Contents. Grammar Verb Review Context Language

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1 1 Verb Review Language READING 1 The Amazing Timothy Doner The Present of Be The Simple Present The Present Continuous The Present Continuous vs. The Simple Present Action and Nonaction Verbs 16 READING 2 The Enduring Voices Project The Future Form Choosing Will or Be Going To, or Present Continuous for Future 22 READING 3 An Unusual Orphan The Simple Past 25 LEssoN summary 30 TEsT/REvIEw 31 writing 32 2 The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous Risk READING 1 The Mystery of Risk The Present Perfect Form The Past Participle Placement of Adverbs The Present Perfect Overview of Uses 41 READING 2 Climbing Mount Everest The Present Perfect with Indefinite Past Time Overview The Present Perfect with Ever and Never The Present Perfect with Yet and Already The Present Perfect with Lately, Recently, and Just The Present Perfect with No Time Mentioned 53 READING 3 Exploring the Ocean The Present Perfect with Repetition from Past to Present The Present Perfect with Continuation from Past to Present 58 READING 4 Lonnie Thompson Ice Investigator The Present Perfect Continuous The Present Perfect, the Present Perfect Continuous, and the Simple Past 65 iii

2 Lesson SUMMARY. 68 Test/Review. 69 writing Passive and Active Voice The Movies READING 1 Oscar Night in Hollywood Active and Passive Voice Introduction Comparison of Active and Passive Voice Active and Passive Voice Use Verbs with Two Objects. 82 READING 2 The History of Animation Transitive and Intransitive Verbs The Passive Voice with Get. 88 READING 3 Charlie Chaplin Participles Used as Adjectives Other Past Participles Used as Adjectives Get vs. Be with Past Participles and Other Adjectives. 95 Lesson SUMMARY. 96 Test/Review. 97 writing The Past Continuous The Past Perfect The Past Perfect Continuous Travel by Land, Sea, and Air READING 1 Travel by Land: The Lewis and Clark Expedition The Past Continuous Form The Past Continuous Use The Past Continuous vs. the Simple Past. 106 READING 2 Travel by Sea: The First and Last Voyage of the Titanic The Past Perfect Form The Past Perfect Use (Part 1) When with the Simple Past or the Past Perfect The Past Perfect Use (Part 2) The Past Perfect Continuous Form The Past Perfect Continuous Use The Past Perfect (Continuous) vs. the Present Perfect (Continuous). 120 iv

3 READING 3 Travel by Air: The DC Comparison of Past Tenses. 123 LESSON Summary. 128 Test/Review. 129 writing Modals and Related Expressions Technology Reading 1 Passwords, Passwords, Passwords Modals An Overview Possibility: May, Might, Could Necessity/Obligation: Must, Have to, Have Got to Expectation: Be Supposed to Advice: Should, Ought to, Had Better Suggestion: Can/Could. 144 Reading 2 Taking a Break from Technology Negative Modals. 146 Reading 3 Using Technology to Enforce the Law Ability/Possibility: Can, Be Able to Logical Conclusion: Must Probability vs. Possibility: Must vs. May, Might, Could Continuous Modals. 154 LESSON Summary. 156 Test/Review. 157 writing Modals in the Past U.S. Presidents and Elections Reading 1 Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address Modals in the Past Form Past Regrets or Mistakes Should Have Past Possibility May / Might / Could + Have Logical Conclusion about the Past Must Have. 167 Reading 2 The Cuban Missile Crisis Past Direction Not Taken Could Have. 170 Reading 3 The Media and Presidential Elections Must Have + Past Participle vs. Had to + Base Form. 173 v

4 6.7 Ability and Possibility in the Past Modals in the Past: Continuous Forms. 175 LESSON Summary. 176 Test/Review. 177 writing Adjective Clauses Descriptive Phrases Online Interactions Reading 1 Pierre Omidyar and ebay Adjective Clauses Introduction Relative Pronoun as Subject Relative Pronoun as Object Relative Pronoun as Object of Preposition. 190 Reading 2 The Freecycle Network Place and Time in Adjective Clauses Whose in Adjective Clauses Adjective Clauses after Indefinite Pronouns. 197 Reading 3 Tim Berners-Lee Nonessential Adjective Clauses Essential vs. Nonessential Adjective Clauses Descriptive Phrases. 203 LESSON Summary. 206 Test/Review. 207 writing Infinitives and Gerunds Helping Others Reading 1 Andrew Carnegie, Philanthropist Infinitives Overview Verbs Followed by an Infinitive Object before Infinitive Causative Verbs Adjective plus Infinitive. 221 Reading 2 One Step at a Time Infinitives as Subject. 224 vi

5 8.7 Infinitives to Show Purpose Infinitives with Too and Enough. 226 Reading 3 Helping Others Get an Education Gerunds Overview Gerunds as Subjects Gerunds after Prepositions and Nouns Prepositions after Verbs, Adjectives, and Nouns Verbs Followed by Gerunds Verbs Followed by a Gerund or Infinitive Gerund or Infinitive as Subject Gerund or Infinitive after a Verb: Differences in Meaning. 238 Reading 4 AIDS Bike Rides Used To / Be Used To / Get Used To Sense-Perception Verbs. 244 LESSON Summary. 245 Test/Review. 247 writing Adverbial Clauses and Phrases Sentence Connectors (Conjunctive Adverbs) So/Such That for Result Coming to America Reading 1 A Nation of Immigrants Adverbial Clauses and Phrases Introduction Reason and Purpose. 255 Reading 2 The Lost Boys of Sudan Time Clauses and Phrases Using the ing Form after Time Words. 261 Reading 3 Slavery An American Paradox Contrast. 263 Reading 4 The Changing Face of the United States Condition. 266 Reading 5 Adopting a Baby from Abroad Sentence Connectors So... That / Such... That. 273 LESSON Summary. 275 Test/Review. 277 writing. 278 vii

6 10 Noun Clauses Children Reading 1 Early Child Development Noun Clauses. 283 Reading 2 The Teenage Brain Noun Clauses as Included Questions Question Words Followed by an Infinitive. 291 Reading 3 Dr. Benjamin Spock Exact Quotes Exact Quotes vs. Reported Speech The Rule of Sequence of Tenses Say vs. Tell Exceptions to the Rule of Sequence of Tenses Reporting an Imperative Using Reported Speech to Paraphrase. 302 Reading 4 An Innovation in Kids TV Noun Clauses after Past-Tense Verbs Noun Clauses as Reported Questions. 306 LESSON Summary. 310 Test/Review. 311 writing Unreal Conditionals Wishes Science or Science Fiction? Reading 1 Time Travel Unreal Conditionals Present Implied Conditionals. 322 Reading 2 Exploring Mars Real Conditionals vs. Unreal Conditionals. 325 Reading 3 Life One Hundred Years Ago Unreal Conditionals Past. 328 Reading 4 The Science of Aging Wishes. 331 LESSON Summary. 338 Test/Review. 339 writing. 342 viii

7 Appendices A. Vowel and Consonant Pronunciation Charts. AP1 B. Noncount Nouns. AP2 AP3 C. Uses of Articles. AP4 AP7 D. Verbs and Adjectives Followed by a Preposition. AP8 e. Direct and Indirect Objects. AP9 F. Plural Forms of Nouns. AP10 G. Metric Conversion Chart. AP11 AP12 H. Irregular Verb Forms. AP13 AP14 I. Map of the United States of America. AP15 glossary of grammatical terms Glossary. G2 G6 Index Index. I1 I8 ix

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