Intelligence. Artificial. Kg CAMBRIDGE. Foundations of Computational Agents. Poole. David L. University of British Columbia. Alan K.

Transcription

1 Artificial Intelligence Foundations of Computational Agents David L. Poole University of British Columbia Alan K. Mackworth University of British Columbia Kg CAMBRIDGE ^0 UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 Contents Preface xiii I Agents in the World: What Are Agents and How Can They Be Built? 1 1 Artificial Intelligence and Agents What Is Artificial Intelligence? A Brief History of AI Agents Situated in Environments Knowledge Representation Dimensions of Complexity Prototypical Applications Overview of the Book Review References and Further Reading Exercises 42 2 Agent Architectures and Hierarchical Control Agents Agent Systems Hierarchical Control Embedded and Simulated Agents Acting with Reasoning Review 65 vii

3 viii Contents 2.7 References and Further Reading Exercises 66 II Representing and Reasoning 69 3 States and Searching Problem Solving as Search State Spaces Graph Searching A Generic Searching Algorithm Uninformed Search Strategies Heuristic Search More Sophisticated Search Review References and Further Reading Exercises Features and Constraints Features and States Ill 4.2 Possible Worlds, Variables, and Constraints Generate-and-Test Algorithms Solving CSPs Using Search Consistency Algorithms Domain Splitting Variable Elimination Local Search Population-Based Methods Optimization Review References and Further Reading Exercises Propositions and Inference Propositions Prepositional Definite Clauses Knowledge Representation Issues Proving by Contradictions Complete Knowledge Assumption Abduction Causal Models Review References and Further Reading Exercises 208

4 Contents ix 6 Reasoning Under Uncertainty Probability Independence Belief Networks Probabilistic Inference Probability and Time Review References and Further Reading Exercises 275 III Learning and Planning Learning: Overview and Supervised Learning Learning Issues Supervised Learning Basic Models for Supervised Learning Composite Models Avoiding Overfitting Case-Based Reasoning Learning as Refining the Hypothesis Space Bayesian Learning Review References and Further Reading Exercises Planning with Certainty Representing States, Actions, and Goals Forward Planning Regression Planning Planning as a CSP Partial-Order Planning Review References and Further Reading Exercises Planning Under Uncertainty Preferences and Utility One-Off Decisions Sequential Decisions The Value of Information and Control Decision Processes Review References and Further Reading Exercises 413

5 x Contents 10 Multiagent Systems Multiagent Framework Representations of Games Computing Strategies with Perfect Information Partially Observable Multiagent Reasoning Group Decision Making Mechanism Design Review References and Further Reading Exercises Beyond Supervised Learning Clustering Learning Belief Networks Reinforcement Learning Review References and Further Reading Exercises 486 IV Reasoning About Individuals and Relations Individuals and Relations Exploiting Structure Beyond Features Symbols and Semantics Datalog: A Relational Rule Language Proofs and Substitutions Function Symbols Applications in Natural Language Processing Equality Complete Knowledge Assumption Review References and Further Reading Exercises Ontologies and Knowledge-Based Systems Knowledge Sharing Flexible Representations Ontologies and Knowledge Sharing Querying Users and Other Knowledge Sources Implementing Knowledge-Based Systems Review References and Further Reading Exercises 592

6 Contents xi 14 Relational Planning, Learning, and Probabilistic Reasoning Planning with Individuals and Relations Learning with Individuals and Relations Probabilistic Relational Models Review References and Further Reading Exercises 620 V The Big Picture Retrospect and Prospect Dimensions of Complexity Revisited Social and Ethical Consequences References and Further Reading 632 A Mathematical Preliminaries and Notation 633 A.l Discrete Mathematics 633 A.2 Functions, Factors, and Arrays 634 A.3 Relations and the Relational Algebra 635 Bibliography 637 Index 653