Spanish III Second Semester Grammar Exam Review

Transcription

1 Review of the Preterit Regular Verbs in the preterit Pronouns Ar endings Er endings Ir endings Yo Tú Él, ella, Ud. Nosotros Ellos, ellas, Uds. Also Remember There are 3 groups of ar spelling changes for the yo form (only the yo form changes) Stem changing -ar and -er verbs do not change in the preterit. -ir stem-changing verbs only change in the él, ella, Ud. and ellos, ellas, Uds forms in the preterit Irregular Verbs in the Preterit Ir Ser Ver Dar The u group Estar Poder Tener Poner The i group Hacer Querer Venir Decir

2 Imperfect of Regular Verbs Subject Pronouns -ar Endings Hablar -er/-ir Endings Comer Yo Tú Él, ella, Ud. Nosotros Ellos, ellas, Uds. Imperfect of Irregular Verbs Ver Ir Ser Preterit vs. Imperfect Preterit: Action tense Well-defined action or event which happened at a specific point in time. Describe isolated actions Specific actions and events Una vez, el sábado, un día, esta mañana, anoche Imperfect: background / Setting tense Ongoing or continuous actions or events Describe people, places, or situations in the past Describe repeated past actions Describes circumstances and conditions (time, weather, location, age, physical appearance, mental or emotional state, attitudes, beliefs) What people were doing when something else occurred Trigger words Siempre, Los sábados, todos los días, a menudo, usualmente, normalmente, cada, Generalmente Reflexive Verbs A New Usage In chapter 2 we learned that reflexive verbs mean that the subject is performing the action on him or herself. Reflexive verbs can also be used to mean that people do something to each other. Gabriela and Liliana fight with each other: Gabriela y Liliana se pelean. Cesar and I hug each other: Cesár y yo nos abrazamos.

3 The uses of Ser and Estar Ser Estar Possessive Adjectives Possessive Adjectives that come before a noun Mi Your His/Her/Their Our (m) Our (f) Singular Plural Since su and sus have many meanings, for clarity or emphasis we can use a prepositional phrase. Instead of using sus libros to mean her books, you can say los libros de ella Possessive Adjectives that come after a noun Mi Your His/Her/Their Our Singular (m) Singular (f) Plural (m) Plural (f) Let s examine the difference: Ése es mi televisor = That is my TV Ése televisor es mío=that TV is mine

4 Possessive Pronouns A possessive pronoun takes the place of a noun and a possessive adjective Singular (m) Plural (m) Singular (f) Plural (f) Mine Your His/Her Our Their/ All of your The possessive pronouns agree in number and gender with the nouns they replace. The are generally used with the appropriate definite article. When possessive pronouns are used after the verb ser, we usually omit the definite article. The Present Progressive Tense In Spanish, to stress that someone is in the process of doing something, you can use the present progressive tense. You form the present progressive by using the correct form of the verb estar, followed by the present participle. To form the present participle: For ar verbs: remove the ar and add For er and ir verbs: remove er or ir and add Verbs that change stem in the preterit also change stem in the present participle: o -> u Dormir = e -> i Pedir = Negative constructions Affirmative Someone Something Some (pronoun) Some Adj. Always Also Algún and Ningún are always written with an accent Negative No one Nothing None (pronoun) None adj. Never Neither Affirmative words usually come before the main verb of the sentence. In questions, it may come after the verb. Negative words may come before or after the verb. If they come after, we must use no before the verb. Unlike English, double and triple negatives are allowed in Spanish.

5 Affirmative tú commands When you tell someone to do something, you are giving a command. In Spanish, the tú commands are easy to form, if you follow these guidelines Affirmative tú commands are usually the same as Certain verbs have irregular forms such as Decir - Poner - Tener - Hacer - Salir - Ser - Ir- Object pronouns (direct, indirect & Reflexive) are When you do this you must also Negative tú commands When you command someone NOT to do something, you use the negative tú commands. To form the negative tú command, start with the yo form of the verb in the present tense and remove the o. Then add an for verbs or add an for and verbs Object pronouns can only go in between the No and the command. Some verbs have spelling changes similar to those from the preterite - car changes to ques Tocar = No! - gar changes to gues Jugar = No! -zar changes to ces empezar = No! Certain verbs have irregular forms such as Dar - Estar - Ser - Ir-

6 The Future Tense Regular verbs in the future tense start with the of the verb. Regular ar, er, and ir verbs all use the same endings: Endings Estudiar Comer Sacudir Yo Tú Él, Ella, Ud. Nosotros Ellos, Ellas, Uds. Notice all forms have accents except Irregular stems Tener = Poder = Saber = Hacer = Irregular stems use the same endings as the regular verbs.