Grammar 1 Introduction 1 Understanding grammar words Thinking about language in context Other ways of learning Which English?

Transcription

1 Contents Grammar Grammar 1 Introduction 1 Understanding grammar words Thinking about language in context Other ways of learning Which English? Grammar 2 Present time 1 3 Present simple: form, meaning, pronunciation Present continuous: form, meaning Grammar 3 Present time 2 7 Present simple: frequency adverbs State verbs and action verbs Present simple or continuous? Present continuous: future meanings Other problems Grammar 4 Past time 1 11 Past simple: form, meaning Past continuous: form, meaning Time expressions Grammar 5 Past time 2 15 Past perfect: form, meaning Common uses used to would Past perfect and past simple Past forms used in conditionals Grammar 6 Present perfect 1 20 Present perfect: form, meaning Time expressions Grammar 7 Present perfect 2 24 Present perfect continuous: form, meaning Time expressions Present perfect or present perfect continuous? Other problems Grammar 8 Future 1 29 Future time will be going to Present continuous Problems Grammar 9 Future 2 34 Future continuous Future perfect Present simple Functions using will and shall Grammar 10 CONSOLIDATION 1 38 Grammar 11 Reported speech 1 42 Reported speech Tense changes No tense changes Speakers in reported speech People, places, times Summarizing say, tell, speak Grammar 12 Reported speech 2 46 Reporting questions Reporting commands and requests Other reporting verbs iii

2 INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE Grammar 13 Conditionals 1 50 Conditions and results Zero conditional: If + present simple, present simple First conditional: If + present simple, will/won t Second conditional: If + past simple, would/wouldn t unless Other uses of would Grammar 14 Conditionals 2 55 Third conditional: If + past perfect, would/wouldn t + have + past participle Modal verbs in conditional sentences Conditionals without if If I were you, I Grammar 15 Wishes 58 Wishes about the present Wishes about the past hope If only Grammar 16 Passive 1 61 Passive: form, use Using by and with Sentences without an agent Transitive and intransitive verbs Grammar 17 Passive 2 66 Verbs with two objects to be born have something done Passive + infinitive Grammar 18 Modals 1: present and future 69 Modal verbs: form and meaning Ability Certainty and uncertainty Obligation Opinions and advice Grammar 19 Modals 2: past 75 Ability Certainty and uncertainty Obligation Opinions and advice Grammar 20 CONSOLIDATION 2 78 Grammar 21 Purpose 83 Purpose: to and for Purpose: so that Grammar 22 Reason and result 86 Reason and result so and such for emphasis too and not enough for a difficulty so and too Result phrases: as a result, in the end, eventually Linking words Grammar 23 Contrast 91 but, yet and although even though and though while and whereas despite and in spite of however and on the other hand Linking words Grammar 24 Functions 94 What is a function? Asking for information Offers Permission Promising Requests Requests with mind Suggesting and advising Grammar 25 Relative clauses 1 99 Relative clauses Relative pronouns Leaving out the relative pronouns Grammar 26 Relative clauses Combining sentences Relative clauses with an -ing form What as a relative pronoun iv

3 CONTENTS Grammar 27 Questions Yes/No questions Wh- questions Question words as the subject Negative questions Short answers Grammar 28 Questions Tag questions: form, use Problems with tags Reply questions Indirect questions Grammar 29 it and there 114 Introducing new information Referring back Referring to a place it s and its they re and there Grammar 30 Place and position 116 in, inside, out, outside Expressions with in on Expressions with on at, in or to Expressions with at above/below, over/under next to/beside, near/by opposite Grammar 31 CONSOLIDATION Grammar 32 Time expressions 125 in, on and at Relation to today Parts of yesterday, today and tomorrow Calendar references for, since and ago during or for? by or until? on time or in time? once and one day, now and nowadays then, afterwards, after and later at the end, in the end and at last Grammar 33 Countable and uncountable nouns 129 Countable and uncountable Countable and uncountable: grammar some or any? many and much Change of meaning Other problems Grammar 34 Articles Indefinite article: a/an Zero article (no article) Grammar 35 Articles Definite article: the Grammar 36 Determiners and pronouns 141 all, some no, none each, every both, either, neither Grammar 37 Adjectives and adverbs 146 Adjectives Order of adjectives Gradable adjectives Adjectives ending -ing and -ed Adjectives with be, become, feel, look one Adverbs Adverbs of degree (intensifiers) Grammar 38 Making comparisons 151 Comparatives and superlatives: meaning, form Irregular forms Adverbs Making comparisons Intensifiers Grammar 39 Phrasal verbs Understanding phrasal verbs Verbs with three parts Verbs with two parts: transitive and inseparable v

4 INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE Grammar 40 Phrasal verbs Verbs with two parts: transitive and separable Verbs with two parts: intransitive Grammar 41 CONSOLIDATION Grammar 42 Verbs followed by -ing or infinitive Verbs followed by -ing or infinitive: little or no change of meaning Verbs followed by to + infinitive Verbs followed by to + infinitive, or that-clause Grammar 43 Verbs followed by -ing or infinitive Verbs followed by -ing or infinitive: change of meaning Verbs followed by -ing or infinitive without to: change of meaning Verbs followed by -ing or noun Verbs followed by -ing, or noun, or that-clause Grammar 44 Verbs followed by prepositions 179 Verbs + preposition be + adjective + preposition Grammar 45 Pronouns 184 Indefinite pronouns someone, anyone etc. everyone, no one etc. Reflexive pronouns: myself etc. Impersonal one Grammar 46 Possession 189 s (apostrophes) of and compound nouns Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns Double possessive Grammar 47 Linking words 194 and, both, too, as well, also for example, such as first (of all), secondly etc., finally as well as this, besides this in fact, actually in my view, personally either, or instead (of) except even Time words with other meanings Grammar 48 Capital letters and punctuation 199 Capital letters Full stop (.) Comma (,) Semi colon (;) Colon (:) Speech marks ( ) ( ) Question mark (?) and exclamation mark (!) Grammar 49 Spelling and pronunciation Adding -ing to verbs Words ending in -ful -ie or -ei? Silent letters Grammar 50 Spelling and pronunciation Same sound, different spelling Same pronunciation, different spelling and meaning Words which look similar Words with a syllable which is not pronounced Nouns and verbs with c and s How to improve spelling Grammar 51 CONSOLIDATION vi

5 CONTENTS Vocabulary Vocabulary 1 Dealing with vocabulary 213 When you find a new word Making the most of your dictionary Keeping a vocabulary notebook Vocabulary 2 Word formation Vocabulary 3 Word formation Vocabulary 4 Collocations and fixed expressions Vocabulary 5 Collocations and fixed expressions Vocabulary 6 Compound words 227 Vocabulary 7 Money and shopping 230 Vocabulary 8 Living space 233 Vocabulary 9 Personal matters 236 Vocabulary 10 Family and friends 239 Vocabulary 11 The body and clothes 242 Vocabulary 12 Everyday problems 245 Vocabulary 13 Travel and holidays 248 Vocabulary 14 Interests and free time 251 Vocabulary 15 Places 254 Vocabulary 16 Food and drink 257 Vocabulary 17 Work and study 260 Vocabulary 18 The natural environment 263 Vocabulary 19 Tools and technology 266 Vocabulary 20 Everyday objects 269 Vocabulary 21 People 272 Formation rules 275 Irregular verbs 277 Grammar index 279 Grammar answers 281 Vocabulary answers 293 vii