Introduction to Syntactic Structure: Part One
|
|
- Tracy Patterson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Introduction to Syntactic Structure: Part One Why do we need syntactic structure? who needs it? for what? How do we find syntactic structure? How do we describe syntactic structure? constituents phrase structure rules
2 How do we understand sentences?
3 Grammar description and explanation of the language structures that are occur not rules in books for people to check whether they are talking properly! non-linguistic grammar rules tend to be simplifications and therefore include shortcuts and mistakes! not rules that tpeople can choose to obey or not the mechanisms by which language units get put together th at all!!
4 Theories should be as simple as possible, but not more so. Albert Einstein i
5 The role of Simplifications... Language is complex: Problems are difficult to avoid Simplifications (even in a good cause) will lead to: RECOGNITION O PROBLEMS CONSISTENCY PROBLEMS EXCEPTION PROBLEMS COVERAGE PROBLEMS
6 A small gnome in the garden wiped Language: beads on a string? his hands
7 A small gnome in the garden wiped This is a bad model because it does not allow us to make any accurate predictions about how we understand d language or how sentences behave. his hands
8 How much does a language user have to remember? How much can a language user remember? Daddy, what did you bring that book that I don t want to be read to out of up for?
9 Daddy, what did you bring that book that I don t want to be read to out of up for? How Anne Salisbury can claim that Pam Dawber s anger at not receiving her share of acclaim for Mork and Mindy s success derives from a fragile ego escapes me.
10 Structure effects I saw the gnome in the garden. What were you doing in the garden? No, I wasn t in the garden, the gnome was. Oh.
11 Structure effects Wanted: cook with spoon for efficient beating.
12 Structure effects The gnome in the garden next door caught a fish in the pond. A fish in the pond was caught by the gnome in the garden next door
13 Structure effects The gnome in the garden next door caught a fish in the pond. A fish in the pond was caught by the gnome in the garden next door
14 Grammar, Syntax and Structure Yousawafilm a You did see a film Which h film did you see?
15 Syntactic ti constituents t sentences are made up of parts, called constituents what are they? how can we find them? what different kinds are there? what maps might be we need to describe them?
16 Grammar: The Rank Scale clauses groups and phrases nominal groups/phrases verbal groups adjectival groups/phrases adverbial groups/phrases prepositional phrases words morphemes are made up of
17 The Rank Scale clauses groups and phrases nominal groups verbal groups adjectival groups adverbial groups Morphology prepositional phrases words morphemes are made up of
18 clauses The Rank Scale Grammar/Syntax groups and phrases nominal groups/phrases verbal groups adjectival groups/phrases adverbial groups/phrases prepositional phrases words morphemes are made up of
19 A Chinese Box representation of grammatical structure: clauses and groups clause A small gnome in the garden wiped his hands. A small gnome in the garden in the garden wiped his hands the garden
20 Names of parts: Rank Units A small gnome in the garden wiped his hands. clause group a small gnome in the group group garden wiped his hands word word word a small gnome phrase in the garden word wiped his word hands a small gnome morphemes word in in group the garden wipe -ed he hand -s morphemes the garden words the garden morphemes
21 Names of parts: Rank Units A small gnome in the garden wiped his hands. clause group a small gnome in the group group garden wiped his hands word word word a small gnome phrase in the garden word wiped his word hands a small gnome morphemes word in in group the garden wipe -ed he hand -s morphemes the garden words the garden morphemes
22 Syntactic Trees clause group group group a small gnome phrase wiped his hands in group the garden
23 Syntactic Trees clause group group group phrase group a small gnome in the garden wiped his hands
24 Syntactic Trees clause group group phrase group group many people will go to the station every morning How do we know precisely which trees are required?
25 Linguistic i analysis DATA Linguistic method
26 Sentence Structure Tests and Probes
27 Types of structure probes : syntactic constituents Expansions and substitutions If you have a sentence: The king of England ate cake then you can pick out constituents by trying to substitute smaller but equivalent units: The king ate cake He ate cake He ate it PRO-FORMS
28 Types of structure probes : semantic constituents these are the parts of a sentence that answer the questions: who? where? when? why? how? to whom?
29 Types of structure probes : syntactic constituents Conjunction/Coordination test if you can replace a unit by that unit and another one of a similar kind, then you have a constituent: The boy chased the dog. The boy chased the dog and the cat. *John rang up his friend and up his mother.
30 Types of structure probes : syntactic constituents Reduction/Ellipsis test If you have a sentence: John won t wash the dishes then you can pick out constituents by seeing what can be left out or ellipsed: He will if you ask him wash the dishes John won t help me with my homework...
31 Movement tests The gnome washed his hands in the pool. In the pool the gnome washed his hands. It was in the pool that the gnome washed his hands. Not: The gnome in the pool washed his hands.
32 Movement tests The gnome washed his hands on Tuesday. On Tuesday the gnome washed his hands. It was on Tuesday that the gnome washed his hands. Not: The gnome on Tuesday washed his hands.
33 Types of structure probes : Grammatical Subjects Subject tests: the Subject and the finite part of the verb agree in grammatical number a tag question always picks out the Subject if you make a passive construction the Subject is always the one to disappear or to be moved to a by phrase
34 Types of structure probes : syntactic constituents Dependency test if some words cannot be removed from a sentence or other unit without taking others out with them then these words are dependent on the others and form part of a larger constituent. the King of England ate cake the King ate cake * of England ate cake
35 Dependency the King ate of England cake
36 Dependency the King ate cake
37 Dependency the King ate
38 Dependency he ate Substitution cake
39 Dependency at work How Anne Salisbury can claim that Pam Dawber s anger at not receiving her share of acclaim for Mork and Mindy s s success derives from a fragile ego escapes me.
40 How can Anne Salisbury claim that escapes me. Pam Dawber s derives anger from at a fragile ego not receiving i acclaim for her share of success Mork and Mindy s
41 The gnome in the garden was sad. The gnome was sad in the garden. In the garden the gnome was sad. Tests: Who was sad was the gnome in the garden. Who was sad in the garden was the gnome.
42 Types of structure probes : syntactic constituents Pseudo-clefts ( wh-cleft ) If you have a sentence: The boy kicked the ball then you can pick out the constituents of the sentence using the pseudocleft construction: what the boy kicked was the ball (the one) who kicked the ball was the boy
43 Circumstance or phrasal verb? They got off the old bus. They ran down the boy. They ran down the lane. Theme predication probe: It was X...
44 Circumstance or phrasal verb? They got off the old bus. It was the old bus that they got off. Theme predication probe: It was X...
45 Circumstance or phrasal verb? They ran down the boy. It was the boy that they ran down. Theme predication probe: It was X...
46 Circumstance or phrasal verb? They ran down the lane. It was the lane that they ran down It was down the lane that they ran * It was down the boy that they ran Theme predication probe: It was X...
47 Tests and Probes semantic unity expansions & substitutions dependencies conjunction & coordination reduction & ellipsis movement pseudo-clefts (wh-clefts) theme predication (it-clefts)
48 The gnome in the garden was sad. semantic unity? expansions & substitutions? dependencies? conjunction & coordination? reduction & ellipsis? movement? pseudo-clefts (wh-clefts)? theme predication (it-clefts)?
49 The gnome in the garden was sad. The giraffe in the field could eat the leaves es in the neighbouring garden. The radio in the car could be heard in the street. t The gnome from the garden is my best friend.
50 Traditional categories Robins Short history of linguistics
51 Two ways of defining word classes by their grammatical form der Angestellte das blaue Flugzeug laufen wir weg by their distribution i i i.e., where they occur in relation to other words morphology syntax
52 Immediate Constituency structure Clauses Groups & Phrases Words
53 Building up a constituent from a word class start with a word class: noun, adjective, verb, etc. and see what we can add to it to get something bigger that does the same kind of job (function) and appears in the same kind of places (form: distribution) the Phrase
54 Building up a constituent from a word class: nouns he [pronoun] John [proper name] The boy [determiner noun] The good boy [determiner adjective noun] The boy in the garden?? the Noun Phrase (NP)
55 Building up a constituent from a word class: verbs ate ate a cake ate a cake in the park quickly ate a cake in the park [V] [V NP] [V NP PP] [Adv V NP PP] the Verb Phrase (VP)
56 Building up a constituent from a word class: prepositions in [preposition] in the garden [preposition??] right in the garden [adv? preposition NP] the Prepositional Phrase (PP)
57 Describing Structure to describe these immediate constituents we use SYNTACTIC TREES
58 children or daughter nodes dominating node NP parent or mother node determiner the adjective good noun boy
59 Another constituent tree VP V NP ate a cake
60 A third constituent tree PP preposition in?np the garden
61 Yet another constituent tree VP V NP PP ate a cake in the park
62 A phrase structure tree for... The boy in the garden??
63 RECURSION NP PP NP det N prep det N I saw the boy in the garden
64 The Sentence Poor John ran away S NP VP AdjP N V AdvP Poor Jh John ran away
65 What do all these trees do? help construct structure...
66 S Attachment NP VP? NP PP NP noun verb det noun prep det noun I saw the gnome in the garden
67 S Attachment NP VP? NP PP noun verb det noun I saw the gnome in the garden
68 S Attachment VP NP NP PP noun verb det noun I saw the gnome in the garden
69 S Attachment VP NP NP PP noun verb det noun I saw the gnome in the garden
70 What do all these trees do? help construct structure... guide interpretation...
CS 598 Natural Language Processing
CS 598 Natural Language Processing Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere!"#$%&'&()*+,-./012 34*5665756638/9:;< =>?@ABCDEFGHIJ5KL@
More information1/20 idea. We ll spend an extra hour on 1/21. based on assigned readings. so you ll be ready to discuss them in class
If we cancel class 1/20 idea We ll spend an extra hour on 1/21 I ll give you a brief writing problem for 1/21 based on assigned readings Jot down your thoughts based on your reading so you ll be ready
More informationBasic Syntax. Doug Arnold We review some basic grammatical ideas and terminology, and look at some common constructions in English.
Basic Syntax Doug Arnold doug@essex.ac.uk We review some basic grammatical ideas and terminology, and look at some common constructions in English. 1 Categories 1.1 Word level (lexical and functional)
More informationConstruction Grammar. University of Jena.
Construction Grammar Holger Diessel University of Jena holger.diessel@uni-jena.de http://www.holger-diessel.de/ Words seem to have a prototype structure; but language does not only consist of words. What
More informationDerivational: Inflectional: In a fit of rage the soldiers attacked them both that week, but lost the fight.
Final Exam (120 points) Click on the yellow balloons below to see the answers I. Short Answer (32pts) 1. (6) The sentence The kinder teachers made sure that the students comprehended the testable material
More informationGrammars & Parsing, Part 1:
Grammars & Parsing, Part 1: Rules, representations, and transformations- oh my! Sentence VP The teacher Verb gave the lecture 2015-02-12 CS 562/662: Natural Language Processing Game plan for today: Review
More informationENGBG1 ENGBL1 Campus Linguistics. Meeting 2. Chapter 7 (Morphology) and chapter 9 (Syntax) Pia Sundqvist
Meeting 2 Chapter 7 (Morphology) and chapter 9 (Syntax) Today s agenda Repetition of meeting 1 Mini-lecture on morphology Seminar on chapter 7, worksheet Mini-lecture on syntax Seminar on chapter 9, worksheet
More informationIntroduction to HPSG. Introduction. Historical Overview. The HPSG architecture. Signature. Linguistic Objects. Descriptions.
to as a linguistic theory to to a member of the family of linguistic frameworks that are called generative grammars a grammar which is formalized to a high degree and thus makes exact predictions about
More informationCh VI- SENTENCE PATTERNS.
Ch VI- SENTENCE PATTERNS faizrisd@gmail.com www.pakfaizal.com It is a common fact that in the making of well-formed sentences we badly need several syntactic devices used to link together words by means
More informationInleiding Taalkunde. Docent: Paola Monachesi. Blok 4, 2001/ Syntax 2. 2 Phrases and constituent structure 2. 3 A minigrammar of Italian 3
Inleiding Taalkunde Docent: Paola Monachesi Blok 4, 2001/2002 Contents 1 Syntax 2 2 Phrases and constituent structure 2 3 A minigrammar of Italian 3 4 Trees 3 5 Developing an Italian lexicon 4 6 S(emantic)-selection
More informationBasic Parsing with Context-Free Grammars. Some slides adapted from Julia Hirschberg and Dan Jurafsky 1
Basic Parsing with Context-Free Grammars Some slides adapted from Julia Hirschberg and Dan Jurafsky 1 Announcements HW 2 to go out today. Next Tuesday most important for background to assignment Sign up
More informationDeveloping Grammar in Context
Developing Grammar in Context intermediate with answers Mark Nettle and Diana Hopkins PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United
More information11/29/2010. Statistical Parsing. Statistical Parsing. Simple PCFG for ATIS English. Syntactic Disambiguation
tatistical Parsing (Following slides are modified from Prof. Raymond Mooney s slides.) tatistical Parsing tatistical parsing uses a probabilistic model of syntax in order to assign probabilities to each
More informationAdjectives tell you more about a noun (for example: the red dress ).
Curriculum Jargon busters Grammar glossary Key: Words in bold are examples. Words underlined are terms you can look up in this glossary. Words in italics are important to the definition. Term Adjective
More informationSyntax Parsing 1. Grammars and parsing 2. Top-down and bottom-up parsing 3. Chart parsers 4. Bottom-up chart parsing 5. The Earley Algorithm
Syntax Parsing 1. Grammars and parsing 2. Top-down and bottom-up parsing 3. Chart parsers 4. Bottom-up chart parsing 5. The Earley Algorithm syntax: from the Greek syntaxis, meaning setting out together
More informationUniversal Grammar 2. Universal Grammar 1. Forms and functions 1. Universal Grammar 3. Conceptual and surface structure of complex clauses
Universal Grammar 1 evidence : 1. crosslinguistic investigation of properties of languages 2. evidence from language acquisition 3. general cognitive abilities 1. Properties can be reflected in a.) structural
More informationDeveloping a TT-MCTAG for German with an RCG-based Parser
Developing a TT-MCTAG for German with an RCG-based Parser Laura Kallmeyer, Timm Lichte, Wolfgang Maier, Yannick Parmentier, Johannes Dellert University of Tübingen, Germany CNRS-LORIA, France LREC 2008,
More informationApproaches to control phenomena handout Obligatory control and morphological case: Icelandic and Basque
Approaches to control phenomena handout 6 5.4 Obligatory control and morphological case: Icelandic and Basque Icelandinc quirky case (displaying properties of both structural and inherent case: lexically
More informationLanguage acquisition: acquiring some aspects of syntax.
Language acquisition: acquiring some aspects of syntax. Anne Christophe and Jeff Lidz Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique Language: a productive system the unit of meaning is the word
More informationChapter 4: Valence & Agreement CSLI Publications
Chapter 4: Valence & Agreement Reminder: Where We Are Simple CFG doesn t allow us to cross-classify categories, e.g., verbs can be grouped by transitivity (deny vs. disappear) or by number (deny vs. denies).
More informationWords come in categories
Nouns Words come in categories D: A grammatical category is a class of expressions which share a common set of grammatical properties (a.k.a. word class or part of speech). Words come in categories Open
More informationPseudo-Passives as Adjectival Passives
Pseudo-Passives as Adjectival Passives Kwang-sup Kim Hankuk University of Foreign Studies English Department 81 Oedae-lo Cheoin-Gu Yongin-City 449-791 Republic of Korea kwangsup@hufs.ac.kr Abstract The
More informationParsing of part-of-speech tagged Assamese Texts
IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2009 ISSN (Online): 1694-0784 ISSN (Print): 1694-0814 28 Parsing of part-of-speech tagged Assamese Texts Mirzanur Rahman 1, Sufal
More informationDear Teacher: Welcome to Reading Rods! Reading Rods offer many outstanding features! Read on to discover how to put Reading Rods to work today!
Dear Teacher: Welcome to Reading Rods! Your Sentence Building Reading Rod Set contains 156 interlocking plastic Rods printed with words representing different parts of speech and punctuation marks. Students
More informationELD CELDT 5 EDGE Level C Curriculum Guide LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT VOCABULARY COMMON WRITING PROJECT. ToolKit
Unit 1 Language Development Express Ideas and Opinions Ask for and Give Information Engage in Discussion ELD CELDT 5 EDGE Level C Curriculum Guide 20132014 Sentences Reflective Essay August 12 th September
More informationAdvanced Grammar in Use
Advanced Grammar in Use A self-study reference and practice book for advanced learners of English Third Edition with answers and CD-ROM cambridge university press cambridge, new york, melbourne, madrid,
More informationMultiple case assignment and the English pseudo-passive *
Multiple case assignment and the English pseudo-passive * Norvin Richards Massachusetts Institute of Technology Previous literature on pseudo-passives (see van Riemsdijk 1978, Chomsky 1981, Hornstein &
More informationContext Free Grammars. Many slides from Michael Collins
Context Free Grammars Many slides from Michael Collins Overview I An introduction to the parsing problem I Context free grammars I A brief(!) sketch of the syntax of English I Examples of ambiguous structures
More informationThornhill Primary School - Grammar coverage Year 1-6
Thornhill Primary School - Grammar coverage Year 1-6 Year Topic Examples Terminology Importance Using full stops and capital letters to demarcate s We sailed to the land where the wild things are. Sentence
More informationParticipate in expanded conversations and respond appropriately to a variety of conversational prompts
Students continue their study of German by further expanding their knowledge of key vocabulary topics and grammar concepts. Students not only begin to comprehend listening and reading passages more fully,
More informationArgument structure and theta roles
Argument structure and theta roles Introduction to Syntax, EGG Summer School 2017 András Bárány ab155@soas.ac.uk 26 July 2017 Overview Where we left off Arguments and theta roles Some consequences of theta
More informationEnhancing Unlexicalized Parsing Performance using a Wide Coverage Lexicon, Fuzzy Tag-set Mapping, and EM-HMM-based Lexical Probabilities
Enhancing Unlexicalized Parsing Performance using a Wide Coverage Lexicon, Fuzzy Tag-set Mapping, and EM-HMM-based Lexical Probabilities Yoav Goldberg Reut Tsarfaty Meni Adler Michael Elhadad Ben Gurion
More informationBASIC ENGLISH. Book GRAMMAR
BASIC ENGLISH Book 1 GRAMMAR Anne Seaton Y. H. Mew Book 1 Three Watson Irvine, CA 92618-2767 Web site: www.sdlback.com First published in the United States by Saddleback Educational Publishing, 3 Watson,
More informationFormulaic Language and Fluency: ESL Teaching Applications
Formulaic Language and Fluency: ESL Teaching Applications Formulaic Language Terminology Formulaic sequence One such item Formulaic language Non-count noun referring to these items Phraseology The study
More informationUnderlying and Surface Grammatical Relations in Greek consider
0 Underlying and Surface Grammatical Relations in Greek consider Sentences Brian D. Joseph The Ohio State University Abbreviated Title Grammatical Relations in Greek consider Sentences Brian D. Joseph
More informationCase government vs Case agreement: modelling Modern Greek case attraction phenomena in LFG
Case government vs Case agreement: modelling Modern Greek case attraction phenomena in LFG Dr. Kakia Chatsiou, University of Essex achats at essex.ac.uk Explorations in Syntactic Government and Subcategorisation,
More informationBULATS A2 WORDLIST 2
BULATS A2 WORDLIST 2 INTRODUCTION TO THE BULATS A2 WORDLIST 2 The BULATS A2 WORDLIST 21 is a list of approximately 750 words to help candidates aiming at an A2 pass in the Cambridge BULATS exam. It is
More informationToday we examine the distribution of infinitival clauses, which can be
Infinitival Clauses Today we examine the distribution of infinitival clauses, which can be a) the subject of a main clause (1) [to vote for oneself] is objectionable (2) It is objectionable to vote for
More informationUnit 8 Pronoun References
English Two Unit 8 Pronoun References Objectives After the completion of this unit, you would be able to expalin what pronoun and pronoun reference are. explain different types of pronouns. understand
More informationConstraining X-Bar: Theta Theory
Constraining X-Bar: Theta Theory Carnie, 2013, chapter 8 Kofi K. Saah 1 Learning objectives Distinguish between thematic relation and theta role. Identify the thematic relations agent, theme, goal, source,
More informationTHE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES
THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES PRO and Control in Lexical Functional Grammar: Lexical or Theory Motivated? Evidence from Kikuyu Njuguna Githitu Bernard Ph.D. Student, University
More informationA Minimalist Approach to Code-Switching. In the field of linguistics, the topic of bilingualism is a broad one. There are many
Schmidt 1 Eric Schmidt Prof. Suzanne Flynn Linguistic Study of Bilingualism December 13, 2013 A Minimalist Approach to Code-Switching In the field of linguistics, the topic of bilingualism is a broad one.
More informationCampus Academic Resource Program An Object of a Preposition: A Prepositional Phrase: noun adjective
This handout will: Explain what prepositions are and how to use them List some of the most common prepositions Define important concepts related to prepositions with examples Clarify preposition rules
More informationThe Structure of Relative Clauses in Maay Maay By Elly Zimmer
I Introduction A. Goals of this study The Structure of Relative Clauses in Maay Maay By Elly Zimmer 1. Provide a basic documentation of Maay Maay relative clauses First time this structure has ever been
More informationProof Theory for Syntacticians
Department of Linguistics Ohio State University Syntax 2 (Linguistics 602.02) January 5, 2012 Logics for Linguistics Many different kinds of logic are directly applicable to formalizing theories in syntax
More informationFeature-Based Grammar
8 Feature-Based Grammar James P. Blevins 8.1 Introduction This chapter considers some of the basic ideas about language and linguistic analysis that define the family of feature-based grammars. Underlying
More informationLNGT0101 Introduction to Linguistics
LNGT0101 Introduction to Linguistics Lecture #11 Oct 15 th, 2014 Announcements HW3 is now posted. It s due Wed Oct 22 by 5pm. Today is a sociolinguistics talk by Toni Cook at 4:30 at Hillcrest 103. Extra
More informationNatural Language Processing. George Konidaris
Natural Language Processing George Konidaris gdk@cs.brown.edu Fall 2017 Natural Language Processing Understanding spoken/written sentences in a natural language. Major area of research in AI. Why? Humans
More informationWord Stress and Intonation: Introduction
Word Stress and Intonation: Introduction WORD STRESS One or more syllables of a polysyllabic word have greater prominence than the others. Such syllables are said to be accented or stressed. Word stress
More informationCompositional Semantics
Compositional Semantics CMSC 723 / LING 723 / INST 725 MARINE CARPUAT marine@cs.umd.edu Words, bag of words Sequences Trees Meaning Representing Meaning An important goal of NLP/AI: convert natural language
More informationCalifornia Department of Education English Language Development Standards for Grade 8
Section 1: Goal, Critical Principles, and Overview Goal: English learners read, analyze, interpret, and create a variety of literary and informational text types. They develop an understanding of how language
More informationLanguage Acquisition by Identical vs. Fraternal SLI Twins * Karin Stromswold & Jay I. Rifkin
Stromswold & Rifkin, Language Acquisition by MZ & DZ SLI Twins (SRCLD, 1996) 1 Language Acquisition by Identical vs. Fraternal SLI Twins * Karin Stromswold & Jay I. Rifkin Dept. of Psychology & Ctr. for
More informationDerivational and Inflectional Morphemes in Pak-Pak Language
Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in Pak-Pak Language Agustina Situmorang and Tima Mariany Arifin ABSTRACT The objectives of this study are to find out the derivational and inflectional morphemes
More informationLoughton School s curriculum evening. 28 th February 2017
Loughton School s curriculum evening 28 th February 2017 Aims of this session Share our approach to teaching writing, reading, SPaG and maths. Share resources, ideas and strategies to support children's
More informationAccurate Unlexicalized Parsing for Modern Hebrew
Accurate Unlexicalized Parsing for Modern Hebrew Reut Tsarfaty and Khalil Sima an Institute for Logic, Language and Computation, University of Amsterdam Plantage Muidergracht 24, 1018TV Amsterdam, The
More informationA Computational Evaluation of Case-Assignment Algorithms
A Computational Evaluation of Case-Assignment Algorithms Miles Calabresi Advisors: Bob Frank and Jim Wood Submitted to the faculty of the Department of Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirements
More informationTheoretical Syntax Winter Answers to practice problems
Linguistics 325 Sturman Theoretical Syntax Winter 2017 Answers to practice problems 1. Draw trees for the following English sentences. a. I have not been running in the mornings. 1 b. Joel frequently sings
More informationSample Goals and Benchmarks
Sample Goals and Benchmarks for Students with Hearing Loss In this document, you will find examples of potential goals and benchmarks for each area. Please note that these are just examples. You should
More informationSome Principles of Automated Natural Language Information Extraction
Some Principles of Automated Natural Language Information Extraction Gregers Koch Department of Computer Science, Copenhagen University DIKU, Universitetsparken 1, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Abstract
More informationOn the Notion Determiner
On the Notion Determiner Frank Van Eynde University of Leuven Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Michigan State University Stefan Müller (Editor) 2003
More informationLinguistic Variation across Sports Category of Press Reportage from British Newspapers: a Diachronic Multidimensional Analysis
International Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences (IJAHSS) Volume 1 Issue 1 ǁ August 216. www.ijahss.com Linguistic Variation across Sports Category of Press Reportage from British Newspapers:
More informationAnalysis of Probabilistic Parsing in NLP
Analysis of Probabilistic Parsing in NLP Krishna Karoo, Dr.Girish Katkar Research Scholar, Department of Electronics & Computer Science, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur, India Head of Department, Department
More informationThe presence of interpretable but ungrammatical sentences corresponds to mismatches between interpretive and productive parsing.
Lecture 4: OT Syntax Sources: Kager 1999, Section 8; Legendre et al. 1998; Grimshaw 1997; Barbosa et al. 1998, Introduction; Bresnan 1998; Fanselow et al. 1999; Gibson & Broihier 1998. OT is not a theory
More informationSAMPLE. Chapter 1: Background. A. Basic Introduction. B. Why It s Important to Teach/Learn Grammar in the First Place
Contents Chapter One: Background Page 1 Chapter Two: Implementation Page 7 Chapter Three: Materials Page 13 A. Reproducible Help Pages Page 13 B. Reproducible Marking Guide Page 22 C. Reproducible Sentence
More informationFrequency and pragmatically unmarked word order *
Frequency and pragmatically unmarked word order * Matthew S. Dryer SUNY at Buffalo 1. Introduction Discussions of word order in languages with flexible word order in which different word orders are grammatical
More informationL1 and L2 acquisition. Holger Diessel
L1 and L2 acquisition Holger Diessel Schedule Comparing L1 and L2 acquisition The role of the native language in L2 acquisition The critical period hypothesis [student presentation] Non-linguistic factors
More informationAspectual Classes of Verb Phrases
Aspectual Classes of Verb Phrases Current understanding of verb meanings (from Predicate Logic): verbs combine with their arguments to yield the truth conditions of a sentence. With such an understanding
More informationInformatics 2A: Language Complexity and the. Inf2A: Chomsky Hierarchy
Informatics 2A: Language Complexity and the Chomsky Hierarchy September 28, 2010 Starter 1 Is there a finite state machine that recognises all those strings s from the alphabet {a, b} where the difference
More informationChinese for Beginners CEFR Level: A1
Chinese for Beginners CEFR Level: A1 Author: Li Chunbo Email: li@ca-institute.com Phone: +420 608 283 819 Signature and stamp: Coordinator: Erik L. Dostal Email: erik@ca-institute.com Phone: +420 776 178
More informationPart I. Figuring out how English works
9 Part I Figuring out how English works 10 Chapter One Interaction and grammar Grammar focus. Tag questions Introduction. How closely do you pay attention to how English is used around you? For example,
More informationAbout this unit. Lesson one
Unit 30 Abuja Carnival About this unit This unit revises language and phonics done throughout the year. The theme of the unit is Abuja carnival. Pupils describe a happy carnival picture and read a story
More information15 The syntax of overmarking and kes in child Korean
C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP/260963/WORKINGFOLDER/LEZ/9780521833356C15.3D 221 [221 230] 19.3.2009 9:21PM 15 The syntax of overmarking and kes in child Korean John Whitman Overmarking Overmarking errors occur in early
More informationNational Literacy and Numeracy Framework for years 3/4
1. Oracy National Literacy and Numeracy Framework for years 3/4 Speaking Listening Collaboration and discussion Year 3 - Explain information and ideas using relevant vocabulary - Organise what they say
More informationChapter 3: Semi-lexical categories. nor truly functional. As Corver and van Riemsdijk rightly point out, There is more
Chapter 3: Semi-lexical categories 0 Introduction While lexical and functional categories are central to current approaches to syntax, it has been noticed that not all categories fit perfectly into this
More informationPrediction of Maximal Projection for Semantic Role Labeling
Prediction of Maximal Projection for Semantic Role Labeling Weiwei Sun, Zhifang Sui Institute of Computational Linguistics Peking University Beijing, 100871, China {ws, szf}@pku.edu.cn Haifeng Wang Toshiba
More informationSpecifying a shallow grammatical for parsing purposes
Specifying a shallow grammatical for parsing purposes representation Atro Voutilainen and Timo J~irvinen Research Unit for Multilingual Language Technology P.O. Box 4 FIN-0004 University of Helsinki Finland
More informationThe Interface between Phrasal and Functional Constraints
The Interface between Phrasal and Functional Constraints John T. Maxwell III* Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Ronald M. Kaplan t Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Many modern grammatical formalisms divide
More informationGERM 3040 GERMAN GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION SPRING 2017
GERM 3040 GERMAN GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION SPRING 2017 Instructor: Dr. Claudia Schwabe Class hours: TR 9:00-10:15 p.m. claudia.schwabe@usu.edu Class room: Old Main 301 Office: Old Main 002D Office hours:
More informationBANGLA TO ENGLISH TEXT CONVERSION USING OPENNLP TOOLS
Daffodil International University Institutional Repository DIU Journal of Science and Technology Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2013 2013-01 BANGLA TO ENGLISH TEXT CONVERSION USING OPENNLP TOOLS Uddin, Sk.
More informationIntensive English Program Southwest College
Intensive English Program Southwest College ESOL 0352 Advanced Intermediate Grammar for Foreign Speakers CRN 55661-- Summer 2015 Gulfton Center Room 114 11:00 2:45 Mon. Fri. 3 hours lecture / 2 hours lab
More informationGrammar Lesson Plan: Yes/No Questions with No Overt Auxiliary Verbs
Grammar Lesson Plan: Yes/No Questions with No Overt Auxiliary Verbs DIALOGUE: Hi Armando. Did you get a new job? No, not yet. Are you still looking? Yes, I am. Have you had any interviews? Yes. At the
More informationChapter 9 Banked gap-filling
Chapter 9 Banked gap-filling This testing technique is known as banked gap-filling, because you have to choose the appropriate word from a bank of alternatives. In a banked gap-filling task, similarly
More informationLanguage Acquisition Fall 2010/Winter Lexical Categories. Afra Alishahi, Heiner Drenhaus
Language Acquisition Fall 2010/Winter 2011 Lexical Categories Afra Alishahi, Heiner Drenhaus Computational Linguistics and Phonetics Saarland University Children s Sensitivity to Lexical Categories Look,
More informationThis publication is also available for download at
Sourced from SATs-Papers.co.uk Crown copyright 2012 STA/12/5595 ISBN 978 1 4459 5227 7 You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open
More informationThe subject of adjectives: Syntactic position and semantic interpretation
The subject of adjectives: Syntactic position and semantic interpretation Aya Meltzer-ASSCHER Abstract It is widely accepted that subjects of verbs are base-generated within the (extended) verbal projection.
More informationConteúdos de inglês para o primeiro bimestre. Turma 21. Turma 31. Turma 41
Conteúdos de inglês para o primeiro bimestre Turma 21 Greetings Vocabulário: hello, hi, good morning, good afternoon, good night, good evening, goodbye, bye Estrutura: Hello! What is your name? My name
More informationIN THIS UNIT YOU LEARN HOW TO: SPEAKING 1 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. 2 Work with a new partner. Discuss the questions.
6 1 IN THIS UNIT YOU LEARN HOW TO: ask and answer common questions about jobs talk about what you re doing at work at the moment talk about arrangements and appointments recognise and use collocations
More informationHindi Aspectual Verb Complexes
Hindi Aspectual Verb Complexes HPSG-09 1 Introduction One of the goals of syntax is to termine how much languages do vary, in the hope to be able to make hypothesis about how much natural languages can
More informationWritten by: YULI AMRIA (RRA1B210085) ABSTRACT. Key words: ability, possessive pronouns, and possessive adjectives INTRODUCTION
STUDYING GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE: STUDENTS ABILITY IN USING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES IN ONE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL IN JAMBI CITY Written by: YULI AMRIA (RRA1B210085) ABSTRACT
More informationA Usage-Based Approach to Recursion in Sentence Processing
Language Learning ISSN 0023-8333 A in Sentence Processing Morten H. Christiansen Cornell University Maryellen C. MacDonald University of Wisconsin-Madison Most current approaches to linguistic structure
More informationPhenomena of gender attraction in Polish *
Chiara Finocchiaro and Anna Cielicka Phenomena of gender attraction in Polish * 1. Introduction The selection and use of grammatical features - such as gender and number - in producing sentences involve
More informationEnglish for Life. B e g i n n e r. Lessons 1 4 Checklist Getting Started. Student s Book 3 Date. Workbook. MultiROM. Test 1 4
Lessons 1 4 Checklist Getting Started Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Introducing yourself Numbers 0 10 Names Indefinite articles: a / an this / that Useful expressions Classroom language Imperatives
More informationControl and Boundedness
Control and Boundedness Having eliminated rules, we would expect constructions to follow from the lexical categories (of heads and specifiers of syntactic constructions) alone. Combinatory syntax simply
More informationMinimalism is the name of the predominant approach in generative linguistics today. It was first
Minimalism Minimalism is the name of the predominant approach in generative linguistics today. It was first introduced by Chomsky in his work The Minimalist Program (1995) and has seen several developments
More informationcambridge occasional papers in linguistics Volume 8, Article 3: 41 55, 2015 ISSN
C O P i L cambridge occasional papers in linguistics Volume 8, Article 3: 41 55, 2015 ISSN 2050-5949 THE DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURE BUILDING IN RANGI: AT THE SYNTAX-SEMANTICS INTERFACE H a n n a h G i b s o
More informationAn Interactive Intelligent Language Tutor Over The Internet
An Interactive Intelligent Language Tutor Over The Internet Trude Heift Linguistics Department and Language Learning Centre Simon Fraser University, B.C. Canada V5A1S6 E-mail: heift@sfu.ca Abstract: This
More informationSight Word Assessment
Make, Take & Teach Sight Word Assessment Assessment and Progress Monitoring for the Dolch 220 Sight Words What are sight words? Sight words are words that are used frequently in reading and writing. Because
More informationMachine Learning from Garden Path Sentences: The Application of Computational Linguistics
Machine Learning from Garden Path Sentences: The Application of Computational Linguistics http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v9i6.4109 J.L. Du 1, P.F. Yu 1 and M.L. Li 2 1 Guangdong University of Foreign Studies,
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 154 ( 2014 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 154 ( 2014 ) 263 267 THE XXV ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE, LANGUAGE AND CULTURE, 20-22 October
More informationTHE VERB ARGUMENT BROWSER
THE VERB ARGUMENT BROWSER Bálint Sass sass.balint@itk.ppke.hu Péter Pázmány Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary 11 th International Conference on Text, Speech and Dialog 8-12 September 2008, Brno PREVIEW
More information