data. Animal categories and functions Categories pig horse dog fish cat mosquito elephant etc. Functions pet pest beast of burden (jument) scavenger game feeder racer etc. 2
3 Functions of words after linking verbs She became president. (adj.) She became busy. (n.) Are they functioning as adjectives or nouns? Categories Clause NP VP DP AdjP AdvP PP Nominal Noun Verb Adjective Adverb Coordina -tor Determinative Preposition Subordinator Interjection Functions (a partial list) Head Dependent Coordinate Marker Complement Determiner Adjunct Internal complement External complement (subject) Supplement Modifier Predicate complement Object Catenative complement Other* Locative complement Attributive modifier Internal modifier Direct object Indirect object Prepositional complements Clausal complement Appositive modifier Finite clausal complement Non-finite clausal complement 3
4 Nouns The standard definition of nouns: Nouns refer to people, places, things, ideas, etc. Based on that definition, which transfer is a noun? I make the regular transfer 1 on Mondays. I regularly transfer 2 the money on Mondays. Nouns Which transfer is a noun? I make the regular transfer 1 on Mondays. I regularly transfer 2 the money on Mondays. Syntactic information: Nouns Which transfer is a noun? I make the regular transfer 1 on Mondays. I regularly transfer 2 the money on Mondays. Syntactic information: SVO determinative before nouns (e.g., the, some, this, few, etc.) can put adjectives between the determinative and the noun can t put adverbs between the determinative and the noun 4
5 Nouns Which transfer is a noun? I make the regular transfer 1 on Mondays. I regularly transfer 2 the money on Mondays. Morphological information: Nouns Which transfer is a noun? I make the regular transfer 1 on Mondays. I regularly transfer 2 the money on Mondays. Morphological information: can make transfer 1 plural (transfers) can make transfer 1 possessive (transfer s) can make transfer 2 past tense (transferred) Defining categories Look not only at meaning, but also at syntax and morphology. 5
6 Putting data to work to examine a theory Traditional theory: Only nouns may function as subjects. A gerund is a present participle functioning as a noun. Is a gerund a noun? Gerund: A word derived from a verb form which ends in -ing and is used as a noun Their theory says noun is both a category and a function (or use ). Our theory says noun is a category, not a function. Data 1. Driving well is safer than driving too slowly. 2. I hate taking tests. 3. My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. 4. She stopped him from causing any damage. 1. subject & object of the preposition 2. object 3. complement 4. object of the preposition 6
7 More data Characteristics of nouns: can be plural can be possessive determinative before nouns can put adjectives immediately before the noun can NOT put adverbs immediately before the noun More data Characteristics of nouns: can be plural *Teachings grammar is fun. can be possessive? Teaching s grammar is fun? determinative before nouns *The teaching grammar is fun. can put adjectives immediately before the noun *Regular teaching grammar is fun. can NOT put adverbs immediately before the noun Regularly teaching grammar is fun. Conclusion: Gerunds fail to meet most of the criteria for nouns gerunds are not nouns. 7
8 Gerunds are verbs There is no good reason to distinguish between gerunds and present participles. Consider: gerunds 1. [Walking the dog] was difficult. 2. Have you thought of [changing the drapes]? 3. I remember [putting them in the drawer]. 4. I found [working out every day] difficult. present participles 1. Those [walking the dog] experienced difficulty. 2. [Changing the drapes], she thought of a great idea. 3. They are [putting them in the drawer]. 4. We saw them [working out every day]. Are nouns used as nouns? Faculty is a noun It has a variety of possible functions Faculty were in agreement. (function: subject) Contact faculty immediately. (function: object) Here s the faculty office. (function: modifier) Teaching grammar is fun. (function: noun?) Do gerunds function as nouns? No. This is Kon-Tiki grammar (AKA begging the question, circular logic) Premise in traditional grammar: only nouns can be subjects gerunds are subjects gerunds must be nouns It s a false premise. Where did it come from? In empirical grammar: various categories can function as subjects 8
9 Non-noun subjects Bigger is better. After 6:00 doesn t work for me. Whether you do or not makes no difference. Of course, how you go about it affects the outcome. To govern is to choose always on the basis of imperfect information. Various constituents function as subjects. Nothing functions as a noun but a noun. But.. Nouns per se don t function as subjects either Nouns typically function as the head of NPs NPs in turn function as subjects, object, complements, etc. NP (not noun) as subject 9
10 What s a determiner Traditional grammar has no category for determiners: the, some, few, most, any, every, several, which, etc. Subsumes them under articles adjectives This is a problem: adjectives are optional determiners are often obligatory adjectives can be graded determiners mostly can t adjectives: not part of determiners: part of system of system of number number Adjectives optional; determiners obligatory Adjectives The big house was quiet. The house was quiet. What were your new friends doing? What were your friends doing? Determiners The big house was quiet. *Big house was quiet. What were your new friends doing?? What were new friends doing? Adjectives graded; determiners not Adjectives Many quiet houses lined the lane. Many quieter houses lined the lane. The people are interesting. The people are more interesting. Determiners Many quiet houses lined the street. *Manier quiet houses lined the lane. There are many interesting people. *There are more many interesting people. 10
11 Adjectives vs. determiners: number Adjectives There are no cold houses. There is one cold house. There are no cold houses. There isn t much cold water. Determiners There are no cold houses. There is one cold house. There are no cold houses. There isn t much cold water. Conclusion: Determiners and adjectives behave differently determiners are not adjectives. So what are they? What s a determiner? Determiners are a kind "of word that come(s) before head nouns in noun phrases. Or a word that comes before and modifies a head noun... Category or function? 11
12 The Teacher s Grammar: determiners From Cowan, R. (2008) Nouns as determiners It s box. It s the box. It s my box. It s Helen s box. *It s Helen box. *It s chair box. But words can t belong to two categories at once. Functions and categories Determiner is a function. There is a category of words that typically perform this function. Unfortunately: Modern grammars use the same word to refer to both the category and the function. To keep them distinct: Function: determiner (like modifier) Category: determinative (like adjective) 12
13 Exercise Given the information provided here, try to identify the determinatives in your handout. Another function of determinatives Determinatives also function as modifiers in AdjPs and DPs. 1. He s not [that bright]. [AdjP] 2. It s [all wrong]. [AdjP] 3. I feel [much better]. [AdjP] 4. I ve read [all the] papers. [DP] 5. [The more] experience you have, [DP] [the better] it is for you. [AdjP] 6. Is [this much] water enough? [DP] 7. [A little less] noise, please! [DP] AdjPs vs. VPs Participial VPs are often mistaken for adjectives. Some adjectives look like participial verbs. I have an interesting problem. I have a drinking problem. How can we tell the difference? 13
14 Characteristics of adjectives typically function both as attributive modifiers and predicate complements Often have corresponding -ly adverbs modifiable by very gradable Characteristics of adjectives typically function both as attributive modifiers and predicate complements I have an interesting problem. (attrib mod) The problem seems interesting. (pred comp) Often have corresponding -ly adverbs interestingly Typically modifiable by very I have a very interesting problem. Typically gradable This is the most interesting problem. Characteristics of adjectives typically function both as attributive modifiers and predicate complements I have a drinking problem. (attrib mod) *The problem seems drinking. (pred comp) Often have corresponding -ly adverbs *drinkingly Typically modifiable by very *I have a very drinking problem. Typically gradable *This is the most drinking problem. 14
15 AdjPs vs. nouns Nouns functioning as attributive modifiers are often said to be functioning as adjectives. Exercise 2 Coordinators & subordinators Coordinators and subordinators typically function as markers of coordination and subordination. Coordinators include: and, but, or, nor as well as, plus, rather Subordinators are: that, to, whether & if, how, for 15
16 Coordination Subordination: content clauses Subordination: relative clause 16
17 Subordination: non-finite clauses Prepositions Much broadened definition of prepositions: As well as transitive prepositions (taking objects) Allow for intransitive prepositions Allow for prepositions taking clausal complements Allow for prepositions taking predicate complements Allow for prepositions taking prepositional complements Prepositions Much broadened definition of prepositions: As well as transitive prepositions (taking objects) She stood before the mirror. Allow for intransitive prepositions She had stood there before. Allow for prepositions taking clausal complements She stood before she crawled. Allow for prepositions taking predicate complements We left him for dead. Allow for prepositions taking prepositional complements He came from around the bend. 17
18 Exercise 3 Adverbs Everything else But: It shot through the air at nearly the speed of sound. The scarf was silky smooth. 18
Basic Syntax. Doug Arnold We review some basic grammatical ideas and terminology, and look at some common constructions in English.
Basic Syntax Doug Arnold doug@essex.ac.uk We review some basic grammatical ideas and terminology, and look at some common constructions in English. 1 Categories 1.1 Word level (lexical and functional)
More informationIntroduction to HPSG. Introduction. Historical Overview. The HPSG architecture. Signature. Linguistic Objects. Descriptions.
to as a linguistic theory to to a member of the family of linguistic frameworks that are called generative grammars a grammar which is formalized to a high degree and thus makes exact predictions about
More informationApproaches to control phenomena handout Obligatory control and morphological case: Icelandic and Basque
Approaches to control phenomena handout 6 5.4 Obligatory control and morphological case: Icelandic and Basque Icelandinc quirky case (displaying properties of both structural and inherent case: lexically
More informationELD CELDT 5 EDGE Level C Curriculum Guide LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT VOCABULARY COMMON WRITING PROJECT. ToolKit
Unit 1 Language Development Express Ideas and Opinions Ask for and Give Information Engage in Discussion ELD CELDT 5 EDGE Level C Curriculum Guide 20132014 Sentences Reflective Essay August 12 th September
More informationChapter 9 Banked gap-filling
Chapter 9 Banked gap-filling This testing technique is known as banked gap-filling, because you have to choose the appropriate word from a bank of alternatives. In a banked gap-filling task, similarly
More informationCS 598 Natural Language Processing
CS 598 Natural Language Processing Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere!"#$%&'&()*+,-./012 34*5665756638/9:;< =>?@ABCDEFGHIJ5KL@
More informationCh VI- SENTENCE PATTERNS.
Ch VI- SENTENCE PATTERNS faizrisd@gmail.com www.pakfaizal.com It is a common fact that in the making of well-formed sentences we badly need several syntactic devices used to link together words by means
More informationDear Teacher: Welcome to Reading Rods! Reading Rods offer many outstanding features! Read on to discover how to put Reading Rods to work today!
Dear Teacher: Welcome to Reading Rods! Your Sentence Building Reading Rod Set contains 156 interlocking plastic Rods printed with words representing different parts of speech and punctuation marks. Students
More informationGrammars & Parsing, Part 1:
Grammars & Parsing, Part 1: Rules, representations, and transformations- oh my! Sentence VP The teacher Verb gave the lecture 2015-02-12 CS 562/662: Natural Language Processing Game plan for today: Review
More information1/20 idea. We ll spend an extra hour on 1/21. based on assigned readings. so you ll be ready to discuss them in class
If we cancel class 1/20 idea We ll spend an extra hour on 1/21 I ll give you a brief writing problem for 1/21 based on assigned readings Jot down your thoughts based on your reading so you ll be ready
More informationSAMPLE. Chapter 1: Background. A. Basic Introduction. B. Why It s Important to Teach/Learn Grammar in the First Place
Contents Chapter One: Background Page 1 Chapter Two: Implementation Page 7 Chapter Three: Materials Page 13 A. Reproducible Help Pages Page 13 B. Reproducible Marking Guide Page 22 C. Reproducible Sentence
More informationENGBG1 ENGBL1 Campus Linguistics. Meeting 2. Chapter 7 (Morphology) and chapter 9 (Syntax) Pia Sundqvist
Meeting 2 Chapter 7 (Morphology) and chapter 9 (Syntax) Today s agenda Repetition of meeting 1 Mini-lecture on morphology Seminar on chapter 7, worksheet Mini-lecture on syntax Seminar on chapter 9, worksheet
More informationWriting a composition
A good composition has three elements: Writing a composition an introduction: A topic sentence which contains the main idea of the paragraph. a body : Supporting sentences that develop the main idea. a
More informationConstraining X-Bar: Theta Theory
Constraining X-Bar: Theta Theory Carnie, 2013, chapter 8 Kofi K. Saah 1 Learning objectives Distinguish between thematic relation and theta role. Identify the thematic relations agent, theme, goal, source,
More informationDeveloping Grammar in Context
Developing Grammar in Context intermediate with answers Mark Nettle and Diana Hopkins PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United
More informationDerivational: Inflectional: In a fit of rage the soldiers attacked them both that week, but lost the fight.
Final Exam (120 points) Click on the yellow balloons below to see the answers I. Short Answer (32pts) 1. (6) The sentence The kinder teachers made sure that the students comprehended the testable material
More informationInleiding Taalkunde. Docent: Paola Monachesi. Blok 4, 2001/ Syntax 2. 2 Phrases and constituent structure 2. 3 A minigrammar of Italian 3
Inleiding Taalkunde Docent: Paola Monachesi Blok 4, 2001/2002 Contents 1 Syntax 2 2 Phrases and constituent structure 2 3 A minigrammar of Italian 3 4 Trees 3 5 Developing an Italian lexicon 4 6 S(emantic)-selection
More informationBASIC ENGLISH. Book GRAMMAR
BASIC ENGLISH Book 1 GRAMMAR Anne Seaton Y. H. Mew Book 1 Three Watson Irvine, CA 92618-2767 Web site: www.sdlback.com First published in the United States by Saddleback Educational Publishing, 3 Watson,
More informationWords come in categories
Nouns Words come in categories D: A grammatical category is a class of expressions which share a common set of grammatical properties (a.k.a. word class or part of speech). Words come in categories Open
More informationChapter 4: Valence & Agreement CSLI Publications
Chapter 4: Valence & Agreement Reminder: Where We Are Simple CFG doesn t allow us to cross-classify categories, e.g., verbs can be grouped by transitivity (deny vs. disappear) or by number (deny vs. denies).
More informationContext Free Grammars. Many slides from Michael Collins
Context Free Grammars Many slides from Michael Collins Overview I An introduction to the parsing problem I Context free grammars I A brief(!) sketch of the syntax of English I Examples of ambiguous structures
More informationa) analyse sentences, so you know what s going on and how to use that information to help you find the answer.
Tip Sheet I m going to show you how to deal with ten of the most typical aspects of English grammar that are tested on the CAE Use of English paper, part 4. Of course, there are many other grammar points
More informationOn the Notion Determiner
On the Notion Determiner Frank Van Eynde University of Leuven Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Michigan State University Stefan Müller (Editor) 2003
More informationUniversal Grammar 2. Universal Grammar 1. Forms and functions 1. Universal Grammar 3. Conceptual and surface structure of complex clauses
Universal Grammar 1 evidence : 1. crosslinguistic investigation of properties of languages 2. evidence from language acquisition 3. general cognitive abilities 1. Properties can be reflected in a.) structural
More informationCourse Outline for Honors Spanish II Mrs. Sharon Koller
Course Outline for Honors Spanish II Mrs. Sharon Koller Overview: Spanish 2 is designed to prepare students to function at beginning levels of proficiency in a variety of authentic situations. Emphasis
More informationPseudo-Passives as Adjectival Passives
Pseudo-Passives as Adjectival Passives Kwang-sup Kim Hankuk University of Foreign Studies English Department 81 Oedae-lo Cheoin-Gu Yongin-City 449-791 Republic of Korea kwangsup@hufs.ac.kr Abstract The
More informationEmmaus Lutheran School English Language Arts Curriculum
Emmaus Lutheran School English Language Arts Curriculum Rationale based on Scripture God is the Creator of all things, including English Language Arts. Our school is committed to providing students with
More informationThe Structure of Relative Clauses in Maay Maay By Elly Zimmer
I Introduction A. Goals of this study The Structure of Relative Clauses in Maay Maay By Elly Zimmer 1. Provide a basic documentation of Maay Maay relative clauses First time this structure has ever been
More informationA Minimalist Approach to Code-Switching. In the field of linguistics, the topic of bilingualism is a broad one. There are many
Schmidt 1 Eric Schmidt Prof. Suzanne Flynn Linguistic Study of Bilingualism December 13, 2013 A Minimalist Approach to Code-Switching In the field of linguistics, the topic of bilingualism is a broad one.
More informationToday we examine the distribution of infinitival clauses, which can be
Infinitival Clauses Today we examine the distribution of infinitival clauses, which can be a) the subject of a main clause (1) [to vote for oneself] is objectionable (2) It is objectionable to vote for
More informationDerivational and Inflectional Morphemes in Pak-Pak Language
Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in Pak-Pak Language Agustina Situmorang and Tima Mariany Arifin ABSTRACT The objectives of this study are to find out the derivational and inflectional morphemes
More informationAdjectives tell you more about a noun (for example: the red dress ).
Curriculum Jargon busters Grammar glossary Key: Words in bold are examples. Words underlined are terms you can look up in this glossary. Words in italics are important to the definition. Term Adjective
More informationUnderlying and Surface Grammatical Relations in Greek consider
0 Underlying and Surface Grammatical Relations in Greek consider Sentences Brian D. Joseph The Ohio State University Abbreviated Title Grammatical Relations in Greek consider Sentences Brian D. Joseph
More informationAspectual Classes of Verb Phrases
Aspectual Classes of Verb Phrases Current understanding of verb meanings (from Predicate Logic): verbs combine with their arguments to yield the truth conditions of a sentence. With such an understanding
More informationArgument structure and theta roles
Argument structure and theta roles Introduction to Syntax, EGG Summer School 2017 András Bárány ab155@soas.ac.uk 26 July 2017 Overview Where we left off Arguments and theta roles Some consequences of theta
More informationSyntax Parsing 1. Grammars and parsing 2. Top-down and bottom-up parsing 3. Chart parsers 4. Bottom-up chart parsing 5. The Earley Algorithm
Syntax Parsing 1. Grammars and parsing 2. Top-down and bottom-up parsing 3. Chart parsers 4. Bottom-up chart parsing 5. The Earley Algorithm syntax: from the Greek syntaxis, meaning setting out together
More informationLoughton School s curriculum evening. 28 th February 2017
Loughton School s curriculum evening 28 th February 2017 Aims of this session Share our approach to teaching writing, reading, SPaG and maths. Share resources, ideas and strategies to support children's
More informationAdvanced Grammar in Use
Advanced Grammar in Use A self-study reference and practice book for advanced learners of English Third Edition with answers and CD-ROM cambridge university press cambridge, new york, melbourne, madrid,
More informationThe building blocks of HPSG grammars. Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) HPSG grammars from a linguistic perspective
Te building blocks of HPSG grammars Head-Driven Prase Structure Grammar (HPSG) In HPSG, sentences, s, prases, and multisentence discourses are all represented as signs = complexes of ponological, syntactic/semantic,
More informationGERM 3040 GERMAN GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION SPRING 2017
GERM 3040 GERMAN GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION SPRING 2017 Instructor: Dr. Claudia Schwabe Class hours: TR 9:00-10:15 p.m. claudia.schwabe@usu.edu Class room: Old Main 301 Office: Old Main 002D Office hours:
More informationHindi Aspectual Verb Complexes
Hindi Aspectual Verb Complexes HPSG-09 1 Introduction One of the goals of syntax is to termine how much languages do vary, in the hope to be able to make hypothesis about how much natural languages can
More informationIntra-talker Variation: Audience Design Factors Affecting Lexical Selections
Tyler Perrachione LING 451-0 Proseminar in Sound Structure Prof. A. Bradlow 17 March 2006 Intra-talker Variation: Audience Design Factors Affecting Lexical Selections Abstract Although the acoustic and
More informationPresentation Exercise: Chapter 32
Presentation Exercise: Chapter 32 Fill in the Blank. Like adjectives, adverbs have three degrees:,, and. Fill in the Blank. The Latin positive adverb ending is the equivalent of in English and is formed
More informationConstruction Grammar. University of Jena.
Construction Grammar Holger Diessel University of Jena holger.diessel@uni-jena.de http://www.holger-diessel.de/ Words seem to have a prototype structure; but language does not only consist of words. What
More informationIntensive English Program Southwest College
Intensive English Program Southwest College ESOL 0352 Advanced Intermediate Grammar for Foreign Speakers CRN 55661-- Summer 2015 Gulfton Center Room 114 11:00 2:45 Mon. Fri. 3 hours lecture / 2 hours lab
More informationBULATS A2 WORDLIST 2
BULATS A2 WORDLIST 2 INTRODUCTION TO THE BULATS A2 WORDLIST 2 The BULATS A2 WORDLIST 21 is a list of approximately 750 words to help candidates aiming at an A2 pass in the Cambridge BULATS exam. It is
More informationCase government vs Case agreement: modelling Modern Greek case attraction phenomena in LFG
Case government vs Case agreement: modelling Modern Greek case attraction phenomena in LFG Dr. Kakia Chatsiou, University of Essex achats at essex.ac.uk Explorations in Syntactic Government and Subcategorisation,
More informationTibor Kiss Reconstituting Grammar: Hagit Borer's Exoskeletal Syntax 1
Tibor Kiss Reconstituting Grammar: Hagit Borer's Exoskeletal Syntax 1 1 Introduction Lexicalism is pervasive in modern syntactic theory, and so is the driving force behind lexicalism, projectionism. Syntactic
More informationMinimalism is the name of the predominant approach in generative linguistics today. It was first
Minimalism Minimalism is the name of the predominant approach in generative linguistics today. It was first introduced by Chomsky in his work The Minimalist Program (1995) and has seen several developments
More informationParsing of part-of-speech tagged Assamese Texts
IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2009 ISSN (Online): 1694-0784 ISSN (Print): 1694-0814 28 Parsing of part-of-speech tagged Assamese Texts Mirzanur Rahman 1, Sufal
More informationThe College Board Redesigned SAT Grade 12
A Correlation of, 2017 To the Redesigned SAT Introduction This document demonstrates how myperspectives English Language Arts meets the Reading, Writing and Language and Essay Domains of Redesigned SAT.
More informationEnglish for Life. B e g i n n e r. Lessons 1 4 Checklist Getting Started. Student s Book 3 Date. Workbook. MultiROM. Test 1 4
Lessons 1 4 Checklist Getting Started Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Introducing yourself Numbers 0 10 Names Indefinite articles: a / an this / that Useful expressions Classroom language Imperatives
More informationLanguage skills to be used and worked upon : Listening / Speaking PPC-PPI / Reading / Writing
What the ladybird heard proposed teaching sequence Cycle 3 Language skills to be used and worked upon : Listening / Speaking PPC-PPI / Reading / Writing Pre-teaching : names of characters / animals / vocabulary
More informationSubject: Opening the American West. What are you teaching? Explorations of Lewis and Clark
Theme 2: My World & Others (Geography) Grade 5: Lewis and Clark: Opening the American West by Ellen Rodger (U.S. Geography) This 4MAT lesson incorporates activities in the Daily Lesson Guide (DLG) that
More informationChapter 3: Semi-lexical categories. nor truly functional. As Corver and van Riemsdijk rightly point out, There is more
Chapter 3: Semi-lexical categories 0 Introduction While lexical and functional categories are central to current approaches to syntax, it has been noticed that not all categories fit perfectly into this
More informationWritten by: YULI AMRIA (RRA1B210085) ABSTRACT. Key words: ability, possessive pronouns, and possessive adjectives INTRODUCTION
STUDYING GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE: STUDENTS ABILITY IN USING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES IN ONE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL IN JAMBI CITY Written by: YULI AMRIA (RRA1B210085) ABSTRACT
More informationCalifornia Department of Education English Language Development Standards for Grade 8
Section 1: Goal, Critical Principles, and Overview Goal: English learners read, analyze, interpret, and create a variety of literary and informational text types. They develop an understanding of how language
More informationAN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMTICAL ERRORS MADE BY THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMAN 5 PADANG IN WRITING PAST EXPERIENCES
AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMTICAL ERRORS MADE BY THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMAN 5 PADANG IN WRITING PAST EXPERIENCES Yelna Oktavia 1, Lely Refnita 1,Ernati 1 1 English Department, the Faculty of Teacher Training
More informationFOREWORD.. 5 THE PROPER RUSSIAN PRONUNCIATION. 8. УРОК (Unit) УРОК (Unit) УРОК (Unit) УРОК (Unit) 4 80.
CONTENTS FOREWORD.. 5 THE PROPER RUSSIAN PRONUNCIATION. 8 УРОК (Unit) 1 25 1.1. QUESTIONS WITH КТО AND ЧТО 27 1.2. GENDER OF NOUNS 29 1.3. PERSONAL PRONOUNS 31 УРОК (Unit) 2 38 2.1. PRESENT TENSE OF THE
More informationEAGLE: an Error-Annotated Corpus of Beginning Learner German
EAGLE: an Error-Annotated Corpus of Beginning Learner German Adriane Boyd Department of Linguistics The Ohio State University adriane@ling.osu.edu Abstract This paper describes the Error-Annotated German
More informationEnhancing Unlexicalized Parsing Performance using a Wide Coverage Lexicon, Fuzzy Tag-set Mapping, and EM-HMM-based Lexical Probabilities
Enhancing Unlexicalized Parsing Performance using a Wide Coverage Lexicon, Fuzzy Tag-set Mapping, and EM-HMM-based Lexical Probabilities Yoav Goldberg Reut Tsarfaty Meni Adler Michael Elhadad Ben Gurion
More informationThornhill Primary School - Grammar coverage Year 1-6
Thornhill Primary School - Grammar coverage Year 1-6 Year Topic Examples Terminology Importance Using full stops and capital letters to demarcate s We sailed to the land where the wild things are. Sentence
More informationCORPUS ANALYSIS CORPUS ANALYSIS QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
CORPUS ANALYSIS Antonella Serra CORPUS ANALYSIS ITINEARIES ON LINE: SARDINIA, CAPRI AND CORSICA TOTAL NUMBER OF WORD TOKENS 13.260 TOTAL NUMBER OF WORD TYPES 3188 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS THE MOST SIGNIFICATIVE
More informationWelcome to the Purdue OWL. Where do I begin? General Strategies. Personalizing Proofreading
Welcome to the Purdue OWL This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/). When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice at bottom. Where do I begin?
More informationHeads and history NIGEL VINCENT & KERSTI BÖRJARS The University of Manchester
Heads and history NIGEL VINCENT & KERSTI BÖRJARS The University of Manchester Heads come in two kinds: lexical and functional. While the former are treated in a largely uniform way across theoretical frameworks,
More informationIntroductory Topic for Kindergarten: Questions, puzzlement and what is okay
Introductory Topic for Kindergarten: Questions, puzzlement and what is okay by Dr Sue Knight Topic objectives In the first Primary Ethics topic for Kindergarten, we aim to introduce students to some fundamental
More informationOpportunities for Writing Title Key Stage 1 Key Stage 2 Narrative
English Teaching Cycle The English curriculum at Wardley CE Primary is based upon the National Curriculum. Our English is taught through a text based curriculum as we believe this is the best way to develop
More informationParticipate in expanded conversations and respond appropriately to a variety of conversational prompts
Students continue their study of German by further expanding their knowledge of key vocabulary topics and grammar concepts. Students not only begin to comprehend listening and reading passages more fully,
More informationAgree or Move? On Partial Control Anna Snarska, Adam Mickiewicz University
PLM, 14 September 2007 Agree or Move? On Partial Control Anna Snarska, Adam Mickiewicz University 1. Introduction While in the history of generative grammar the distinction between Obligatory Control (OC)
More informationProof Theory for Syntacticians
Department of Linguistics Ohio State University Syntax 2 (Linguistics 602.02) January 5, 2012 Logics for Linguistics Many different kinds of logic are directly applicable to formalizing theories in syntax
More informationFormulaic Language and Fluency: ESL Teaching Applications
Formulaic Language and Fluency: ESL Teaching Applications Formulaic Language Terminology Formulaic sequence One such item Formulaic language Non-count noun referring to these items Phraseology The study
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 154 ( 2014 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 154 ( 2014 ) 263 267 THE XXV ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE, LANGUAGE AND CULTURE, 20-22 October
More informationLinguistic Variation across Sports Category of Press Reportage from British Newspapers: a Diachronic Multidimensional Analysis
International Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences (IJAHSS) Volume 1 Issue 1 ǁ August 216. www.ijahss.com Linguistic Variation across Sports Category of Press Reportage from British Newspapers:
More informationTaught Throughout the Year Foundational Skills Reading Writing Language RF.1.2 Demonstrate understanding of spoken words,
First Grade Standards These are the standards for what is taught in first grade. It is the expectation that these skills will be reinforced after they have been taught. Taught Throughout the Year Foundational
More informationPolicePrep Comprehensive Guide to Canadian Police Officer Exams
PolicePrep Comprehensive Guide to Canadian Police Officer Exams Copyright 2009 Dekalam Hire Learning Incorporated Common Grammar Errors It is beyond the scope of this book to cover all grammar errors that
More informationPontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Facultad de Comunicación, Lingüística y Literatura Escuela de Lenguas Sección de Inglés
Teléf.: 2991700. Ext 1243 1. DATOS INFORMATIVOS: MATERIA O MÓDULO: INGLÉS CÓDIGO: 12551 CARRERA: NIVEL: CINCO- INTERMEDIO No. CRÉDITOS: 5 SEMESTRE / AÑO ACADÉMICO: PROFESOR: Nombre: Indicación de horario
More informationbeen each get other TASK #1 Fry Words TASK #2 Fry Words Write the following words in ABC order: Write the following words in ABC order:
TASK #1 Fry Words 1-100 been each called down about first TASK #2 Fry Words 1-100 get other long people number into TASK #3 Fry Words 1-100 could part more find now her TASK #4 Fry Words 1-100 for write
More informationUsing a Native Language Reference Grammar as a Language Learning Tool
Using a Native Language Reference Grammar as a Language Learning Tool Stacey I. Oberly University of Arizona & American Indian Language Development Institute Introduction This article is a case study in
More informationTHE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES
THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES PRO and Control in Lexical Functional Grammar: Lexical or Theory Motivated? Evidence from Kikuyu Njuguna Githitu Bernard Ph.D. Student, University
More informationAN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO NEW AND OLD INFORMATION IN TURKISH LOCATIVES AND EXISTENTIALS
AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO NEW AND OLD INFORMATION IN TURKISH LOCATIVES AND EXISTENTIALS Engin ARIK 1, Pınar ÖZTOP 2, and Esen BÜYÜKSÖKMEN 1 Doguş University, 2 Plymouth University enginarik@enginarik.com
More information1 st Quarter (September, October, November) August/September Strand Topic Standard Notes Reading for Literature
1 st Grade Curriculum Map Common Core Standards Language Arts 2013 2014 1 st Quarter (September, October, November) August/September Strand Topic Standard Notes Reading for Literature Key Ideas and Details
More informationCampus Academic Resource Program An Object of a Preposition: A Prepositional Phrase: noun adjective
This handout will: Explain what prepositions are and how to use them List some of the most common prepositions Define important concepts related to prepositions with examples Clarify preposition rules
More informationCourse Syllabus Advanced-Intermediate Grammar ESOL 0352
Semester with Course Reference Number (CRN) Course Syllabus Advanced-Intermediate Grammar ESOL 0352 Fall 2016 CRN: (10332) Instructor contact information (phone number and email address) Office Location
More informationObjectives. Chapter 2: The Representation of Knowledge. Expert Systems: Principles and Programming, Fourth Edition
Chapter 2: The Representation of Knowledge Expert Systems: Principles and Programming, Fourth Edition Objectives Introduce the study of logic Learn the difference between formal logic and informal logic
More informationA Computational Evaluation of Case-Assignment Algorithms
A Computational Evaluation of Case-Assignment Algorithms Miles Calabresi Advisors: Bob Frank and Jim Wood Submitted to the faculty of the Department of Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirements
More informationIN THIS UNIT YOU LEARN HOW TO: SPEAKING 1 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. 2 Work with a new partner. Discuss the questions.
6 1 IN THIS UNIT YOU LEARN HOW TO: ask and answer common questions about jobs talk about what you re doing at work at the moment talk about arrangements and appointments recognise and use collocations
More informationCompositional Semantics
Compositional Semantics CMSC 723 / LING 723 / INST 725 MARINE CARPUAT marine@cs.umd.edu Words, bag of words Sequences Trees Meaning Representing Meaning An important goal of NLP/AI: convert natural language
More informationCorrelated GRADE. Congratulations on your purchase of some of the finest teaching materials in the world. to State Standards
GRADE 3 Editorial Development: Barbara Allman Roseann Erwin Joy Evans Leslie Sorg Andrea Weiss Copy Editing: Cathy Harber Art Direction: Cheryl Puckett Cover Design: Liliana Potigian Illustrators: Lauren
More informationWord Stress and Intonation: Introduction
Word Stress and Intonation: Introduction WORD STRESS One or more syllables of a polysyllabic word have greater prominence than the others. Such syllables are said to be accented or stressed. Word stress
More informationSpecifying a shallow grammatical for parsing purposes
Specifying a shallow grammatical for parsing purposes representation Atro Voutilainen and Timo J~irvinen Research Unit for Multilingual Language Technology P.O. Box 4 FIN-0004 University of Helsinki Finland
More informationVirtually Anywhere Episodes 1 and 2. Teacher s Notes
Virtually Anywhere Episodes 1 and 2 Geeta and Paul are final year Archaeology students who don t get along very well. They are working together on their final piece of coursework, and while arguing over
More informationUKLO Round Advanced solutions and marking schemes. 6 The long and short of English verbs [15 marks]
UKLO Round 1 2013 Advanced solutions and marking schemes [Remember: the marker assigns points which the spreadsheet converts to marks.] [No questions 1-4 at Advanced level.] 5 Bulgarian [15 marks] 12 points:
More informationHow to Teach English
"How to Teach English" is a practical book which covers the aspects of being a good teacher, dealing with problems and the unexpected in the classroom. It describes, simplifies and gives us an introduction
More informationSubject Pronouns Object Pronouns
The material in this Handbook is from The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and is used by permission of Purdue University 1. Grammar Handbook Part 1: Parts of Speech Overview Nouns A noun is a word that
More informationFirst Grade Curriculum Highlights: In alignment with the Common Core Standards
First Grade Curriculum Highlights: In alignment with the Common Core Standards ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS Foundational Skills Print Concepts Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features
More informationTheoretical Syntax Winter Answers to practice problems
Linguistics 325 Sturman Theoretical Syntax Winter 2017 Answers to practice problems 1. Draw trees for the following English sentences. a. I have not been running in the mornings. 1 b. Joel frequently sings
More informationNational University of Singapore Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Centre for Language Studies Academic Year 2014/2015 Semester 2
National University of Singapore Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Centre for Language Studies Academic Year 2014/2015 Semester 2 LAG2201 German 2 Course Outline Course coordinators and lecturers A/P
More informationThe Pennsylvania State University. The Graduate School. College of the Liberal Arts THE TEACHABILITY HYPOTHESIS AND CONCEPT-BASED INSTRUCTION
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts THE TEACHABILITY HYPOTHESIS AND CONCEPT-BASED INSTRUCTION TOPICALIZATION IN CHINESE AS A SECOND LANGUAGE A Dissertation
More informationSPRING GROVE AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT
SPRING GROVE AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT PLANNED INSTRUCTION Course Title: Spanish III Length of Course: 30 cycles Grade Level(s): 10-12 Units of Credit: 1 Required: Elective: X Periods Per Cycle: Length of Period:
More informationNAME: East Carolina University PSYC Developmental Psychology Dr. Eppler & Dr. Ironsmith
Module 10 1 NAME: East Carolina University PSYC 3206 -- Developmental Psychology Dr. Eppler & Dr. Ironsmith Study Questions for Chapter 10: Language and Education Sigelman & Rider (2009). Life-span human
More information