The labour market situation of doctorate holders

Transcription

1 The labour market situation of doctorate holders First results of the CDH data collection by Laudeline Auriol, OECD Secretariat Madrid, April

2 The project on Careers of Doctorate Holders (CDH) A joint OECD/Eurostat/UNESCO project launched by the OECD Secretariat in 2004 An expert group of 30 member countries among which the United States, Japan, China, India, Argentina, Uganda and many European countries A three-component package developed by the expert group: output tabulations, methodological guidelines and a survey questionnaire A first data collection in september 2005 data for Australia, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, United States 2

3 Outline of the presentation Labour force status of doctorate holders Occupations of doctorate holders (of which researchers) Mobility of doctorate holders Possible barriers and incentives for career diversification Salaries Satisfaction of doctorate holders with regard to their employment situation 3

4 Unemployment rates of doctorate holders are low but higher for women than for men (except in Canada) Unemployment rate Australia Men Women 2.7 Total 2.3 Canada Men Women 3.0 Total 3.7 Germany Men Women 4.7 Total 3.2 United States Men Women 3.7 Total 2.9 4

5 Transition to employment of young doctorate holders takes time and is longer for womenthanfor men Unemployment rate of doctorate holders by year of doctoral degree -- Australia Men Women %

6 Different age patterns of unemployment across countries Unemployment rate of doctorate holders by age category years old years old years old years old 65 or more TOTAL % Australia 2001 Germany 2004 United States

7 Unemployment rates of natural science and engineering doctorate holders are relatively high Unemployment of doctorate holders by field of doctorate degree Natural sciences Engineering and technology Medical sciences Agricultural sciences Social sciences Humanities TOTAL % Australia 2001 Germany 2004 United States

8 Part-time and temporary employment can be high, especially for women Full-time employment Part-time employment Permanent employment Temporary employment Australia Men Germany Men Women Women Total Total Germany Men Switzerland Men Women Women Total Total United States Men Women Total In Germany, 34% of years old and 14% of the years old are on temporary contracts 8

9 Employed doctorate holders by occupation Occupation Canada 2001 Germany 2004 USA 2003 LEGISLATORS, SENIOR OFFICIALS AND MANAGERS PROFESSIONALS Physical, mathematical and engineering science professionals Physicists, chemists and related professionals Mathematicians, statisticians and related professionals Computing professionals Architects, engineers and related professionals Life science and health professionals Life science professionals Health professionals (except nursing) Nursing and midwifery professionals Teaching professionals College, university and higher education teaching professionals Secondary education teaching professionals Other teaching professionals Other professionals Business professionals Legal professionals Archivists, librarians and related information professionals Social science and related professionals Writers and creative or performing artists Other professionals Other ISCO-88 groups Total

10 Employed doctorate holders by occupation and field of degree United States Natural sciences Engineering and technology Medical sciences Agricultural sciences Social sciences Humanities LEGISLATORS, SENIOR OFFICIALS AND MANAGERS PROFESSIONALS Physical, mathematical and engineering science professionals Physicists, chemists and related professionals Mathematicians, statisticians and related professionals Computing professionals Architects, engineers and related professionals Life science and health professionals Life science professionals Health professionals (except nursing) Nursing and midwifery professionals Teaching professionals College, university and higher education teaching professionals Secondary education teaching professionals Other teaching professionals Other professionals Business professionals Legal professionals Archivists, librarians and related information professionals Social science and related professionals Writers and creative or performing artists Other professionals Other ISCO-88 groups Total

11 Employed doctorate holders by occupation and field of degree Germany Natural sciences Engineering and technology Medical sciences Agricultural sciences Social sciences Humanities LEGISLATORS, SENIOR OFFICIALS AND MANAGERS PROFESSIONALS Physical, mathematical and engineering science professionals Physicists, chemists and related professionals 23.4 Mathematicians, statisticians and related professionals Computing professionals 7.3 Architects, engineers and related professionals Life science and health professionals Life science professionals 6.1 Health professionals (except nursing) Nursing and midwifery professionals Teaching professionals College, university and higher education teaching professionals Secondary education teaching professionals 15.4 Other teaching professionals 5.5 Other professionals Business professionals 8.9 Legal professionals 17.2 Archivists, librarians and related information professionals Social science and related professionals 9.5 Writers and creative or performing artists 15.1 Religious professionals Public service administrative professionals 4.7 Other ISCO-88 groups Total

12 Research activity 76% of employed doctorate holders in Canada and 72.5% of those in the United States are researchers In the United States, working as researcher is more frequent for men (74%) than for women (70%) And, postdoctoral occupations are hold by 7.3% of researchers with a doctoral degree in natural science This percentage reaches 11.3% for women against 6.9% for men Postdoctoral positions also represent 5.8% of US female researchers holding a doctoral degree in medical sciences and 1.3% of male researchers holding a doctoral degree in engineering. 12

13 Job-to-job mobility: length of stay with the same employer 62% of doctorate holders in Germany have been with the same employer for at least 5 years against 55% in the United States. 56% of doctorate holders who are in research occupations in the United States have been with the same employer for at least five years against 51% for those in non-research occupations. In addition, a higher percentage of those in non-research positions hold their job for less than 1 year. Among US researchers, it is in higher education that mobility is less frequent: 60% of the employed hold their job for at least 5 years against 50% in other sectors. 13

14 Different salary patterns between Canada and the United States Median annual salary of employed doctorate holders (current PPP dollar) Business enterprise sector Sector of employment Higher Government education sector sector Private nonprofit sector Canada (2001) Total Men Women United States (2003) Total Employed as researcher of which: postdocs Not employed as researcher 1 Total Men Women

15 Satisfaction of doctorate holders with their employment situation Job is related to doctoral degree for the vast majority. But 7% both in the case of the total US population and of the Canadian 2000 graduates -- are not in a job related to their degree. The vast majority of doctorate holders in the United States express satisfaction with their employment situation. But are more satisfied with criteria linked to content of work (intellectual challenge, level of responsibility, degree of independence and contribution to society) than with those related to employment conditions (salary, benefits, job security, location and opportunities for advancement). Dissatisfaction reaches 20% of US doctorate holders (25% in the case of women) in relation to salary and 25% (30% in the case of women) as regards opportunities for advancement. 15

16 Summary and conclusions The data reveal a diversity of the labour markets for doctorate holders across countries in terms of unemployment, type of contract, occupational and salary patterns Unemployment rates of doctorate holders remain low but are relatively high in science and engineering compared to other fields of degree Transition to employment can take some time, especially in terms of access to permanent employment 16

17 Summary and conclusions Women are less favoured then men on the labour market in terms of unemployment, time to employment, type of contract, access to research positions and salary At least 10 or 15% of doctorate holders are unemployed, employed in a job under their qualification or not related to their doctoral degree In the US, dissatisfaction reaches 20% of doctorate holders in relation to salary and 25% with regard to advancement opportunities 17