TUTORIAUS IR MENTORIAUS FUNKCIJOS SOCIALINIO DARBO STUDENTŲ MOKOMOSIOS PRAKTIKOS PROCESE

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1 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / 1 7 TUTORIAUS IR MENTORIAUS FUNKCIJOS SOCIALINIO DARBO STUDENTŲ MOKOMOSIOS PRAKTIKOS PROCESE Nijolė Večkienė, Julija Eidukevičiūtė ANOTACIJA Straipsnyje yra aktualizuojama, jog socialiniam darbui, kaip kompleksinei profesijai, bei profesionaliai intervencijai būtina nuosekli teorinių ir praktinių žinių plėtotė. Pabrėžiama, kad būsimojo socialinio darbuotojo - pagalbą teikiančio profesionalo - praktinio mokymosi procese yra svarbu įsisavinti praktines žinias, kurios būtų reflektuojamos, konceptualizuojamos bei modifikuojamos esant netikėtai kliento situacijai. Sąlygas tokiam procesui kuria mentorius, lydintis studentą praktikos vietoje, bei tutorius, atsakingas už studento lydėjimą visame mokomosios praktikos procese. Remiantis teorinės bei empirinės analizės rezultatais, straipsnyje išryškinamos mentoriaus ir tutoriaus funkcijos, pristatoma praktikos socialinio darbo studijose organizavimo patirtis. Aptariamų funkcijų pagrindu numatomas praktikos organizavimo modelis, kurį galima adaptuoti kitose studijų programose, kurios taip pat ugdo reflektuojantį praktiką. PAGRINDINĖS SĄVOKOS: socialinis darbas, veiklos kompleksiškumas, mokomoji praktika, tutorius, mentorius, refleksija, supervizija, grupė, konceptualizavimas, patirtis

2 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / 1 7 ĮVADAS Socialinis darbas - tai empirinės prigimties veikla, ieškanti savojo identiteto, kuriai įtaką daro ekonominiai, politiniai ir socialiniai aplinkos sąlygų pokyčiai (Bell, 2003; Dominelli, 2004). Tai nauja ir kintanti profesija Lietuvoje. Socialinio darbo paskirtis - tai socialinių problemų, kylančių iš sąveikos tarp asmens, bendruomenės ir visuomenės, sprendimas, o socialinis darbuotojas, siekdamas optimizuoti kliento gyvenimo situaciją bei jo aplinką, kuri visada yra kompleksinė, ieško sprendimo galimybių, taikydamas įvairių mokslų žinias. Socialinio darbuotojo veiklos ypatumus pagalbą teikiančiose profesijose lemia vertybės, žinios ir įgūdžiai, kuriose sąveika tarp profesionalo ir kliento sąlygoja profesinės veiklos turinį. Kita vertus, socialinis darbas - tai profesinė veikla, kuria siekiama, kad žmonių gyvenimo kokybė ir socialinis funkcionavimas atitiktų tam tikrą visuomenės gerbūvio lygį (Večkienė, Povilaikaitė, 2005).Tokiai profesionaliai intervencijai būtinas nuoseklus teorinių ir praktinių žinių integravimas, sąlygojantis mokymąsi visą gyvenimą. Profesionalų rengimas besiformuojančiose profesijose vaidina strateginį vaidmenį. Būsimajam profesionalui mokymosi procese svarbu kaupti praktines žinias, kurios būtų reflektuojamos, konceptualizuojamos ir modifikuojamos esant netikėtai kliento situacijai. Todėl socialinio darbo studijose mokomoji praktika yra esminis universitetinių studijų elementas. Mokomosios praktikos proceso paskirtis trečiais ir ketvirtais pagrindinių studijų metais yra ugdyti aktyvų, ieškantį, reflektuojantį bei kompetentingą profesionalą.tačiau visada iškyla dilema, juk teorinės socialinio darbo žinios, ir žinios įgyjamos praktikoje, dažnai atrodo nutolusios, svetimos, neatpažįstamos. Socialinių darbuotojų rengėjams, lydintiems studentą šiame procese, tenka sudėtingas uždavinys - suorganizuoti tokį mokymosi procesą, kuris sudarytų sąlygas ugdytis profesionaliam socialiniam darbuotojui, gebančiam veikti individualiose krizinėse situacijose, integruojant praktines bei teorines žinias. Kuriant optimalias tęstinio mokymosi sąlygas praktikos vietoje pagrindinis vaidmuo studento praktikos procese tenka didesnę patirtį turinčiam socialiniam darbuotojui - mentoriui, kuris dirba socialines paslaugas teikiančioje organizacijoje, priimančioje studentą mokomajai praktikai. Mentoriaus profesinis pasirengimas, kompetentingumas, gebėjimas įgalinti studentą veikti ir reflektuoti savo veiklą yra esminiai reikalavimai. Antrasis specialistas, kuriantis sąlygas teorinių ir praktinių žinių integravimui bei reflektavimo gebėjimų plėtotei, taip pat lydintis studentą praktikos procese yra universitete dirbantis dėstytojas - tutorius. Tutoriui svarbios yra studijų programos, jų tikslų išmanymas, formuluojant praktinio mokymosi uždavinius, mokslinis teorinis pasirengimas, praktinė socialinio darbo patirtis ir profesinių santykių konsultanto (supervizoriaus) kvalifikacija. VDU Socialinės gerovės fakulteto Socialinio darbo katedros studentai atlieka praktiką įvairiose socialinio darbo paslaugas teikiančiose organizacijose. Organizacija, kurioje studentai atlieka praktiką, dirbdami individualiai lydimi mentoriaus, bei grupių seminarai universitete, kuriuos veda tutorius, kur reflektuojamos bei konceptualizuojamos praktinės žinios taikant grupės supervizijos metodą, tai yra dvi pagrindinės praktinio mokymosi aplinkos. Šiose skirtingose aplinkose dirba mentorius ir tutorius bei atlieka aktyvų vaidmenį, rengdami socialinio darbo profesionalus.tačiau kyla klausimas, kaip šie du skirtingi socialinio darbuotojo profesijos mokytojai turėtų veikti, kokias funkcijas ir kaip jas turėtų atlikti, kad mokomosios praktikos procesas taptų sisteminis bei efektyvus? Straipsnyje analizuojama mentoriaus bei tutoriaus veikla, jos paskirtis mokomosios praktikos procese, taip pat pristatoma praktikos organizavimo patirtis socialinio darbo studijose. Analizės objektas - mentoriaus ir tutoriaus funkcijos socialinio darbo studentų mokomosios praktikos procese. Aptariamų funkcijų pagrindu galima numatyti tam tikrą praktikos organizavimo modelį. Šį mokomosios praktikos organizavimo modelį galima adaptuoti ir kitose studijų programose, kurių pagrindinis tikslas - teorinių ir praktinių žinių integravimas ir reflektuojančio praktiko ugdymas.

3 206 1 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS 2009/17 Straipsnio tikslas - atskleisti mentoriaus ir tutoriaus funkcijas socialinio darbo studentų mokomosios praktikos procese. Uždaviniai: aptarti socialinio darbo profesijos kompleksiškumą ir empirinę prigimtį, pagrindžiant mentoriaus ir tutoriaus funkcijas socialinio darbo studentų mokomosios praktikos procese; atskleisti studento ir mentoriaus sąveikos ypatumus mokomosios praktikos procese; išryškinti tutoriaus funkcijas socialinio darbo profesionalų rengime. Pirmojoje straipsnio dalyje aptariamas socialinio darbo profesijos kompleksiškumas, atskleidžiantis socialinių darbuotojų rengimo daugiafunkciškumą, pagrindžiama teorinių ir praktinių žinių integravimo svarba, kuri yra ypač aktuali mokomosios praktikos procese, išryškinamos skirtingos mentoriaus ir tutoriaus funkcijos bei jų taikomų metodų prasmė. Antrojoje straipsnio dalyje pristatomi kokybinio tyrimo rezultatai, atskleidžiantys mentoriaus veiklos turinį pirmaisiais socialinio darbo studentų praktikos mėnesiais. Trečioji straipsnio dalis skirta tutoriaus funkcijų socialinio darbo profesionalų rengime aptarimui. Rengiant straipsnį naudoti mokslinių šaltinių analizės, apklausos raštu, tyrimų rezultatų apibendrinimo bei sisteminimo metodai. 1. SOCIALINIO DARBO PROFESIJOS YPATUMAI, SĄLYGOJANTYS MENTORIAUS IR TUTORIAUS FUNKCIJAS SOCIALINIO DARBO STUDENTŲ MOKOMOSIOS PRAKTIKOS PROCESE Jarvis (2002) teigia, gyventi visuomenėje, reiškia įgyti patirtį apie žmones, įvykius, vietoves konkrečiu laiku, konkrečioje erdvėje ir, įgyti šią patirtį - reiškia asmens tobulėjimą bei augimą. Nepaisant laikmečio bei kultūros panašumų, kiekvieno asmens patirtis yra unikali, dėl to formuojasi individualūs skirtumai. Kuo atviresnė ir sudėtingesnė visuomenė, tuo didesnė tikimybė, jog individualumo raiška bus ryškesnė. Šis individualumas yra aktualus socialiniam darbui, nes socialinis darbuotojas - profesionalas bando veikti būtent šiame kontekste, kurdamas savo profesinės veiklos standartus. Socialinio darbuotojo veikla, pasak Campton ir Galaway (1999), daugiausiai koncentruojama į asmens bei aplinkos sąveiką. Dėl kliento ir jo situacijos individualumo ši sąveika visada komplikuota bei kompleksiška, todėl ji reikalauja įvairių mokslo sričių žinių. Socialinis darbuotojas, kaip atvejo vadybininkas, padeda asmeniui kurti ryšius, kurie leistų pasinaudoti aplinkoje esančiais šaltiniais ar galimybėmis. Socialinio darbuotojo veikla pasireiškia intervencija, kaip viena socialinio darbo proceso dalių. Pagal Payne (1996), ji nukreipta į kitų žmonių gyvenimus bei visada yra konkreti. Socialinis darbuotojas įtraukiamas ne tik į kliento situaciją, bet ir į daug platesnę socialinę aplinką, kurioje vyksta intervencijos procesas.todėl intervencija turi politinę ir socialinę reikšmę: kuriama gerovės sistema, naujos institucijos, keičiami įstatymai.tačiau intervencija vyksta konkrečioje vietoje, konkrečiu laiku, joje dalyvauja konkretūs žmonės, intervencijos samprata kiekvieną kartą užpildoma konkrečiu turiniu, priklauso nuo konkretaus konteksto. Tačiau socialiniai darbuotojai, turėdami panašų socialinio žinojimo bagažą, jį skirtingai panaudoja tipinėje situacijoje (Večkienė, Povilaikaitė, 2005). Socialinio darbuotojo elgseną intervencijos procese sąlygoja turimos vertybės, žinios ir įgūdžiai. Tai tinka ir kitoms pagalbą teikiančioms profesijoms, kai sąveikoje tarp profesionalo ir kliento yra konstruojamas profesinės veiklos turinys. Socialinio darbuotojo veikla yra nukreipta į asmens gyvenimą, kuris yra labai sudėtingas, kompleksiškas ir dažnai netikėtas. Dėl veiklos individualumo, kompleksiškumo ir nebaigtumo socialinio darbo studentų praktinio mokymosi procese dalyvauja keli specialistai, kurie atlieka skirtingas funkcijas. Jos priklauso nuo mokomosios praktikos užduočių, kurių viena yra įgyti praktinę patirtį veikiant, kita - įgytą patirtį reflektuoti bendrosios praktikos kontekste, bei rasti sąsajas tarp teorinių ir praktinių žinių, jas reflektuojant bei konceptualizuojant studijų proceso kontekste. Vienas būdų spręsti sudėtingas praktines situacijas - pritaikyti teorines žinias, kurios yra

4 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS 2009/ patvirtintos tyrimais ir teorijomis. Pagal Schon (1987), šios žinios yra gan apibendrintos, neapima netikėtų, netipinių, individualių situacijų, su kuriomis socialinis darbuotojas dažnai susiduria savo praktikoje. Teorinės žinios leidžia pamatyti intervencijos galimybes, paaiškinti tam tikrą reiškinių egzistavimą, bet yra nepakankamos veikiant individualioje netipinėje situacijoje. Socialiniam darbui, kaip kompleksinei profesijai, bei profesionaliai intervencijai būtina teorinių ir praktinių žinių integracija, kuriant naujoms situacijoms aktualias žinias. Todėl būsimo pagalbą teikiančio profesionalo mokymosi procese svarbu įgyti praktinių žinių, kurios būtų reflektuojamos, konceptualizuojamos bei modifikuojamos esant netikėtai, visuomet netipinei, kliento situacijai.teorinių ir praktinių žinių integravimas - vienas didžiausių praktikos proceso iššūkių. Studentui, norinčiam veikti praktinėje situacijoje, dirbant tiesiogiai su žmogumi, svarbus žinojimas kad", kuris kuria ir numato alternatyvas žinojimui kaip" (Jarvis, 2002). Praktikos metu studentai ugdo praktinius socialinio darbo įgūdžius, gebėjimą teoriškai pagrįsti praktines situacijas - taip sudaromos sąlygos teorinių ir praktinių žinių integracijai. Be to, studentai savarankiškai mokosi pasirinkti, įgyvendinti ir reflektuoti taikytas intervencijos technikas, svarsto turimus resursus, paslaugas, metodus. Praktikos procese studentai, kaip būsimi socialinio darbo profesionalai, ugdo gebėjimą atpažinti socialinio darbuotojo vaidmenis intervencijos metu, dirbant komandoje su kitais profesionalais. Šis kompleksiškas praktikos vietos darinys sukuria unikalią konkretaus studento praktinę - profesinę patirtį. Jarvis (2002) analizuoja patirtinio mokymosi ypatumus ir pastebi, kad žmonėse atsispindi jų ankstesnės patirties visuma. Asmuo, patirdamas kažką nauja, naudojasi turimomis žiniomis, kad išsiaiškintų šį patyrimą ir, jei reikia, pasinaudotų naujomis žiniomis, įgūdžiais ar požiūriais, kurie leistų tobulėti. Bet koks mokymasis prasideda patirtimi, įgyjama tiesiogiai dalyvaujant ir įgyjant praktines žinias ar netiesiogiai kaupiant teorines žinias. Patirtis praktikoje dažnai studentui dar neturi atitikmenų asmeninėje patirtyje, nekuria elgsenos modelių, kurie leistų sureaguoti į situaciją, rasti jos sprendimą bei veikti pagal profesinės veiklos tam tikroje organizacijoje standartus. Mokymosi ciklas (1 pav.), kuris akcentuoja veiklinius mokymosi patyrimus, gali būti socialinio darbuotojo praktikos metodologinė prielaida (Jarvis, 2001; Kolb, 1984). apibendrinimas 1 pav. Kolb mokymosi ciklas (Jarvis 2001, p. 55) Refleksyvus įgūdžių lavinimas praktikoje, veiklinio mokymosi metu sudaro prielaidas ne tik įgyti įgūdžių, bet ir suvokti praktikos pagrindus. Kolb pateikia tokio pobūdžio mokymosi ir praktinės patirties kaupimo spiralę", kurioje konkreti patirtis, aktyvus eksperimentavimas, abstraktus

5 208 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / 1 7 konceptualizavimas, refleksyvus stebėjimas bei mąstymas, yra laikytini lygiavertėmis sudedamosiomis dalimis. Tai aktyvaus sąmoningo mokymosi modelis, pagrįstas teorijos ir konkrečios patirties sąveikos analize bei refleksija. Praktikos procese svarbu įvertinti jau turimą asmeninę patirtį, kuri sukuria prielaidas aktyviam stebėjimui ir reflektavimui praktikos procese. Tai realizuojama gaunat paramą ir vedimą iš organizacijoje dirbančio profesionalaus socialinio darbuotojo - mentoriaus, ir įgytą patirtį pristatant universitete vykstančiose seminarų grupėse kitiems studentams, kurie praktiką atlieka kitose organizacijose. Grupės supervizija, kurią veda tutorius, skatina reflektuoti, apibendrinti, konceptualizuoti įgytą patirtį kitų grupės narių turimų patirčių, įvykių, sampratų kontekste, atspindinčiame socialinio darbuotojo veiklos įvairovę profesiniame lauke. 2. STUDENTO IR MENTORIAUS SĄVEIKOS YPATUMAI MOKOMOSIOS PRAKTIKOS PROCESE Studento ir organizacijos, kurioje atliekama praktika, darbuotojų sąveika yra labai svarbi, nes studentas išgyvena lygiagrečiai vykstančius procesus: profesinio identiteto formavimavimąsi, adaptaciją organizacijoje, profesinės patirties konceptualizavimą kaip savo profesinės veiklos organizacijoje rezultatą. Tam, kad šis procesas vyktų sklandžiai ir kokybiškai, reikalinga mokymosi aplinka, skatinanti refleksiją bei aktyvų eksperimentavimą. Eksperimentavimo procesas yra esminis ir jungiantis abi patirtinio mokymosi aplinkas: praktikos vietoje jį stebi mentorius - profesionalus socialinis darbuotojas, universitete dėstytojas - tutorius. Praktikos metu studentas sąveikauja ne tik su organizacijos darbuotojais, bet ir su klientais, pasireiškia pokyčių jo elgsenoje, asmenybėje, o ypač jo profesinio identiteto formavimesi. Macionis ir Plummer (2005) profesinį identitetą apibrėžia kaip individo įgytą unikalaus ir autentiško savęs, kaip tam tikros profesijos atstovo suvokimą. Valackienė (2003) identiškumą apibūdina kaip psichologinį procesą, kai žmogus sutapatina save su kitu žmogumi ar socialine grupe. Ši identifikacija, pasak autorės, padeda suvokti socialinės veiklos aspektus, suprasti ir transformuoti esamas normas, vertybes, reprezentuoti jas atitinkančius socialinius vaidmenis bei susiformuoti ir perteikti kitiems subjektyvaus vertinimo informaciją. Taigi, kartu su profesiniu identitetu ryškėja ir asmens autonomiškumas, kuris yra būtina sąlyga refleksijai. Studentai praktikoje patiria netikėtas, nepatirtas organizacijos ir kliento situacijas, bando jose veikti, taikyti intervencijos metodus bei reflektuoti savąją patirtį. Jie turi galimybę stebėti ir patirti organizacinį socialinio darbo kontekstą, suvokti kiek šis kontekstas turi įtakos profesinei socialinio darbuotojo sąveikai su klientu. Dėl to keičiasi jau turėtos idėjos, lūkesčiai apie organizaciją ir socialinį darbą kaip profesiją bei jos galimybes. Siekiant suvokti pokyčius praktikos metu, mentorius kartu su studentu privalo apžvelgti sąveikas, kurių dalyvis yra pats studentas. Schon (1987) pabrėžia, kad nerealūs lūkesčiai praktikai pastiprina nekompetencijos jausmą, padidina pažeidžiamumą ir baimę klysti.tai sukuria tam tikrą streso lygmenį, kuris refleksiją padaro dar sudėtingesnę. Kitas pavojus yra tas, kad nesėkmės atveju, studentai neidentifikuoja savęs su būsima profesija, praranda lojalumą organizacijai, kurioje atlieka praktiką. Lojalumo praradimas gali lemti studento vangumą organizacijos veikloje. Užsitęsęs adaptacijos procesas sukuria trukdžius ne tik aktyviam konkretaus vaidmens prisiėmimui, bet ir praktikos užduočių atlikimui. Šiame etape ypač svarbi socialinio darbuotojo - mentoriaus parama studentui bei jo palydėjimas. Pirmojo praktinio mokymosi etapo sudėtingumas ir svarba išryškėja analizuojant tyrimo rezultatus, pristatomus antrojoje straipsnio dalyje. Kokybinis tyrimas atskleidė studentų pirmųjų mėnesių patirtis praktikos organizacijoje. Šis tyrimas patvirtina socialinio darbuotojo - mentoriaus funkcijų mokomosios praktikos procese svarbą. Tyrimo metodologija. Straipsnyje pateikiami kokybinio tyrimo duomenys, kuris buvo atliktas 2006 m. vasario - birželio mėnesiais. Tyrimo tikslas - atskleisti VDU Socialinio darbo instituto

6 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / trečiojo kurso studentų patiriamus stereotipus. Tyrime dalyvavo 10 pagrindinių studijų studentų, tuo metu atlikusių socialinio darbo praktiką. Duomenys buvo renkami pirmaisiais praktikos mėnesiais. Adaptacijos organizacijoje procesai tyrimo dalyviams tuo metu buvo labai aktualūs. Duomenys buvo renkami pusiau struktūruotu interviu, o tyrimo dalyvių atsakymai fiksuojami audioaparatūra. Prieš tai tyrimo dalyviams buvo pristatyti tyrimo tikslas, reikšmė, konfidencialumas bei gautas jų sutikimas dalyvauti tyrime (Kiznytė, 2006). Gauti duomenys iš kasečių buvo transkribuojami, suskirstomi pagal temas, analizuojami, remiantis konstravimo perspektyvos principais. Užtikrinant tyrimo dalyvių, praktikos vadovų bei organizacijų konfidencialumą, vardai ir organizacijos pavadinimai analizės metu nėra atskleidžiami.tyrimo dalyviai cituojami originalia, netaisyta kalba, siekiant išlaikyti autentiškumą. Tyrimo duomenų analizė leido atpažinti adaptacijos procesą, kurj išgyveno studentai duomenų rinkimo metu.todėl šiame straipsnyje studentų patyrimai pristatomi per Šadrakovo (2004) (cit. Kurutienės, 2006) adaptacijos procesą, kurį sudaro tam tikri etapai. 1. Naujoko pasirengimo lygio įvertinimas. Šiame adaptacijos organizacijoje etape darbuotojas susipažįsta su organizacijos savitumu, personalu, komunikaciniais ypatumais, elgesio taisyklėmis bei kitais organizacijos kultūros aspektais. Šiuo metu studentas yra stebintis ir priimantis informaciją. Etapas svarbus, nes renkama informacija leidžia susipažinti su organizacijos veiklos specifika, numatyti veiklos galimybes. Šioje studento ir organizacijos sąveikoje sumaišties sukelti gali tai, jog santykis grindžiamas socialiniais mainais, o ne ekonominiu atlygiu: organizacija gauna darbuotoją, studentas - patirtį ir praktinių žinių. Nesusipratimas šiame santykyje gali kilti tada, kai viena pusė aktyvaus vaidmens inicijavimą deleguoja kitai. Tokį nesusipratimą galime pastebėti ir citatoje, pristatančioje studentės pirmąjį susitikimą organizacijoje. Šio susitikimo susidarytas įspūdis turi reikšmės tolimesniam studentės ir praktikos vadovės santykiui: Buvo duota užduotis per atostogas nueiti ir apsižiūrėti praktikos vietoje. Tai tada susidarė mano neigiama nuomonė ir buvo toks nuogąstavimas. į praktikos vietą atėjom su drauge. Keisčiausia buvo, kad mums nieko nepasakojo, ką darysim. Išvis neapibūdino mūsų praktikos, ir kokį vaidmenį joje atliksim. Sakėm, kad atėjom apsižiūrėti, esam studentės. O direktorė, vadovė mūsų, sakó, tai ko jūs atėjot, ką aš čia jums papasakosiu, ką nežinot, ką veikti socialiniame darbe, ką tada jame veikiat". [Studentė 5, ] Organizacijos darbuotojai taip pat renka informaciją apie studentą, atėjusį į organizaciją atlikti praktikos. Organizacijos darbuotojus gali dominti praktikanto motyvacija, turima patirtis, įgūdžiai, asmenybės tipas. Remiantis turima informacija, kuriama veiklos niša naujai atėjusiam organizacijos nariui. Siekiant sukurti optimalią mokymosi aplinką bei sąlygojant greitesnę studento adaptaciją organizacijoje, abu sąveikos dalyviai turėtų dalintis aktyvaus ir sąmoningo vaidmens inicijavimu. Studentas, ateidamas į praktiką, turėtų sąmoningai apmąstyti savo lūkesčius praktikos procesui bei numatyti, kuo jis galėtų būti naudingas konkrečiai organizacijai. Organizacija, priimanti socialinio darbo studentą praktikai, turėtų numatyti galimas veiklos nišas bei supažindinti su organizacijos kultūra. 2. Praktinis supažindinimas su būsimomis pareigomis. Organizacijos darbuotojai, susipažinę su atėjusiu praktikantu, gavę pirminę informaciją, įtraukia naująjį narį į organizacijos kasdieninę, rutininę veiklą, kurios atlikimas svarbus, bet nekelia rizikos organizacijos reputacijai ar egzistavimui. Svarbu pažymėti, kad informaciją abi pusės renka visą adaptacijos procesą. Tuo tarpu studentas susipažįsta su organizacijos veiklomis, tačiau didžiausią dėmesį skiria toms veikloms, kurios svarbios jo, kaip socialinio darbuotojo identiteto, formavimuisi. Šiame etape praktikantas užsiima veikla, kuri yra svarbi organizacijai bei santykiams, bet išlaiko tam tikrą distanciją prisiimdamas stebėtojo poziciją. Svarbu atkreipti dėmesį į tai, kad praktikantas, nors ir veikdamas, nėra veiklos stadijoje ir jam gali būti sudėtinga inicijuoti naujas veiklas ar prisiimti atsakingus vaidmenis organizacijoje.

7 210 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / 1 7 Kaip galime matyti iš interviu su tyrimo dalyve, atlikusią praktiką vaikų globos namuose, studentė akcentuoja savojo profesinio identiteto paieškas. Studentė socialinės darbuotojos veikloms skiria daugiausiai dėmesio, ieško veiklos ribų, tačiau šiame etape ji yra ieškantis, bet ne veikiantis organizacijos darbuotojas. Svarbu atkreipti dėmesį į konkretiems veiksmams suteiktas skirtingas prasmes: Ten nueini, tai tuos 3 mėnesius atsiriboji nuo teorijos ir ruoši pamokas su vaikais. Tai tampa kasdienybe. Iki praktikos aš galvojau, kad teks dirbti kaip socialinei darbuotojai, spręsti vaikų problemas. Ten tų problemų begalė, visi jas mato, tačiau studentai jų spręsti negali, o patys socialiniai darbuotojai nedirba. Niekas nedaro to darbo, kuris jam skirtas. Socialinė darbuotoja neateina ir nežiūri tų vaikų. Pavyzdžiui, berniukai mergaitę išvadina paleistuve, sako, kad ji iš krūmų išlindo, o ta mergaitė nė neneigia to, o auklėtojai dzin. Aš tai iš karto reaguočiau, o ten viską nuleidžia, nekreipia dėmesio. Man keista ir pikta. Aš atėjau praktiką atlikti, o man tiktai pamokas ruošti, o jei kas, tai tu čia nekreipk dėmesio". [Studentė 4, ] Šiame etape derinamos praktikanto vertybinės orientacijos su organizacijos vertybėmis. Studento adaptacijos procesą organizacijoje apsunkina lygiagrečiai vykstantis profesinio identiteto formavimasis, kuris į šį procesą atneša dar ir socialinio darbo profesinių vertybių derinimą. Kurutienė (2006) pabrėžia, kad adaptacijos proceso metu keliami organizacijos tikslai, principai ir vertybės pateikia nuorodas naujiems darbuotojams, ko iš jų tikimasi. Pateiktoje citatoje galime stebėti tris dalyvius: vaiką, praktikos vadovę ir stebinčią studentę. Studentė atpasakoja sceną praktikos metu, kurioje ji nėra veikiantis dalyvis: Pamačiau tai, kad vadovė ne angeliukas, kaip <... > turėtų būti. Pavyzdžiui, ji kaip vadovė turėtų rimčiau žvelgti į vaikus. Bet jos, <...>, sėdi prie stalo, skaito kažkokią knygutę, o tuo tarpu vyresnis vaikas pradėjo stumdyti kaip ir mažesnį, pervertė jį ant žemės. Gal jie ir žaidžia, bet tam mažajam nepatinka. Ir tas vyresnis žiūri į tą vadovę, gal tikėdamasis, kad ji jį sustabdys, bet ji net nežiūri. Galiu duoti šimtą procentų, kad ji matė, kas vyksta, bet nenorėjo kištis, nes tie dalykai jai jau atsibodę. Tai man tas dalykas apskritai organizacijoje nepatinka, tai nėra normalu". [Studentė 10, ] Šiame etape reikšmingas praktikos vadovo, kaip tarpininko tarp organizacijos ir studento, vaidmuo. Esant dideliam atotrūkiui tarp organizacijos ir profesinių vertybių, praktikanto motyvacija veikti organizacijoje mažėja, nes patiriama situacija neatitinka jo lūkesčių. Esant nepalankioms sąlygoms, šis adaptacijos procesas gali užsitęsti, todėl svarbus yra abiejų pusių atvirumas ir sąmoningumas sprendžiant kylančias dilemas, pasitinkant sunkumus. 3. Aktyvi adaptacija. Naujokas šiame etape stengiasi prisitaikyti prie savo statuso ir kitų organizacijos darbuotojų. Siekiant pereiti į veiklą, svarbu, jog praktikantui būtų sudarytos sąlygos pasitikrinti žinias, turimus įgūdžius įvairiose organizacijos veiklose. Pradeda ryškėti praktikos vadovo lydintis vaidmuo praktikos procese, kai su praktikantu yra reflektuojami veiklos rezultatai, bendravimo su kitais organizacijos darbuotojais bei klientais ypatumai. Tapimas organizacijos nariu, įsiliejimas į organizacijos veiklą yra svarbus tiek studentui, tiek organizacijai. Šis įsiliejimas skatina studento lojalumą organizacijai, kokybės, efektyvumo bei geresnio kliento aptarnavimo siekimą, taip pat palengvina ir patį praktikos procesą. Siekiant sukurti optimalias mokymosi sąlygas organizacijoje, kurioje studentas atlieka praktiką, svarbu išlaikyti dermę tarp komponenčių: aiškių praktikanto, kaip organizacijos nario, veiklų, kurios formuotų studento, kaip socialinio darbuotojo, identitetą, bei palaikančio studentą santykio su mentoriumi organizacijos viduje. Taigi, siekiant optimalių mokymosi sąlygų, būtina dermė tarp trijų elementų: praktikanto, kaip organizacijos nario, veiklos bei vaidmenų joje, šios veiklos potencionalumo, palaikant socialinio darbuotojo identiteto formavimąsi bei mentoriaus vaidmens, palydint šią veiklą. Šios dermės reikšmę parodo pateikta citata, kurioje studentai vertina savo situaciją organizacijoje praktikos metu: ßer jei pažiūri, kokios naudos man duotų praktika, tai iš socialinio darbo pusės - nulis, lš žmogiškosios pusės malonu, o tai iš naudos pusės nulis. Sakykim, labiau negatyvu". [Studentė 4, ]

8 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / 1 7 Skaitydami pokalbio ištrauką, galime daryti prielaidą, kad šios studentės santykis su mentoriumi ir kitais organizacijos darbuotojais pakankamas, kad palaikytų studentą, bet veiklų, o ypač tų, kurios stiprintų studento profesinį identitetą, trūksta. Antrojoje citatoje galime pastebėti, kad santykis, kurį patiria studentas organizacijoje, nėra pakankamas. Veiklos, atliekamos praktikos metu, sudaro prielaidas lojalumui, taip pat skatina norą veikti tose veiklose, kurios stiprintų studento, kaip būsimo socialinio darbuotojo, profesinį identitetą. Galime matyti, jog citatose studentai išlaiko stebinčiųjų poziciją, tačiau į veiklos stadiją nepereina, nors sąlygas veikti jau pastebi. Darper mažai laiko, kad aš galėčiau kažką vertinti. Aš pati norėčiau, kad kontaktas butų glaudesnis, nes kol kas mūsų veikla ten nėra plati. Mes nedarome to, ką matome, ir ką galėtume daryti. Labai siaura ta veiklos sritis". [Studentė 7, ] Trečiojoje citatoje galime pastebėti, kad studentė jau yra įsitraukusi į organizaciją, atlieka rutinines veiklas, ji yra susipažinusi su veiklos organizacijoje galimybėmis. Studentė pradeda ieškoti tos veiklos, kuri stiprintų jos, kaip organizacijos nario, vaidmenį, plėstų jos, kaip socialinės darbuotojos, veiklą. Tik per daug duoda daryti namų darbų. Mums iš pradžių žadėjo, kad eisim j šeimas, bet dabar matai, kad toj organizacijoj pats turi kažką susikurti. Trūksta įvairesnės veiklos. Vat, tas tikrai kliūna". [Studentė 10, ] Adaptacijos procesas baigiasi stabiliu veikimu organizacijoje. Svarbu, kad visi praktikos dalyviai: tiek praktikos vietoje dirbantys socialiniai darbuotojai, tiek universitete dirbantys dėstytojai, tiek patys studentai sąmoningai kurtų ir palaikytų palankias mokymosi sąlygas. Galimybė mokytis, taikant veiklinius mokymosi būdus, sudaro sąlygas organizacijos atvirumui. Reikia nepamiršti, kad šis mokymosi būdas reikalauja aktyvaus ir atsakingo studento vaidmens.taigi, praktikoje būdamas studentas kuria mokymosi sąlygas, kurios patenkina jo motyvaciją, smalsumą. Mokymosi proceso tikslas - ugdytis praktinius įgūdžius, bet tai ne visada reiškia sukurti harmoningą aplinką studentui ir išvengti nepageidaujamų jausmų. Todėl Jarvis (2001) teigia, kad mokymasis vyksta dėl atotrūkio. Atotrūkis patiriamas tada, kai asmens vidinis pasaulis neatitinka išorinio. Kai pasiekiama harmonija tarp vidinio ir išorinio pasaulio, mokytis nebereikia. Tačiau moderni visuomenė kinta taip greitai, kad šis atotrūkis neišvengiamas. Kol studentas praktikos vietoje turi interesų, motyvacijos sužinoti, tol jis aktyviai eksperimentuoja ir veikia. Mentoriui dirbant su studentu praktikoje yra svarbu, kad šis neprarastų motyvacijos mokytis. Susitikimų su studentu metu siekiama sumažinti klaidų baimę, kuri sukelia pažeidžiamumą, įtampą.taip studentas užstringa adaptacijos procese, nenaudingai praleisdamas laiką organizacijoje bei prarasdamas socialinio darbuotojo identitetą. 3. TUTORIAUS FUNKCIJOS SOCIALINIO DARBO PROFESIONALŲ RENGIME Jarvis (2002) teigia, kad žmonės naudoja praktikoje tas žinias, kurias įsisavino teorinių studijų metu, ir tai yra vienas mokymosi elementų kiekvienoje naujoje situacijoje. Kiekviena praktinė situacija pateikia potencialiai naują patirtį, iš kurios galima mokytis. Autorius teigia, kad ekspertizė atsiranda iš patirties ir jos sąlygoto mokymosi, nes ekspertas yra tas žmogus, kuris išmokęs iš patirties žino, kaip atlikti veiksmą, kad šis duotų norimų rezultatų. Mokomosios praktikos tikslas - studentams sukurti galimybes susikurti savo profesinę patirtį, kuri leistų veikti netipinėse, konkrečiose kliento situacijose, matyti kompleksinę kliento situaciją, pagalbos teikimo galimybes bei skatintų profesionalą veikti. Svarbu, kad studentas, reflektuodamas ir konceptualizuodamas savo patirtį praktikoje, atrastų patirties prasmę, kuri paaiškinama tam tikrais dėsningumais bei apibendrinama teorinėmis žiniomis. Savarankiškai atlikti šiuos mintijimo procesus studentui būtų sudėtinga, o neretai neįmanoma dėl turimos patirties betarpiškumo. Siam tikslui pasiekti pasitelkiama tutoriaus pagalba, kuris praktinės veiklos refleksijai ir konceptualizavimui naudoja supervizijos metodą. Żorga (2002) superviziją pristato

9 212 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / 1 7 kaip profesionalios refleksijos ir konsultavimo bei specifiško mokymosi procese taikomą paramos metodą, kuris įgalina darbuotojus įgyti naujų profesinių ir asmeninių supratimų, reflektuojant savąją praktinę patirtį. Viena pagrindinių tutoriaus funkcijų - tikslų ir uždavinių iškėlimas, individualizuotas jų formulavimas, atliepiant studentų mokymosi poreikius mokomosios praktikos procese. Žorga (2002) pastebi, kad supervizijos metodas padeda integruoti teorines žinias ir praktinę patirtį, padeda atrasti problemų sprendimus, su kuriomis praktikos metu susiduria studentas, padeda efektyviai įveikti stresą, kuris nuolat lydi studentą, taip pat padeda formuoti profesinį identitetą. Supervizija mokomosios praktikos procese pabrėžia du labai svarbius elementus - patirtimi grįstą mokymosi procesą bei refleksiją. Mokymosi praktikos procese rezultatyvumo prasme svarbu tai, kad supervizija, kaip metodas, apima keturis profesinės veiklos aspektus: asmenį ir jo patirtį; jo/jos atliekamą profesinį vaidmenį, kurio jis/ji mokosi; organizaciją, kurioje studentas atlieka praktiką, kurioje studijuoja; bei klientą, kuris netiesiogiai moko studentą profesinio vaidmens, laikysenos. Šie aspektai padeda reflektuoti patiriamos situacijos sudėtingumą. Taigi, supervizijos metodas sudaro sąlygas tutoriui kokybiškai skatinti studento praktinės patirties refleksiją, kurios procesas turi keturis pagrindinius esminius bruožus, kurie yra svarbūs profesionalo identitetui: asmeninė patirtis, profesinis vaidmuo, profesinės veiklos kontekstas, kliento situacija. Supervizija arba profesinių santykių konsultavimas naudoja keletą formų, atsižvelgiant į dalyvių skaičių supervizijoje: individuali, grupės ir komandos supervizija. Priklausomai nuo supervizijos tikslo skirsis ir jos formos (Maskaliovienė, Eidukevičiūtė, 2008). Grupės supervizija, kuri universitete yra naudojama kaip metodas, suprantama, kaip supervizija grupei, teikiama darbuotojų, dirbančių skirtingose organizacijose (Naujanienė, 2006). Praktikos užsiėmimai, kuriuos universitete veda tutorius, vyksta su studentais, besimokančiais tame pačiame kurse, tačiau studentai mokomąją praktiką atlieka skirtingose socialinio darbo paslaugas teikiančiose organizacijose. Grupės supervizija praturtina socialinio darbo studentų patirtis bei teorines ir praktines žinias. Grupės padedamas studentas netiesiogiai stiprina bendravimo efektyvumą bei gebėjimą spręsti darbinėje veikloje kilusias dilemas. Grupės supervizijos metu studentai pristato įvykį, kuris iliustruoja patirtį praktikoje, kelia klausimų, nėra aiškus, yra probleminis arba kelia etinių dilemų.tutoriaus, vedančio grupės užsiėmimus, užduotis yra sukurti galimybes, kad iš tos patirties studentas bei kiti grupės nariai galėtų mokytis bei įgyti žinių apie asmens ir profesijos identiteto sąveiką bei profesinį veikimą, sukurti galimybes, kurios leistų vystyti profesinį identitetą, reflektuoti asmeninę ir profesinę patirtį ir taip konstruoti mokymosi turinį. Taigi, galime išskirti esmines tutoriaus funkcijas - kurti mokymosi sąlygas, skatinti studentą konceptualizuoti turimą praktinę - profesinę patirtį, formuotis profesinį identitetą, naudojant profesinę patirtį bei aptariant tai grupėje. Grupės supervizijos metu galima apmąstyti bei aptarti santykius, išlaikant tam tikrą distanciją tarp studento, jo konkrečios patirties ir konteksto, kuriame yra įgyta ši patirtis. Tai leidžia apžvelgti veiksmų kontekstą, galias, kurios sukelia elgesio modelius, dažnai nepatrauklius pačiam studentui arba neadekvačius socialinio darbuotojo profesinei elgsenai. Grupės padedamas studentas gali atpažinti taikytas teorijas, kurios veikiant yra neišreiškiamos žodžiais, esmines nuostatas ir vertybes, kurios veda bei suteikia kryptį profesiniam veiksmui. Tame pačiame refleksijos procese studentas atpažįsta savo ir kitų studentų emocines reakcijas, požiūrių sistemas bei profesinio elgesio modelius. Studentai atlieka praktiką įvairiose organizacijose, o universiteto susitikimuose reflektuoja tai, ką jie nuveikė bei ten išmoko.tada jie grįžta į savo praktikos vietas ir pasitikrina, ką išmoko. Dėstytojas privalo sukurti saugias sąlygas eksperimentuoti grupės nariams ir testuoti naujus profesinio elgesio modelius. Jis apsaugo studentus nuo neadekvačių profesinių situacijų, diskutuodamas apie įmanomus sprendimus bei apie jų padarinius, tačiau sprendimą studentai pasirenka patys. Jie atsakingi už savo sprendimus, taip pat ir už tai, ką jie išmoksta iš grupės supervizijos metu aptartų situacijų.

10 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / 1 7 Grupės supervizija suteikia paramą, kuria pasitikėjimo atmosferą, kurioje studentas gali dalintis patiriamomis nesėkmėmis, nerimu, suvokti, jog daugelis grupės narių išgyvena tuos pačius sunkumus ir dažnai keliauja tuo pačiu procesu.tuo pat metu studentai vienas kitą stiprina ieškoti savojo individualaus profesinio vaidmens. Grupės patirtis, kai studentai, atlikdami praktiką skirtingose organizacijose, dalinasi savo patirtimi, sudaro sąlygas suvokti socialinio darbuotojo veiklos kompleksiškumą bei įvairovę. Žorga (2002) pastebi, kad studentai pasakodami savo patirtį, įgytą praktikos vietoje, gali atpažinti, kokios priežastys ar aplinkybės sukūrė šią konkrečią patirtį, atranda, ko buvo siekta konkrečiu veiksmu, bei kokios to veiksmo pasekmės. Atpažįstami jausmai, kurie buvo patirti praktikoje, santykyje su klientu, organizacijoje dirbančiais specialistais bei kolegomis. Grupė studentui sudaro sąlygas refleksijai, kuri tampa sudėtinga tada, kai patirta praktikoje situacija sukelia gana intensyvių emocijų. Taigi, grupės supervizijos metu galima atpažinti gynybos mechanizmus, veiklos emocinį turinį, elgesio modelius. Pasakodamas savo patirtį studentas grįžtamąjį ryšį gauna ne tik iš supervizija vedančio tutoriaus, bet ir iš grupės narių, kurie dažnai verčia praktikantą pamatyti situaciją iš kitos pusės, pamatyti save bei atpažinti atsiradusius jausmus. Svarbu, dar studijų metu suvokti, kad darbo lauke kylantys sunkumai kyla ne tik dėl darbuotojo charakterio ar kompetencijos, bet ir dėl organizacijos kultūros. Mokomosios praktikos metu studentas formuoja savo kaip profesionalaus socialinio darbuotojo profesinį identitetą. Tačiau tolimesnėje veikloje profesionalas susiduria su darbe kylančiais sunkumais, stresu. Socialinio darbuotojo profesinės veiklos kontekstas nėra statiškas, o nuolat kintantis.todėl profesinė veikla turėtų būti nuolat reflektuojama, aptariama, keičiami neadekvatūs elgesio modeliai ir kaupiama profesinė patirtis. Socialinių darbuotojų grupės supervizijos patirtis būtų viena galimybių reflektuoti savo patirtį, sumažinti stresą, vystyti profesinį identitetą.taip pat ši supervizijos forma leistų socialiniam darbuotojui įgyti daugiau patirties, nesijausti vienišam, turėti savąjį profesinės paramos ratą bei užtikrintų galimybę įsisąmoninti reflektuojančio praktiko pozicijos svarbą mokymosi visą gyvenimą kontekste. IŠVADOS Socialinio darbuotojo veikla pasireiškia intervencija į asmens ir aplinkos sąveiką. Ši sąveika visada individuali ir kompleksiška, o socialinio darbuotojo intervencija konkreti.toks profesionalus veikimas reikalauja teorinių ir praktinių žinių integravimo bei taikymo reflektuojant.todėl socialinio darbo studijų procese svarbūs veikliniai, sąmoningi mokymosi patyrimai, grįsti teorinio žinojimo kad" ir konkrečios patirties žinojimo kaip" sąveikos analize, refleksija ir konceptualizavimu. Siekiant teorinių ir praktinių žinių refleksijos bei konceptualizavimo praktikos procese, studentui svarbu įsivertinti turimą asmeninę patirtį, sudarančią prielaidas stebėti ir reflektuoti praktinį patyrimą, gaunat organizacijoje dirbančio mentoriaus paramą bei ją aptariant universitete vykstančiuose grupių susitikimuose, kurių metu naudojamas grupės supervizijos metodas. Šiuos susitikimus privalo vesti tutorius, turintis supervizoriaus išsilavinimą. Darbas grupėje skatina reflektuoti, konceptualizuoti ir apibendrinti įgytą patirtį. Užtikrinant kokybišką mokomosios praktikos procesą svarbu laikytis praktikos procesualumo sampratos ir išskirti skirtingas mentoriaus bei tutoriaus veiklos paskirtis bei funkcijas. Tyrimas išryškino studentų pirmųjų mėnesių organizacijoje adaptacijos proceso etapus ir atskleidė studento bei mentoriaus sąveikos ypatumus. Sąveikos pradžioje tiek studentui, tiek mentoriui svarbu aktyviai dalintis informacija. Antrajame etape svarbus mentoriaus, kaip tarpininko, vaidmuo, nes studentas organizacijoje atlieka tam tikras veiklas, ieško profesinio identiteto, derina profesines vertybes su organizacijos vertybėmis. Trečiajame etape išryškėja lydintis mentoriaus vaidmuo. Svarbu, kad organizacijoje studentas atliktų konkrečias veiklas bei vaidmenis, kurie padėtų formuotis studento profesiniam identitetui.

11 214 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / 1 7 Mentoriaus užduotis - kurti mokymosi sąlygas, skatinti mokymosi motyvaciją ir reflektavimą. Praktikos metu mentoriaus lydimi studentai turi galimybę stebėti ir patirti organizacinį socialinio darbo kontekstą, suvokti, kiek šis kontekstas sąlygoja profesinę socialinio darbuotojo sąveiką su klientu. Viena mokomosios praktikos siekiamybių yra ta, jog studentas reflektuodamas ir konceptualizuodamas savo patirtį praktikoje, atrastų patirties prasmę, kuri paaiškinama tam tiktais dėsningumais ir apibendrinama teorinėmis žiniomis. Šiam tikslui pasiekti tutorius pasitelkia supervizijos metodus, kurie įgalina įgyti naujų profesinių bei asmeninių supratimų, reflektuojant savąją praktinę patirtį. Tutoriaus užduotis - studento papasakotai istorijai sukurti tokią formą, kad ši taptų mokymosi aplinka asmeninės ir profesinės patirties reflektavimui studentų grupėje. Grupės patirtis praturtina mokymosi aplinką, skatina profesinės ir asmeninės veiklos konceptualizavimą, dalinimąsi patirtimi, teorijų ir principų, taikytų įvairiose praktinėse situacijose, atpažinimą, formuoja profesinę kalbą, suteikia paramą, formuoja refleksyvios socialinio darbo praktikos kultūrą. LITERATŪRA 1. Bell D. (2003). Kapitalizmo kultūriniai prieštaravimai. Vilnius: Alma littera. 2. Dominelli L. (2004). Social Work: Theory and Practice for a Changing Proffesion. Cambridge: Polity Press. 3. Campton B. R., Galaway B. (1999). Social Work Process. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. 4. Hawkins P., Shohet R. (2006). Supervision in helping professions. Open University Press. 5. Jarvis P. (2001). Mokymosi paradoksai. Kaunas: VDU. 6. Kavaliauskienė V. (2005). Socialinio darbo, kaip pagalbos žmogui, profesijos raidos etapai // Acta Pedagogoca Vilensa, (15), p Kiaunytė A., ir Dirgelienė I. (2006). Praktika rengiant socialinius darbuotojus. Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla. 8. Kiznytė N. (2006). Stereotipų raiška socialinio darbo praktikoje: studentų patirtis. Bakalauro baigiamasis darbas, VDU. 9. Kurutienė Z. (2006). Organizacijos ir individo santykis socialinio identifikavimosi požiūriu // Ekonomika ir vadyba: aktualijos ir perspektyvos, 1 (6), p Macionis J. J., Plummer K. (2005). Sociology: A Global Introduction. Prentice Hall Inc., Harlow, England. 11. Maskaliovienė A., Eidukevičiūtė J. (2008). Supervizija socialinių darbuotojų rengimo procese // Profesinės kvalifikacijos tobulinimas socialinio darbo raidoje. Metodinis leidinys. Lietuvos darbo rinkos mokymo tarnyba prie Socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerijos, p Naujanienė R. (2006). Supervizijos samprata socialiniame darbe // Socialinio darbuotojo vaidmuo šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje. Lietuvos darbo rinkos mokymo tarnyba. 13. Payne M. (1996). Modern Social Work Theory. Palgrave Macmillan. 14. Schon D. A. (1987). Educating the Reflective Practitioner: Toward a New Design for Teaching and Learning in the Profession. Jossey-Bass. 15. Valackienė A. (2003). Lietuvos moterų profesinės karjeros veiksniai: subjektyvus vertinimas // Filosofija. Sociologija, (1), p Večkienė N. R, Povilaikaitė S. (2005). Socialinio darbo sampratos kaita // Profesinis rengimas: tyrimai ir realijos, (9), p Zorga S. (2002). Supervision: the process of life-long learning in social and educational professions // Journal of interprofessional care, 16 (3), p

12 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / KEYWORDS: social work, complexity of the activity, field practice, tutor, mentor, reflection, supervision, group, conceptualization, experience ĮTEIKTA 2009 m. vasario mėn. Prof. dr. Nijolė Petronėlė VEČKIENĖ Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Socialinės gerovės fakulteto Socialinio darbo katedros Profesorė Mokslinių interesų sritys: švietimo vadyba, profesinė edukologija socialinio darbo vadyba, socialinių darbuotojų rengimas, socialinė atskirtis. Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas Socialinės gerovės fakultetas Socialinio darbo katedra K. Donelaičio g LT Kaunas, Lietuva n.veckiene@sgf.vdu.lt Julija EIDUKEVIČIŪTĖ Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Socialinės gerovės fakulteto Socialinio darbo katedros Lektorė Laplandijos universiteto (Suomija) Socialinių mokslų fakulteto Socialinio darbo katedros Socialinio darbo doktorantė Mokslinių interesų sritys: šeimos įgalinimo iššūkiai socialiniam darbuotojui, praktika socialinių darbuotojų rengime, supervizija. Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas Socialinės gerovės fakultetas Socialinio darbo katedra K. Donelaičio g LT Kaunas, Lietuva j.eidukeviciute@sgf.vdu.lt l k'tuviii k.ilbos icdiklotė Inqiidi IMICiünicnO

13 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / 1 7 FUNCTIONS OF THE TUTOR AND MENTOR IN THE PROCESS OF FIELD PRACTICE OF THE SOCIAL WORK STUDENTS Nijolė Večkienė, Julija Eidukevičiūtė ABSTRACT Consistent development of theoretical and practical knowledge essential for professional intervention, for the social work as complex profession is actualized in this paper. It is emphasized that in the practical learning process of the future social worker it is particularly important to master practical knowledge through reflecting, conceptualization and modified in case of unexpected situation of the client. The circumstances for such process developed by the mentor who guides the student in the practice placement and tutor who is responsible for supporting the student during the whole process of field practice. On the base of theoretical and empirical analysis the paper highlights functions of mentor and tutor and at the same time introduces experience in organization of field practice in social work studies. The practice organization model is designed on the base of discussed functions; this model also can be adapted by the other study programmes, which aim to educate reflecting practitioner. KEYWORDS: social work, complexity of the activity, field practice, tutor, mentor, reflection, supervision, group, conceptualization, experience

14 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / INTRODUCTION Social work is activity with empirical nature, which still seeks for its identity, and is affected by changes in economical, political and social environment (Bell, 2003, Dominelli, 2004). This is new and changeable profession in Lithuania. The purpose of social work is to solve social problems which arise due to interaction between the individual, community and society and social worker in order to optimize the situation in the life of the client and his or her environment which always is complex, seeks for possible solutions and applies accumulated knowledge of various sciences. The peculiarities of activities of social worker are determined by values, knowledge and skills like in similar assistance professions where interaction between the professional and the client determine the content of professional activity. In the other hand, social work is a professional activity which is a tool to seek that the quality and social functioning of the people would correspond to particular level of social welfare (Večkienė, Povilaikaitė, 2005). For such professional intervention this consistent integration of theoretical and practical knowledge is essential; this conditions a lifelong learning. Training of professionals plays strategic role in their early stage of such developing professions. It is important to accumulate practical knowledge during the studying process; they should be reflected, conceptualized and modified in case of unexpected situation of the client. Thus practice field is essential unit in the social work studies in university. The purpose of practice field during the third-fourth years of main studies are to educate active, seeking, reflecting and qualified professional. However there is always a dilemma: theoretical knowledge about social work and the knowledge acquired during practice field process often appear distant, strange and unrecognizable. Thus the complicated task falls onto educators of social workers, who support the student in this process, that is, task to organize such learning process which develops conditions for selfeducation of professional social worker who is able to act in individual critical situations by integrating practical and theoretical knowledge. While developing optimal conditions for continual education in the practice placement, here the main role in the process of student's practice is played by more experienced social worker - mentor, who works in organization which provides social services and admits social work student as a placement agency.the essential requirements for the mentor are the professional skills, competence and ability to enable student to act and reflect his or her activities. The second professional, who develops condition for integration of theoretical and practical knowledge and development of reflecting abilities and also supports student during the process of practice is university lecturer - tutor. The main importance for the tutors is to understand aims of study program in order to formulate tasks for practical learning, and there is required he would have scientific theoretical preparation, practical experience of social work and qualification of supervisor. The students of Vytautas Magnus university Social Welfare Faculty Social Work Department come to field practice in various organizations which provides social work services.the two main learning environments are organization where students come to practice and works together with a guiding mentor and group workshops in the university which are led by tutor and during them practical knowledge are reflected and conceptualized. Mentor and tutor work in different environments and play an active role in education of social work professionals. Then the question arises: how those two different teachers of social work profession should work and what functions they have and how should execute in order to make practice process systemic and effective? The paper analyses activity of mentor and tutor and its purpose in the process of the practice field and at the same time the experience of practice organization in social work studies is introduced. The object of analysis is functions of the mentor and tutor in the process of

15 218 1 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / 1 7 social work students practice field. The model of practice placement is designed on the base of discussed functions. This model also can be adapted in the other study programs, which aim to integrate theoretical ant practical knowledge and educate reflecting practitioner. The purpose of this paper is to reveal functions of mentor and tutor during the process of student's practice placement. The tasks are: to discuss complexity and empirical nature of the social work profession, by validating functions of mentor and tutor in the process of social work students'practice placement, also to reveal peculiarities of interaction between student and mentor in the process of the practice field, highlight tutor functions in education of social work professionals. In the first part of the paper the complexity of the social work as profession is discussed, which reveals multifunctionality of social work education, importance of integration of theoretical and practical knowledge is validated, it is particularly relevant in the process of the field practice and different mentor and tutor functions and meaning of applied methods are highlighted. In the second part of the paper the results of the qualitative research are presented, which reveal the content of mentor activity during the first social work student practice months. The third part of the paper is dedicated for the discussion about functions of the tutor in the education of social work professionals. To prepare this paper analysis of scientific sources, surveys, methods for generalization of research results and systematization were used. 1. PECULIARITIES OF SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION WHICH DETERMINES FUNCTIONS OF MENTOR AND TUTOR IN THE PROCESS OF SOCIAL WORK STUDENTS FIELD PRACTICE Jarvis (2002) states that to live in society means to get experience about people, events, places in particular time particular space and that acquisition of this experience means person's perfection and growth. Despite the similarities of the times and culture the experience of every individual is unique, thus, as a result individual differences develop.the more open and complex society is the bigger chance is that expression of individuality will be more articulated.this individuality is relevant for social work as in this context social worker tries to act and develop his or her standards for the professional activity. According to the Campton and Galaway (1999) the activity of social worker mostly is concentrated around interaction of individual and environment. Because of client and individuality of his or her situation, this interaction is always complicated and complex thus it requires knowledge acquired in various scientific fields. Social worker as a case manager helps to create relationships which allows for the individual to use sources and possibilities presented in his or her environment. The activity of social worker is expressed by intervention as a part of social work process. According to Payne (1996), it is directed to the lives of people and is always specific. The social worker is involved not only into the situation of the client, but also into much more extensive social environment in which intervention process proceeds. Thus intervention has political and social meaning: the welfare system, new institutions are created, laws are replaced. However, the intervention is performed in particular time particular place particular people participate in it. The concept of intervention in every case is filled by particular content and depends on particular context. Besides, social workers with similar knowledge in typical situation use it differently (Večkienė, Povilaikaitė, 2005). The behavior of social worker in the process of intervention is determined by available values, knowledge and skills. This can also be applied to other assistance professions where the content of professional activity is developed through the interaction between professional and the client.

16 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / The activity of social worker is directed to the life of individual, which is very complicated, complex and often unexpected. Due to particularity, complexity and incompletion of the practice few specialists with different functions participate in the learning process of social work students. The functions of the professionals depends on the tasks in the practice field: one of them is to acquire practical experience by functioning, and the other is to reflect the acquired experience in the context of general practice ant then to find conjunction between theoretical and practical knowledge by reflecting and conceptualizing in the context of study process. One of the methods to solve complicated practical situations is to apply theoretical knowledge approved by research and theories. According to Schon (1987), this knowledge is sufficiently generalized, does not include unexpected, non-typical individual situations which social worker often confronts in his or her practice.theoretical knowledge allows seeing intervention possibilities, explaining existence of particular phenomena, but they are insufficient to act in individual non-typical situation. The integration of theoretical and practical knowledge is essential for professional intervention and social work as complex profession in order to develop relevant knowledge for new situations. Thus it is important during the learning process of the future professional who will provide assistance to acquire practical knowledge, and then reflect, conceptualize and modify them in case of unexpected and always non-typical situation of the client. Integration of theoretical and practical knowledge is one of the most ultimate challenges to the process of the practice. The student, who wants to act in practical situation when working directly with individual is important to know that", and this develops and projects know how" (Jarvis, 2002). During the practice the students develop practical skills, ability to relate practical situations with theory - in this way the conditions for integration of theoretical and practical knowledge are developed. Besides, students learn to choose, implement and reflect applied intervention techniques independently, at the same time taking into account available resources, services and methods. In the process of practice placement students as the future social work professionals develop ability to recognize the roles of social worker during intervention working in the team with other professionals. This complex formation of practice placement develops unique professional experience of particular student. Jarvis (2002) analyses peculiarities of experiential learning and notices that people reflect the sum of all their previous experience. When the individual experiences something new, he or she use available knowledge to explain the experience and if there is a need, use new knowledge, skills and attitudes which allows to develop. Any learning begins with experience gained by direct participation and practical knowledge acquisition or indirectly accumulating theoretical knowledge. Usually student does not find equivalent between the experience in practice and personal experience does not develop behavior models, which enable to respond to situation, to find solution in it and act according the standards of professional activity in organization. The learning circle (Fig. 1) emphasizes activity and experience and might be methodological assumption in social worker practice (Jarvis, 2001; Kolb, 1984). Reflexive development of skills in practice placement, during the experiential learning leads to assumptions not only for skills development in practice, but also perceiving the basis of the practice. Kolb provides "spiral" of such particular learning and practical experience accumulation; here specific experience, active experimentation, reflexive observation and thinking, abstract conceptualization are considered to be equivalent components. This is the model of the active conscious learning, based on analysis of interaction between theory and specific experience and reflection. It is important to evaluate already available individual experience as this develops assumptions for active observation and reflection in practice process. This is implemented by providing support and guidance of the professional social worker - mentor, who works in organization;

17 220 1 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS 2009/17 Active experimentation Observation and reflection generalization Fig. 1. Learning circle by Kolb (Jarvis 2001, p. 55) then presenting the already gained experience to other students, who comes to practice in other placement agencies, during group workshops in university. This group supervision is guided by tutor, and encourages reflecting, generalizing, and conceptualizing gained experience, in the context of experience, events and concepts of other group members.this context reflects variety of social worker activities in the professional field. 2. SPECIFICITIES OF INTERACTION BETWEEN STUDENT AND MENTOR IN THE PROCESS OF FIELD PLACEMENT Interaction between student and workers of placement agency is very important, as students are experiencing simultaneous processes: formation of professional identity, adaptation in agency, and conceptualization of the professional experience as result of professional activities in the agency. In order the process would go on fluently and qualitatively, there is need for learning environment stimulating reflection and active experimentation. The process of experimentation is essential and connecting both experiential learning environments: at placement agency is facilitated by mentor - professional social worker, in university by lecturer - tutor. Student during field placement is interacting not only with coworkers in placement agency, but also with clients. Thus, manifest changes in student behavior, personality and especially in formation of professional identity. Macionis ir Plummer (2005) professional identity defines as acquired understanding of individual unique and authentic self as representative of particular profession. Valackienė (2003) identity defines as psychological process, when person identifies himself or herself with other person or social group. This identification, according the author, helps to realize the aspects of social activity, understand and transform existing norms, values, and represent them according to social roles and settle and transmit to others subjective evaluation information. Thus, simultaneously with professional identity develops and personal autonomy, as essential condition for reflection. Students during field placement experiences unexpected, unpracticed situations of the placement agency and a client, attempts to act, implement intervention methods and reflect own experience.they have possibility to observe and experience organizational context of social work, realize how this context lias influence to professional interaction between social worker and client. As a result, changes possessed ideas, expectations about agency and social work as profession as profession and its potentials. On the purpose to understand changes during

18 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / 1 7 practice placement, mentor together with student have to review interactions, where he or she participates. Schon (1987) emphasizes, that unreal expectation for practice process reinforce feeling of incompetence, increases vulnerability and fear of mistake. This creates certain level of stress, which makes reflection complicated. Other danger is, that in case of failure students do not identify themselves with future.profession, loose loyalty to placement agency. Loss of loyalty may determine student's inaction in activities of agency. The prolonged process of adaptation, burdens not only in assuming active concrete role, but also to accomplishment of tasks for practice placement. In this stage, particularly important support and guidance of social worker - mentor. The complexity and importance of first stage of learning in practice placement discloses through analysis of research results which are presented in the second part of the article. Qualitative research revealed student experiences in the placement agency during first months. This research proves the importance of professional social worker - mentor functions during field placement. Research methodology. In the article are presented results of qualitative research conducted 2006 February - June. The aim of the research was to reveal experienced stereotypes of third-fourth year students studying at Vytautas Magnus University, School of social work. In this research participated 10 undergraduate students, who were in field placement of social work at that time. Data was gathered during first months in practice placement at that point. At that point processes of adaptation in placement agency relevant for participants of the research. Data were gathered by semi-structured interview, data were recorded, first presenting to the participants of the research the aim of the study, significance, confidentiality and agreement to participate (Kiznytė 2006). Data were transcribed from tape, grouped into the themes and analyzed on the basis of constructivist perspective. In order to safeguard confidentiality names of research participants, mentors and placement agencies are unrevealed during the research analysis. Research participants are cited in original, unimproved language in order to keep authenticity. The analysis of data allows recognizing the process of adaptation, which was experienced by students. Thus in this article experiences of students are presented according the Šadrakov (2004) (cit. Kurutienė, 2006)) described adaptation process, which is composed of certain stages: 1. Evaluation of novice preparation level. At this stage of adaptation in agency employee surveys the peculiarities of agency, personnel, specificities of communication, protocol, and with other aspects of organizational culture. At this stage student is observing and collecting information. The stage is important, because gathered information allows familiarizing with specificity of agency activities, project possible activities. In this interaction between student and placement agency, as relationship is based on social exchange, but not economical reward, which brings confusion: agency receives employee, student - experience and practical knowledge. Misunderstandings in this relationship can arise when one side is delegating initiation of active role to other side. Such misunderstanding we can observe in quotation, which introduce first meeting in placement agency. Impression made during the first meeting has impact on further relationship between student and mentor: "There was given task to go and look around practice place during the holidays. That was then emerged negative opinion and was such apprehension. To practice we came together with friend. That was extraordinary, that we were not told what we will do. They did not define our practice and what role we will accomplish there. We said, that we came to look around, we are students. And manager, our leader, said then why did you come here, what I will tell you, don't you know what you should do in social work, so what you do in there". [Student 5, ] Coworkers of agency, in turn, collect information about incoming student into agency for practice placement. Coworkers can be interested in motivation, experience in previous work,

19 222 1 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS 2009/17 skills, and personality type of trainee. According to available information, there is created niche of activities for novice member in agency. On the purpose creating optimal learning environment and conditioning quick adaptation in placement agency, both parts of the interaction should share the initiation of active and conscious role. Student, before arriving to placement, should anticipate consciously own expectations for practice process and project how she or he could be useful for particular placement agency. Placement agency, admitting social work student for practice placement, should project possible activities for student and introduce with culture of agency. 2. Practical introduction with future responsibilities. Coworkers of placement agency, familiar with trainee, access to the basic information, involve novice into ordinary, daily routine-activities, which are important, but do not create risk for reputation or existence of the agency. 11 is important to acknowledge that both sides of the interaction collect information about each other during all process of adaptation. Meanwhile student familiarizes with activities of the agency, but most attention is given for those activities, which are the most important for development of identity of social worker. At this stage trainee engage in the activities which are important for agency and relationships, but keeps certain distance performing the position of observer. It is important to take into account that trainee albeit taking action is not in the action stage, thus got her or his can be complicated to initiate new activities or commit to responsible roles in placement agency. As we can see from the interview with research participant, which had placement in residential child care home, student emphasizes the search of own professional identity. Student is mindful of social worker activities, search the borderlines, but at this stage student is searcher, but not the active employee of the agency. It is important to take into account the meaning given to a certain activities: "You go there, so those 3 months disassociate from theory and do homework with children. It becomes ordinary. Till field placement! thought that I will have to work as social worker, solve problems of children. There are dozen of problems, everyone see them, but students cannot solve them, and social workers themselves do not work. None does this work, to whom it is committed. Social workers do not come and do not look at those children. For example, boys call girl as tramp, say that she peep out from the bushes, and that girl does not deny that, and for housemother there is no matter. I would react immediately, but there everything is swallowed, do not notice. For me that is strange and I feel angry. I came to practice, and I just do homework, and if something, you don't care". [Student 4, ] At this stage there are adjusted value orientations of trainee with the values of agency. The adaptation process of student in placement agency is impeded by simultaneously proceeding formation of professional identity, which brings in the process also adjustment values of social work profession. Kurutienė (2006) emphasizes, that during adaptation process arisen aims, cultures, and values deliver reference, what is expected from novice. In the presented quotation we can observe three participants: child, mentor, and observing student. Student is rehearsing scene from practice placement, but in that situation she is not an active participant: "/ noticed that my supervisor is not an angel as <...> it should be. For example, as leader she should take children more seriously. But they, <...>, sit at table, and read some book, meanwhile elder boy began to push as a younger boy, and wrestle him on the ground. Maybe they are playing but that younger dislikes this. And that elder is looking at the leader, maybe expecting that she will stop him, but she even not looks at him. I can give one hundred percent that she saw what is happening, but she do not wanted to interfere, because those things are tire of for her. Generally I don't like that thing in agency that is not normal". [Student 10, ] At this stage is mentor has significant role as mediator between placement agency and student. If there is big gap between values of agency and profession, motivation of trainee to take active role is decreasing, as experienced situation do not fulfill expectations. This adaptation process, in inauspicious conditions, can prolong, thus that is important openness and conscious-

20 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / 1 7 ness of both sides while solving dilemmas, meeting challenges. 3. Active adaptation. Novice at this stage attempts to accommodate own status and the status of coworkers. In order to progress to the action, it is important to structure condition so, that he or she could check available knowledge and skills in various activities of the agency. Supportive role of the mentor during practice field is revealing, when together with trainee are reflecting results of the activities, peculiarities of communication with coworkers and clients. Becoming member of the agency, joining the activities of the agency is important for both student and agency. This integration is encouraging student's loyalty toward placement agency, aiming quality, effectiveness and better service provision for the client, also this facilitates practice process. In order to create optimal learning environment at the placement agency is important to keep balance between these components: clear activities of the student, as agency member, which would develop student's professional identity, and supporting relationship with mentor inside the placement agency. Therefore, aiming to create optimal learning conditions, there is need for balance between three elements: activities and roles of the trainee as member of the placement agency, potentiality of activities for development of identity of social worker, and role of mentor which would guide those activities. Importance of this balance disclose under mentioned quotation, where student evaluates own situation in placement agency during practice: "But if you notice, what benefit gives practice, so from the side of social work - zero. From personal side is pleasant, but from benefit side zero. Suppose, more negative". [Student 4, ] Reading the extract from interview, we can make assumption, that relationship between this student and mentor, and coworkers is sufficient, that it would support her, but there is lack for activities which would strengthen student professional identity. In the second quotation we can observe that relationship experienced by student is not satisfactory. Activities performed during practice placement creates assumptions for loyalty, at the same encourages will to act in those activities, which would reinforce students as future social worker professional identity. We can view, that in the quotations student keep position of observers and do not move to action stage, although notices possibilities for action. "There is too little time that I could evaluate something. Me myself, I would like that contact would be closer as yet our activities there are not wide. We are not performing that, what we witness and what we could do. There is very tight sphere of action." [Student 7, ] In the third quotation we can observe, that student is involved into activities of the agency, accomplish routine activities, and is familiar with possible activities of the agency. Student begins to look for the activities, which would strengthen her membership of the agency, and at the same time extend her activities as social worker. "Just gives to do too much homework. At very beginning they promised us, that we'll go to families, but now you can see that in this agency you have to create something own. There is lack of variety of activities. This really catches". [Student 10, ] The process of adaptation ends with stable action in the agency. It is important that all participants during the placement, the social workers in placement agency employees, the lecturers at university, and the students would create and maintain beneficial learning environment. Learning possibilities applying active learning means creates conditions for openness of the agency. There should be taken into consideration active and accountable role of the student. Thus, student, during practice placement, creates leaning environment, which would satisfy his or her motivation and curiosity. The aim of learning process - create practical skills, but this do not always mean creation of harmonized environment for student, in order to overcome undesirable emotions.therefore Jarvis (2001) proposes that learning is possible because of a gap. The gap is experienced when person's internal world contravene with external world. When there is achieved harmony between internal and external world, there is no need for learning. Indeed, modern society changes so quickly

21 224 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / 1 7 that this gap is inevitable. As long as student in practice placement has interest, motivation to understand, he or she is actively experimenting and act. That is important for mentor working with student in practice placement, that he or she do not lose motivation to learn. During the meeting with the student mentor strives to reduce tension for mistakes, which evoke tension and vulnerability. Thus student hesitates in the process of adaptation, and waste time at the placement agency and loose identity of social worker. 3. FUNCTIONS OFTHETUTOR IN THE EDUCATION OF SOCIAL WORK PROFESSIONALS Jarvis (2002) states that people in practice use the knowledge which they have mastered during theoretical studies and this is one of the learning elements in every new situation. Every practical situation presents potentially new experience, the one can learn from.the author claims that expertise emerges from experience and its conditional learning as the expert is such a person who on the basis of his or her experience knows how to perform the action to get desirable result. The purpose of the field practice is to develop possibilities for the students to create their professional experience which allows acting in non-typical specific situations of the client, seeing his or her complex situation, possibilities of assistance and encouraging professional to act. It is important that the student through reflection and conceptualization of his or her experience during practice placement would discover the meaning of the experience, which is explained using specific regularities and generalized using theoretical knowledge. It would be complicated for the student to perform those thinking processes by himself or herselfand often impossible dueto immediacy of available knowledge. For this purpose the assistance of the tutor is applied who uses supervision method for the reflection and conceptualization of the activities in practice placement. Zorga (2002) represents supervision as support method used in professional reflection and consulting and a process of specific learning, which enables the workers to acquire new professional and personal understandings by reflecting their practical experience. One of the main aims of the tutor functions is a raise of the tasks and aims individualized their formulation; this meets the student learning needs in the process of the field practice. Żorga (2002) notices that supervision method allows to integrate theoretical knowledge and practical experience, allows to find solutions for the problems encountered by the student during the practice placement and helps to fight the stress effectively which accompanies the student always and also helps to form professional identity. Supervision emphasizes two very important elements in the field practice process - experience based on learning process and reflection. In the process of field practice seeking effectiveness it is important that supervision as method involves four aspects of professional activity: person and his or her experience, professional role played by him or her, as this role is developed, placement agency and client who indirectly teaches the student to take professional role and posture.these aspects help to reflect the complexity of experienced situations. Thus supervision method allows tutor qualitatively encourages students to reflect practical experience and this process consists of four main focuses which are important for the development of professional identity: personal experience, professional role, context of the professional activity, situation of the client. Supervision uses few forms depending on the quantity of participants in supervision: supervision of individual, group and team. The forms will differ depending on the purpose of the supervision (Maskaliovienė, Eidukevičiūtė, 2008). Group supervision used as a method in university is understood as supervision which is provided to the group of workers working in different organizations (Naujanienė, 2006). In the practice workshops lead by tutor in university participate

22 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / 1 7 students studying at the same study course but the field practice performs in different social work placement agencies. Group supervision enriches experience of social work student, theoretical and practical knowledge. With the help of the group student indirectly enhance effectiveness of communication and ability to solve the aroused dilemmas due to the social work activities. During the group supervision students present the event which illustrate experience in practice, is doubtful, unclear and raises ethical dilemmas. The task for the tutor who leads the group workshops is to create possibilities that the student and other group members will be able to learn and acquire knowledge about interaction of individual and profession identity and professional activity, to create potential to develop professional identity, reflect personal and professional experience. This leads to the construction of the learning content. Thus we can exclude essential functions of the tutor - to develop learning environment, to encourage the student to conceptualize available practical professional experience and form professional identity by using professional experience and discussing this in the group. During group supervision the relationships can be reflected and discussed also at the same time maintaining distance between the student, his or her particular experience and context in which this experience was acquired. This allows to review the context of activities, powers, which create behavioral models often unattractive to the student himself or herself and inadequate for the behavior of the social worker. With a help of the group student may recognize applied theories, often wordless, essential attitudes and values which leads and provides direction for the professional activity. In the same process of reflection student recognizes his or her (or other students) emotional reactions, perspective and professional behavior models. Students come to practice in various placement agencies, and during the meeting in the universities reflect what they have done and what have they learnt there. Then they come back to the practice placement and check what they have learnt.the lecturer should develop safe conditions for the group members to experiment and test new models of professional behavior. She or he protects students from inadequate professional situations by discussing the possible solutions ant their consequences, but that students decide by themselves. They are responsible for their decisions and also for content from discussed situations during group supervision. Group supervision provide support, creates atmosphere of confidence, where the student is able to exchange experienced failures, anxieties and to understand that most of the group members experience the same difficulties and often travels through the same process. At the same time students reinforce each other to seek for the individual mode of professional role. The experience of the group when the students, accomplishing practice in different placement agencies exchange their experience and develop conditions to understand complexity and variety in social worker activities. Žorga (2002) notices that students, by telling their experience gained in a practice placement, may recognize what reasons and circumstances created specific experience, discover what was the aim of the specific action and what are consequences of that action. The feelings are recognized as they are experienced in relationship with a client, professionals, and coworkers. The group develops conditions for student reflection which becomes complex when experienced practical situation arise sufficiently intense emotions.thus, during group supervision defense mechanisms, emotional content of activity, behavioral models are recognized. Student by telling his or her experience receives the feedback not only from the tutor, but also from group members and this allows seeing situation from the distance, to see himself or herself and recognize the feelings. It is important to understand during the studies, that the cause of difficulties in work field can lie not only in the character and competence of the worker but also in the culture of organization. During practice placement student develops identity of professional social worker. But in further activity the professional encounters difficulties and stress arising in his work. The context

23 226 PROFESINIS RENGIMAS: TYRIMAI IR REALIJOS / 1 7 of social worker professional activity is not static, but it varies continuously. Therefore professional activity should be always reflected, discussed, inadequate behavior models changed and professional experience accumulated. The experience of social workers of this kind of the supervision is one of the possibilities to reflect their experience, to reduce stress and develop professional identity. At the same time this form of supervision allows social worker to acquire more experience, release from the feeling of loneliness, get professional support and provide possibility to realize importance of reflecting practitioner in the context of the lifelong learning. CONCLUSIONS The activity of the social worker is expressed by intervention to the interaction of indi- _ vidual and environment. This interaction is always individual and complex, and intervention of social worker is specific. Such professional action requires integration of theoretical and practical knowledge and application by reflecting. Therefore in the process of social work education there are important conscious learning experiences, based on analysis, reflection and conceptualization of the interaction between theoretical "know how"and specific experience of "know that". While student aims to reflect theoretical and practical knowledge and to conceptualization in the process of practice it is important to him or her to self-assess available personal experience, which allows observing and reflecting practical experience.this experience is gained by receiving support of the mentor; working in the placement agency and during group meetings in university, where supervision method is applied. These meetings should be led by tutor, who has background of supervisor. Working in the group encourages reflecting, conceptualizing and generalizing gained experience. In order to ensure qualitative process of field practice it is important to follow the concept of practice and distinguish different purposes and functions of the mentor and tutor activities. The research highlighted the stages the process of student adaptation in the placement agency during the first months and revealed peculiarities of interaction between student and mentor. At the beginning of the interaction both to student and to the mentor it is important to exchange information actively. In the second stage mentor should take agent role as student performs specific activities in the placement agency and seeks for development of professional identity, adjusts professional values with organization values. In the third stage the guidance role of the mentor is emphasized. Student should perform specific activities and roles in the placement agency as this helps to develop professional identity of the student. The task for the mentor is to develop leaning conditions, to stimulate motivation for learning and reflection. During the practice the students are guided by the mentor have possibility to observe and experience organizational social work context, to perceive how much this context influence the interaction of social worker with the client. One of the field practice intents is that student by reflecting and conceptualization of his or her experience in practice discovers the meaning of the experience which is explained by specific regularities and is generalized by theoretical knowledge. For this purpose tutor use supervision methods, which enable to acquire new professional and personal understandings when reflecting practical experience of the student. The task for the tutor is to create specific form for the case reported by the student. This form should become learning environment to reflect personal and professional experience in the group of students. The experience of the group enriches learning environment, encourages conceptualizations of professional and personal activity, exchange of experience, recognition of theories and principles, applied in various practical situations, forms professional language, supports and forms culture of the reflexive social work practice.

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