Translational Display of. in Communication Sciences and Disorders
|
|
- Amberlynn Nelson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Essay 36 Translational Display of! Neurophysiologic Investigations } in Communication Sciences and Disorders Reem Khamis-Dakwar As a new scholar in the field of communication sciences and disorders, it is unimaginable not to be touched and influenced by the prolific academic work of Dr. Singh. Even though I did not have the honor to meet him in person, I feel like his work has left remarkable contribution to our field. I am honored to be part of a project to commemorate and celebrate his rich fruitful life. CSD to elucidate brain processes underpinning speech-language disorders and language learning in specific communication disorders is exemplified by describing several clinically driven studies conducted at the Neurophysiology of Speech and Language Pathology Lab (NSLP Lab). Introduction Neurophysiologic investigation in Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD) refers to studies on the nature of a specific communication disorder, language acquisition given a specific communication disorder, as well as the assessment and intervention effects for a specific communication disorder. In this essay, event-related potential (ERP) methodology will be introduced. Furthermore, the benefit and need for clinically driven neurophysiologic investigations in Neurophysiologic Investigations in CSD Cognitive Neuroscience, CSD, and EEG: Introduction Cognitive neuroscience refers to the scientific disciplines concerned with the study of higher cognitive functions in humans, such as memory and language, and their underlying neural bases. It aims to understand how cognitive functions, and their manifestations in behavior and subjective experience, arise
2 268 Translational Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology from the activity of the brain (Rugg, 1997, p.1). The field of CSD encompasses several scientific disciplines concerned with typical human communication, speech, and language development, communication disorders, and therapy. There are relatively limited clinically driven neurophysiologic studies in CSD to date. In this essay, we maintain the fields of cognitive neuroscience and CSD can inform each other and we exemplify the incorporation of EEG/ERP methodology to relate the observed communicative behaviors to their underlying brain mechanisms in the study of CSD. EEG and Language Correlates Several neuroimaging techniques can be utilized to investigate brain activity. These techniques can be divided into yielding either hemodynamic or electrophysiological measures. Hemodynamic measures, such as those resulting from fmri, identify brain activity resulting from metabolic changes, including blood flow. Electrophysiologic measures, such as those obtained in EEG and MEG, reflect cortical activity in different brain areas derived by recording electromagnetic activity across the scalp. Generally speaking, hemodynamic measures have superior spatial resolution (i.e., can more accurately measure the place of an examined brain activity), whereas measures of electromagnetic activity have better temporal resolution (i.e., can more accurately measure the timing of an examined brain activity). For example, using fmri techniques spatial information can be obtained on a millimeter scale, but temporal resolution can only be recorded on a second scale. In contrast, EEG can provide temporal information on a millisecond range (Luck, 2005) but spatial resolution within a wider millimeter scale. Hence, studies utilizing hemodynamic brain imaging techniques are better able to more accurately localize specific areas of the brain associated with a variety of language and/or cognitive functions, whereas studies utilizing electrophysiologic brain imaging techniques are more appropriate for identifying task-related neural activity at the millisecond level. Relative to these respective advantages, electrophysiologic measures are thought to be more effective for evaluating the subprocesses involved in language processing (Friederici, 2002). The ideal investigative approach would be to incorporate both imaging techniques, hemodynamic and electrophysiological, to obtain information with the highest temporal and spatial resolution. This essay is focused on introducing the use of EEG/ERP method in CSD (see Ward, 2010 for a review of imaging techniques). Electroencephalography (EEG) refers to the continuous measurement of electrical activity in the brain. To acquire EEG data, in the NSLPlab, we use a HydroCel Geodesic Sensor Net (HCGSN) from Electrical Geosdesic Inc. The net enables a quick and safe way to place 32 electrodes on the scalp of participants. Nets are available in different sizes allowing for a snug but comfortable fit for each participant. In the NSLPLab we are using HCGSN nets with 32 electrodes; however, the HCGSN nets are available in densities of 32, 64, 128, and 256 channels. Figure 36 1 shows a medium 32-channel HCGSN net as viewed from the front. Each pedestal in the net contains an electrode embedded within a sponge, which decreases any potential discomfort a participant may feel. In addition, the wires connecting individual electrodes form a net enabling the whole collection of electrodes (the net) to be quickly fitted. During the EEG recording session, participants wear the HCGSN net which is connected to an amplifier. The amplified electrical activity is recorded via EEG acquisition software. Figure 36 2 shows the data acquisition setup. On the right side of the picture, you
3 Translational Display of Neurophysiologic Investigations in Communication Sciences and Disorders 269 of interest, so that we get the brain responses only for the event of interest (the experimental condition). For example, if we are examining an individual s brain responses to English phonemic contrasts, and we are presenting two types of stimuli (/pa/ and /ba/), one standard step in analyzing the EEG data in this type of study is segmenting the EEG recordings that are linked to the presentation of the event of interest in the study, in this case the presentation of /pa/ and /ba/ as shown in Figure We also average the recorded segmented responses over all the different presentations for the same condition to derive the ERP. There are several types of ERP components indicative of different cognitive processes. In this essay we will focus only on introducing the main correlates/erp components associated with language. Figure Medium-sized HCGSN (32 channel). can see the participant wearing a HydroCel net (Electrical Geodesics, Inc.) with the 32 electrodes embedded in sponges. On the left side of the picture, you can see the data display of the amplified electrical activity from each of the 32 channels as it is recorded during an EEG experiment. In EEG studies of language, we are less interested in the brain s ongoing electrical recordings (see Figure 36 2) as might be tested in a clinical setting, but more in examining the brain s responses as they are elicited with respect to a specific experimental event presentation (e.g., hearing a phonemic contrast). To do that, an offline analysis of the recorded data is performed to derive the event related potential (ERP) which is the average electrical activity correlated with the specific type of stimulus presentation. The analyses to derive the ERP responses begins with segmentation of the EEG recordings into epochs which are segments of time linked to the event Mismatch Negativity (MMN) Phonological Representation and Processing Correlate MMN refers to a negative preattentional frontocentral ERP component peaking around 150 to 250 milliseconds elicited by the presence of an oddball sound in a sequence of repetitive auditory stimuli. In the MMN task an automatic prediction of the central auditory system is violated, such as in presenting a deviant /ta/ within a train of a frequent stimulus /da, da, da, da/. Experimental studies reveal that the MMN component is associated with sensory-memory updating and change/ rule violation detection (Näätänen, Kujala, & Winkler, 2010). Several studies revealed that MMN responses to deviants that constitute language-specific phonological contrasts were greater in native speakers of that language than in control participants who do not speak that particular language (for a review see
4 Electical activity recording Figure A participant in an EEG study wearing a HCGSN 32-channel net. Participant wearing a hydrocel net 270
5 Translational Display of Neurophysiologic Investigations in Communication Sciences and Disorders 271 Segment before and after pa was presented Segment before and after pa was presented Segment before and after ba was presented Figure Data segmentation for /pa/ and /ba/. Näätänen, Kujala, & Winkler, 2010). MMN is very commonly used in language studies due to its preattentional aspect, where MMN can be elicited while children are sleeping or watching a silent movie, as well as due to its robustness as a phonological correlate. Early Left Anterior Negativity (ELAN) and P600: Morphosyntactic Correlates ELAN refers to an enhanced negativity over the left anterior brain regions, peaking around 100 to 200 ms after the onset of a syntactic phrase structure violation, indexing first pass parsing processes (Hahne & Friederici, 1999). Another syntactic processing correlate is the P600, also referred to as LPC (Late Positive Complex). P600/LPC refers to a positivity detected over centroparietal regions around 500 msec after recognition of a syntactic anomaly (e.g. Friederici, Hahne, & Saddy, 2002). P600 can be elicited for several types of grammatical violations as well as for lexical codeswitching between L1 and L2 (Jackson, Swainson, Cunnington, & Jackson, 2001; Moreno, Federmeier, & Kutas, 2002), or between two language varieties in diglossic situations (e.g., Khamis-Dakwar & Froud, 2007). Hence, in addition to being considered as a correlate of grammatical processing, it is also considered to index reanalysis of syntactic and semantic information in situations carrying a high
6 272 Translational Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology cognitive load, especially when it appears in conjunction with N400 effect (Bornkessel- Schlesewsky & Schlesewsky, 2008). N400 Lexical and Semantic Correlate N400 refers to a negativity detected over centroparietal regions around 400 ms after onset of a stimulus, and is considered to index lexical and semantic processing (Lau, Philips, & Poppel, 2008). It has been found to be sensitive to meaning manipulations and to the presentation of an unexpected word at both the word and sentence level in different modalities (e.g., spoken and written language), as well as with other kinds of anomalies, such as mismatches in phonology, or unexpected faces, color patches, and pictures (for a review see Kutas, Van Petten, & Kluender, 2006 or Lau et al., 2008). Clinically Driven Neurophysiologic Studies in CSD at the NSLP Lab There are only a few known clinically driven ERP investigations in CSD. Many of these studies have focused on examining the language representation and processing in a specific communication disorder such as dyslexia or stuttering (e.g., Cuadrado & Weber-Fox, 2003; Datta et al, 2010; McAnally & Stein, 1997; Weber-Fox & Hampton, 2008; Weber- Fox & Neville, 2001). Fewer studies have examined the brain changes occurring across time as language is acquired in a specific communication disorder or during the implementation of a specific treatment approach. Building on the existing ERP research and the power of the ERP method for examining the different subprocesses of language processing as indexed by the classic language ERP correlates, we argue that further incorporation of ERP studies in the field of CSD is beneficial. There is a need to expand ERP studies not only to enhance our understanding of the nature of specific communication disorders, but also to understand the course of language learning in specific communication disorders and the different SLP therapy effects. Toward that end, the NSLP Lab in Adelphi University was established in As the director of the lab, part of my mission is to inform colleagues and students within the Adelphi University community about the ERP method and to encourage them to make use of the EEG system in the NSLP Lab to address their clinically based inquiries. Research at the NSLP Lab focuses on examining the neural underpinnings of language learning in specific sociolinguistic situations (such as Arabic diglossia), specific communication and language disorders (such as apraxia of speech), as well as during rehabilitation (such as in accent modification therapy) using event-related potentials (ERPs). Lexicosemantic Deficits in Children Undergoing Insulin Treatment for Diabetes Difficulties in vocabulary development have been reported in children with insulindependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (Northam, Anderson, Wether, Warne, Adler, & Andrewes, 1998). Using a word-picture semantic processing task, we examine differences in the brain responses of children with IDDM after initial and long-term exposure to insulin treatment. This study aims to clarify whether reported deficits in vocabulary development in this population reflect changes in neural organization for linguistic processing,
7 Translational Display of Neurophysiologic Investigations in Communication Sciences and Disorders 273 which have potential clinical implications in terms of the need for preventive service delivery for children with diabetes, beginning at the earliest stages of insulin therapy. Language Development in Children Who Are Internationally Adopted (CWIA) The effects of immersing an internationally adopted (IA) child in the new language of the environment (LE) whereas ceasing exposure to the language of adoption (LA, or first language), are not fully understood. A recent meta-analytic examination of language skills in CWIA revealed that IA children show poorer language performances during the school-age years (and beyond) as opposed to their nonadopted peers (Scott, Roberts, & Glennen, 2011). To evaluate whether later language difficulties might be related to differences in phonemic system organization, an investigation of auditory MMN responses from five CWIA (3 5 years old) adopted from China and exposed to LE for at least 2 years, and five matched nonadopted monolingual English speaking children was conducted (Khamis-Dakwar & Scott, in preparation). Words were presented in a randomized order in passive listening oddball paradigms under three conditions: (1) Chinese only phonemic feature (/maai5/tone 5 (buy ) & /maai6/tone 6 (sell), based on tonal differences present in Mandarin and not in English; (2) Englishonly phonemic feature not represented in Mandarin (/mad/ vs. /mat/); and (3) phonemic contrast evident in both languages (/mad/ and /man/). MMN was derived from 32 channel EEG recordings by averaging and montaging to frontocentral sensors and subtraction of averaged standard responses from averaged deviant responses within each condition. Enhanced MMN responses were observed for tonal differences in CWIA children, but not for the control group. The English phonemic contrasts were associated with delayed MMN responses for the CWIA group, but not the control group. These preliminary findings reveal differences in the phonological representations in CWIA children that were not identifiable based on behavioral testing of language and phonological performance. Therapy Effects A growing body of anecdotal evidence reveals positive effects of using yoga in speech therapy with children and adults (see Kaley-Isley, Peterson, Fischer, & Peterson, 2010 for a review). Reported effectiveness of incorporating yoga intervention techniques in SLP treatment can be underlined by direct effect on the language processing system or indirect effect on general cognitive skills. In a pilot study, we examined the effects of yoga intervention using ERP on an 11-year-old child presenting with a language delay and ADHD. EEG data were recorded while the participating child was presented with two sets of stimuli in a picture-word paradigm while practicing a previously learned relaxation technique developed as a part of yoga-based therapy for that child. The first set of stimuli represented a congruous condition composed of 25 pairs of auditory word representations and matching picture presentations (congruous condition). The second stimuli set represented an incongruous condition in which 25 pairs of auditory words did not match the visual representation on a display (incongruous condition). The study findings reveal that the implementation of the yoga-based relaxation techniques during exposure to the lexical task was correlated with a P300 enhancement indexing attentional resource allocation, as compared with
8 274 Translational Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology ERP responses elicited from a child serving as a control participant (i.e., matched for typical language development for gender, age, socioeconomic status, and region of residence). Viewed from a neurophysiologic perspective, these pilot results showing a P300 enhancement correlated with yoga therapy, rather than an N400 enhancement (an index of lexical processing) suggests that the reported positive effects of incorporating yoga for this child are likely due to general cognitive enhancement during linguistic processing. Conclusion Since the establishment of the NSLPlab, my mission has been to open the lab for colleagues and students to make use of ERP method to enhance their understanding of a specific clinical question of interest. My intention here has been to provide examples of studies developed and conducted in the lab in collaboration with colleagues and students that exemplify the power and range of potential benefits to be gained from incorporating the ERP method in CSD studies. References Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, I., & Schlesewsky, M. (2008). An alternative perspective on semantic P600 effects in language comprehension. Brain Research Reviews, 59(1), Cuadrado, E., & Weber-Fox, C. (2003). Atypical syntactic processing in individuals who stutter: Evidence from event-related brain potentials and behavioral measures. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46, Datta H., Shafer, V. L, Morr, M. L., Kurtzberg, D., & Schwartz, R. G. (2010.) Brain discriminative responses to phonetically similar long vowels in children with SLI. Journal of Speech Language Hearing Sciences, 53(3), Friederici, A. D. (2002).Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing. Trends in Cognitive Science, 6, Friederici, A. D., Hahne A., & Saddy, D. (2002). Distinct neurophysiological patterns reflecting aspects of syntactic complexity and syntactic repair. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 31(1), Hahne, A., & Friederici, A. D. (1999).Electrophysiological evidence for two steps in syntactic analysis:early automatic and late controlled processes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 11, Jackson, G. M., Swainson, R., Mulin, A., Cunnington, R., & Jackson, S. R. (2004). ERP correlates of receptive language-switching tasks. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57A(2), Kaley-Isley, L. C., Peterson, J., Fischer, C., & Peterson, E. (2010). Yoga as a complementary therapy for children and adolescents: A guide for clinicians. Psychiatry, 7(8), Khamis-Dakwar, R., & Froud, K. (2007). Lexical processing in two language varieties: An event related brain potential study of Arabic native speakers. In Mughazy, M. (Ed.) Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics (pp ). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Khamis-Dakwar, R., & Scott, K. Neural correlates of language acquisition in internationally adopted children. Poster presented at Cognitive Neuroscience Symposium. San Fransisco, April Kutas, M., Van Petten, C., & Kluender, R. (2006). Psycholinguistics electrified II: In M. Traxler & M. A. Gernsbacher (Eds.), Handbook of psycholinguistics (2nd ed., pp ). New York, NY: Elsevier. Lau, E. F, Phillips, C., & Poeppel, D. (2008)A cortical network for semantics: (De)constructing the N400. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(12), Luck, S.L. (2005). An introduction to the eventrelated potential technique. Cambridge MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. McAnally, K. I., & Stein, J. F. (1997). Scalp potentials evoked by amplitude-modulated tones in
9 Translational Display of Neurophysiologic Investigations in Communication Sciences and Disorders 275 dyslexia. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 40, Moreno, E. M., Federmeier, K. D., & Kutas, M. (2002). Switching languages, switching palabras (words): An electrophysiological study of codeswitching. Brain and Language, 80, Näätänen, R., Kujala, T., & Winkler, I. (2010). Auditory processing that leads to conscious perception: A unique window to central auditory processing opened by the mismatch negativity and related responses. Psychophysiology, 48, Northam, E. A., Anderson, P. J., Wether, G. A., Warne, G. L., Adler, R. G., & Andrewes, D. (1998). Neuropsychological complications of IDDM in children 2 years after disease onset. Diabetes Care, 21, Rugg, M. D. (1997). Cognitive neuroscience. Hove, East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press. Scott, K., Roberts, J. A., & Glennen, S.(2011). How well do children who are internationally adopted acquire language? A meta-analysis. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 54, Ward, J. (2010). The student s guide to cognitive neuroscience. Hove, East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press. Weber-Fox, C., & Neville, H. J. (2001). Sensitive periods differentiate processing for open and closed class words: An ERP study in bilinguals. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44, Weber-Fox, C., & Hampton, A. (2008). Stuttering and natural speech processing of semantic and syntactic constraints on verbs. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51(5),
10
ERP measures of auditory word repetition and translation priming in bilinguals
available at www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/brainres Research Report ERP measures of auditory word repetition and translation priming in bilinguals Natalie A. Phillips a,b,, Denise Klein
More informationImproved Effects of Word-Retrieval Treatments Subsequent to Addition of the Orthographic Form
Orthographic Form 1 Improved Effects of Word-Retrieval Treatments Subsequent to Addition of the Orthographic Form The development and testing of word-retrieval treatments for aphasia has generally focused
More informationA Minimalist Approach to Code-Switching. In the field of linguistics, the topic of bilingualism is a broad one. There are many
Schmidt 1 Eric Schmidt Prof. Suzanne Flynn Linguistic Study of Bilingualism December 13, 2013 A Minimalist Approach to Code-Switching In the field of linguistics, the topic of bilingualism is a broad one.
More informationCurriculum Vitae. Sara C. Steele, Ph.D, CCC-SLP 253 McGannon Hall 3750 Lindell Blvd., St. Louis, MO Tel:
Curriculum Vitae Sara C. Steele, Ph.D, CCC-SLP 253 McGannon Hall 3750 Lindell Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63108 Tel: 314-977-2941 ssteele1@slu.edu Education Ph.D., Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois
More informationThe acquisition of certain basic cognitive functions seems to
Brain signatures of artificial language processing: Evidence challenging the critical period hypothesis Angela D. Friederici, Karsten Steinhauer, and Erdmut Pfeifer Max Planck Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience,
More informationAge Effects on Syntactic Control in. Second Language Learning
Age Effects on Syntactic Control in Second Language Learning Miriam Tullgren Loyola University Chicago Abstract 1 This paper explores the effects of age on second language acquisition in adolescents, ages
More informationSitnikova T, Holcomb PJ, Kuperberg GR Neurocognitive mechanisms of human comprehension.
Sitnikova T, Holcomb PJ, Kuperberg GR Neurocognitive mechanisms of human comprehension. In: Understanding Events: From Perception to Action. Eds. T. F. Shipley & J. Zacks. Oxford University Press; 2008.
More informationInformation Structure Influences Depth of Syntactic Processing: Event-Related Potential Evidence for the Chomsky Illusion
Information Structure Influences Depth of Syntactic Processing: Event-Related Potential Evidence for the Chomsky Illusion Lin Wang 1,2,3, Marcel Bastiaansen 2,3, Yufang Yang 1, Peter Hagoort 2,3 * 1 Key
More informationPhonological encoding in speech production
Phonological encoding in speech production Niels O. Schiller Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
More informationMandarin Lexical Tone Recognition: The Gating Paradigm
Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 0 (008), p. 8 Abstract Mandarin Lexical Tone Recognition: The Gating Paradigm Yuwen Lai and Jie Zhang University of Kansas Research on spoken word recognition
More informationWithout it no music: beat induction as a fundamental musical trait
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. ISSN 0077-8923 ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Issue: The Neurosciences and Music IV: Learning and Memory Without it no music: beat induction as a fundamental musical trait
More informationNeurocognitive Mechanisms of Human Comprehension. Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Human Comprehension Tatiana Sitnikova a, Phillip J. Holcomb b, and Gina R. Kuperberg ba a MGH Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA,
More informationLongitudinal family-risk studies of dyslexia: why. develop dyslexia and others don t.
The Dyslexia Handbook 2013 69 Aryan van der Leij, Elsje van Bergen and Peter de Jong Longitudinal family-risk studies of dyslexia: why some children develop dyslexia and others don t. Longitudinal family-risk
More informationContent Language Objectives (CLOs) August 2012, H. Butts & G. De Anda
Content Language Objectives (CLOs) Outcomes Identify the evolution of the CLO Identify the components of the CLO Understand how the CLO helps provide all students the opportunity to access the rigor of
More informationFlorida Reading Endorsement Alignment Matrix Competency 1
Florida Reading Endorsement Alignment Matrix Competency 1 Reading Endorsement Guiding Principle: Teachers will understand and teach reading as an ongoing strategic process resulting in students comprehending
More informationPROGRAM REQUIREMENTS FOR RESIDENCY EDUCATION IN DEVELOPMENTAL-BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS
In addition to complying with the Program Requirements for Residency Education in the Subspecialties of Pediatrics, programs in developmental-behavioral pediatrics also must comply with the following requirements,
More informationStudy Abroad: Planning and Development, Successes and Challenges
Study Abroad: Planning and Development, Successes and Challenges 1) Multidisciplinary Study Abroad in Ireland (University of Pittsburgh) 2) Models, challenges, lessons and future developments Janice E.
More informationLinguistics. Undergraduate. Departmental Honors. Graduate. Faculty. Linguistics 1
Linguistics 1 Linguistics Matthew Gordon, Chair Interdepartmental Program in the College of Arts and Science 223 Tate Hall (573) 882-6421 gordonmj@missouri.edu Kibby Smith, Advisor Office of Multidisciplinary
More informationEnglish Language and Applied Linguistics. Module Descriptions 2017/18
English Language and Applied Linguistics Module Descriptions 2017/18 Level I (i.e. 2 nd Yr.) Modules Please be aware that all modules are subject to availability. If you have any questions about the modules,
More informationAGENDA LEARNING THEORIES LEARNING THEORIES. Advanced Learning Theories 2/22/2016
AGENDA Advanced Learning Theories Alejandra J. Magana, Ph.D. admagana@purdue.edu Introduction to Learning Theories Role of Learning Theories and Frameworks Learning Design Research Design Dual Coding Theory
More informationEffect of Word Complexity on L2 Vocabulary Learning
Effect of Word Complexity on L2 Vocabulary Learning Kevin Dela Rosa Language Technologies Institute Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh, PA kdelaros@cs.cmu.edu Maxine Eskenazi Language
More information2,1 .,,, , %, ,,,,,,. . %., Butterworth,)?.(1989; Levelt, 1989; Levelt et al., 1991; Levelt, Roelofs & Meyer, 1999
23-47 57 (2006)? : 1 21 2 1 : ( ) $ % 24 ( ) 200 ( ) ) ( % : % % % Butterworth)? (1989; Levelt 1989; Levelt et al 1991; Levelt Roelofs & Meyer 1999 () " 2 ) ( ) ( Brown & McNeill 1966; Morton 1969 1979;
More informationMaximizing Learning Through Course Alignment and Experience with Different Types of Knowledge
Innov High Educ (2009) 34:93 103 DOI 10.1007/s10755-009-9095-2 Maximizing Learning Through Course Alignment and Experience with Different Types of Knowledge Phyllis Blumberg Published online: 3 February
More informationAuthor: Justyna Kowalczys Stowarzyszenie Angielski w Medycynie (PL) Feb 2015
Author: Justyna Kowalczys Stowarzyszenie Angielski w Medycynie (PL) www.angielskiwmedycynie.org.pl Feb 2015 Developing speaking abilities is a prerequisite for HELP in order to promote effective communication
More informationClinical Review Criteria Related to Speech Therapy 1
Clinical Review Criteria Related to Speech Therapy 1 I. Definition Speech therapy is covered for restoration or improved speech in members who have a speechlanguage disorder as a result of a non-chronic
More informationCopyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author
Zahn, Daniela (2013) The resolution of the clause that is relative? Prosody and plausibility as cues to RC attachment in English: evidence from structural priming and event related potentials. PhD thesis.
More informationThe Perception of Nasalized Vowels in American English: An Investigation of On-line Use of Vowel Nasalization in Lexical Access
The Perception of Nasalized Vowels in American English: An Investigation of On-line Use of Vowel Nasalization in Lexical Access Joyce McDonough 1, Heike Lenhert-LeHouiller 1, Neil Bardhan 2 1 Linguistics
More informationProgram Matrix - Reading English 6-12 (DOE Code 398) University of Florida. Reading
Program Requirements Competency 1: Foundations of Instruction 60 In-service Hours Teachers will develop substantive understanding of six components of reading as a process: comprehension, oral language,
More informationTITLE: Shakespeare: The technical words. DATE(S): Project will run for four weeks during June or July
PROJECT: CulpeperSprint1 TITLE: Shakespeare: The technical words SUPERVISOR(S): Prof. Jonathan Culpeper DATE(S): Project will run for four weeks during June or July JOB DESCRIPTION: This project focuses
More informationLower and Upper Secondary
Lower and Upper Secondary Type of Course Age Group Content Duration Target General English Lower secondary Grammar work, reading and comprehension skills, speech and drama. Using Multi-Media CD - Rom 7
More informationNeural & Predictive Effects of Verb Argument Structure
Neural & Predictive Effects of Verb Argument Structure By Daniel Di Giovanni Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
More informationProfessional Learning Suite Framework Edition Domain 3 Course Index
Domain 3: Instruction Professional Learning Suite Framework Edition Domain 3 Course Index Courses included in the Professional Learning Suite Framework Edition related to Domain 3 of the Framework for
More informationAccelerated Learning Online. Course Outline
Accelerated Learning Online Course Outline Course Description The purpose of this course is to make the advances in the field of brain research more accessible to educators. The techniques and strategies
More informationObserving Teachers: The Mathematics Pedagogy of Quebec Francophone and Anglophone Teachers
Observing Teachers: The Mathematics Pedagogy of Quebec Francophone and Anglophone Teachers Dominic Manuel, McGill University, Canada Annie Savard, McGill University, Canada David Reid, Acadia University,
More informationReviewed by Florina Erbeli
reviews c e p s Journal Vol.2 N o 3 Year 2012 181 Kormos, J. and Smith, A. M. (2012). Teaching Languages to Students with Specific Learning Differences. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. 232 p., ISBN 978-1-84769-620-5.
More informationThe Complete Brain Exercise Book: Train Your Brain - Improve Memory, Language, Motor Skills And More By Fraser Smith
The Complete Brain Exercise Book: Train Your Brain - Improve Memory, Language, Motor Skills And More By Fraser Smith If searched for the ebook The Complete Brain Exercise Book: Train Your Brain - Improve
More informationStages of Literacy Ros Lugg
Beginning readers in the USA Stages of Literacy Ros Lugg Looked at predictors of reading success or failure Pre-readers readers aged 3-53 5 yrs Looked at variety of abilities IQ Speech and language abilities
More informationPDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/86029
More informationCALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SAN MARCOS SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SAN MARCOS SCHOOL OF EDUCATION COURSE: EDSL 691: Neuroscience for the Speech-Language Pathologist (3 units) Fall 2012 Wednesdays 9:00-12:00pm Location: KEL 5102 Professor:
More informationraıs Factors affecting word learning in adults: A comparison of L2 versus L1 acquisition /r/ /aı/ /s/ /r/ /aı/ /s/ = individual sound
1 Factors affecting word learning in adults: A comparison of L2 versus L1 acquisition Junko Maekawa & Holly L. Storkel University of Kansas Lexical raıs /r/ /aı/ /s/ 2 = meaning Lexical raıs Lexical raıs
More informationShort-term memory in Down syndrome: Applying the working memory model
17 Short-term memory in Down syndrome: Applying the working memory model Christopher Jarrold and Alan D. Baddeley Centre for the Study of Memory and Learning, Department of Psychology, University of Bristol
More informationEQuIP Review Feedback
EQuIP Review Feedback Lesson/Unit Name: On the Rainy River and The Red Convertible (Module 4, Unit 1) Content Area: English language arts Grade Level: 11 Dimension I Alignment to the Depth of the CCSS
More informationAmbiguities and anomalies: What can eye-movements and event-related potentials reveal about second language sentence processing?
Ambiguities and anomalies: What can eye-movements and event-related potentials reveal about second language sentence processing? Cheryl Frenck-Mestre To cite this version: Cheryl Frenck-Mestre. Ambiguities
More informationProcess Evaluations for a Multisite Nutrition Education Program
Process Evaluations for a Multisite Nutrition Education Program Paul Branscum 1 and Gail Kaye 2 1 The University of Oklahoma 2 The Ohio State University Abstract Process evaluations are an often-overlooked
More informationBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. DEGREE (if applicable)
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Provide the following information for the Senior/key personnel and other significant contributors in the order listed on Form Page 2. Follow this format for each person. DO NOT EXCEED
More informationDeveloped by Dr. Carl A. Ferreri & Additional Concepts by Dr. Charles Krebs. Expanded by
Name Date Advanced I Workshop Manual Language Processing and Brain Integration Developed by Dr. Carl A. Ferreri & Additional Concepts by Dr. Charles Krebs Expanded by Dr. Mitchell Corwin 2914 Domingo Ave
More informationEducation. American Speech-Language Hearing Association: Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech- Language Pathology
Anna V. Sosa Northern Arizona University Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders 208 E. Pine Knoll Drive, Health Professions, Bldg. 66, Rm. 310 Flagstaff, AZ 86011 (928)523-3845/ anna.sosa@nau.edu
More informationBilingualism: Consequences for Mind and Brain
Bilingualism: Consequences for Mind and Brain The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Published Version Accessed
More informationNAME: East Carolina University PSYC Developmental Psychology Dr. Eppler & Dr. Ironsmith
Module 10 1 NAME: East Carolina University PSYC 3206 -- Developmental Psychology Dr. Eppler & Dr. Ironsmith Study Questions for Chapter 10: Language and Education Sigelman & Rider (2009). Life-span human
More informationCross-linguistic aspects in child L2 acquisition
609238IJB0010.1177/1367006915609238International Journal of Bi-lingualismChondrogianni and Vasić research-article2015 Editorial Note Cross-linguistic aspects in child L2 acquisition International Journal
More information5/26/12. Adult L3 learners who are re- learning their L1: heritage speakers A growing trend in American colleges
International Seminar on Third Language Acquisition Vitoria- Gasteiz, May 24-25, 2012 Adult L3 learners who are re- learning their L1: heritage speakers A growing trend in American colleges Maria Polinsky
More informationUse the Syllabus to tick off the things you know, and highlight the areas you are less clear on. Use BBC Bitesize Lessons, revision activities and
Use the Syllabus to tick off the things you know, and highlight the areas you are less clear on. Use BBC Bitesize Lessons, revision activities and tests to do. Use the websites recommended by your subject
More information10.2. Behavior models
User behavior research 10.2. Behavior models Overview Why do users seek information? How do they seek information? How do they search for information? How do they use libraries? These questions are addressed
More informationTRI-STATE CONSORTIUM Wappingers CENTRAL SCHOOL DISTRICT
TRI-STATE CONSORTIUM Wappingers CENTRAL SCHOOL DISTRICT Consultancy Special Education: January 11-12, 2016 Table of Contents District Visit Information 3 Narrative 4 Thoughts in Response to the Questions
More informationExams: Accommodations Guidelines. English Language Learners
PSSA Accommodations Guidelines for English Language Learners (ELLs) [Arlen: Please format this page like the cover page for the PSSA Accommodations Guidelines for Students PSSA with IEPs and Students with
More informationSummary / Response. Karl Smith, Accelerations Educational Software. Page 1 of 8
Summary / Response This is a study of 2 autistic students to see if they can generalize what they learn on the DT Trainer to their physical world. One student did automatically generalize and the other
More informationAccelerated Learning Course Outline
Accelerated Learning Course Outline Course Description The purpose of this course is to make the advances in the field of brain research more accessible to educators. The techniques and strategies of Accelerated
More informationThe Journey to Vowelerria VOWEL ERRORS: THE LOST WORLD OF SPEECH INTERVENTION. Preparation: Education. Preparation: Education. Preparation: Education
VOWEL ERRORS: THE LOST WORLD OF SPEECH INTERVENTION The Journey to Vowelerria An adventure across familiar territory child speech intervention leading to uncommon terrain vowel errors, Ph.D., CCC-SLP 03-15-14
More informationANNUAL REPORT SCHOOL OF COMMUNICATION SCIENCES & DISORDERS FACULTY OF MEDICINE
ANNUAL REPORT 2006-2007 SCHOOL OF COMMUNICATION SCIENCES & DISORDERS FACULTY OF MEDICINE Submitted by: Shari R. Baum, Ph.D. Director 23 July 2007 Section I Description of Unit Mission statement The mission
More informationInnovative Methods for Teaching Engineering Courses
Innovative Methods for Teaching Engineering Courses KR Chowdhary Former Professor & Head Department of Computer Science and Engineering MBM Engineering College, Jodhpur Present: Director, JIETSETG Email:
More informationSpeech Recognition at ICSI: Broadcast News and beyond
Speech Recognition at ICSI: Broadcast News and beyond Dan Ellis International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley CA Outline 1 2 3 The DARPA Broadcast News task Aspects of ICSI
More informationThe Political Engagement Activity Student Guide
The Political Engagement Activity Student Guide Internal Assessment (SL & HL) IB Global Politics UWC Costa Rica CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO THE POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT ACTIVITY 3 COMPONENT 1: ENGAGEMENT 4 COMPONENT
More informationIndex. Language Test (ANELT), 29, 235 auditory comprehension, 4,58, 100 Blissymbolics, 305
A Aachen Aphasia Test (AAT), 60-61, 70-73, 80, 233-234, 246, 250, 310-.311 Agraphia, 59 Alexia, 59 Amer-Ind Code, 354-355, 359-360 Amsterdam Nimmejen Everyday Language Test (ANELT), 29, 235 Aphasia amnestic,
More informationSpecial Educational Needs Policy (including Disability)
Special Educational Needs Policy (including Disability) To be reviewed annually Chair of Governors, Lyn Schlich Signed January 2017 East Preston Infant School SPECIAL EDUCATION NEEDS [SEN] POLICY CONTENTS
More informationLanguage Acquisition Chart
Language Acquisition Chart This chart was designed to help teachers better understand the process of second language acquisition. Please use this chart as a resource for learning more about the way people
More informationTRANSITIVITY IN THE LIGHT OF EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS
TRANSITIVITY IN THE LIGHT OF EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS Stéphane ROBERT CNRS-LLACAN and Labex EFL, Paris stephane.robert@cnrs.fr SLE 2016, Naples Introduction A joint work with neuroscientists Experiment
More informationCS 598 Natural Language Processing
CS 598 Natural Language Processing Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere!"#$%&'&()*+,-./012 34*5665756638/9:;< =>?@ABCDEFGHIJ5KL@
More informationBayley scales of Infant and Toddler Development Third edition
Bayley scales of Infant and Toddler Development Third edition Carol Andrew, EdD,, OTR Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA Revision goals Update
More informationBeeson, P. M. (1999). Treating acquired writing impairment. Aphasiology, 13,
Pure alexia is a well-documented syndrome characterized by impaired reading in the context of relatively intact spelling, resulting from lesions of the left temporo-occipital region (Coltheart, 1998).
More informationLinguistics. The School of Humanities
Linguistics The School of Humanities Ch a i r Nancy Niedzielski Pr o f e s s o r Masayoshi Shibatani Stephen A. Tyler Professors Emeriti James E. Copeland Philip W. Davis Sydney M. Lamb Associate Professors
More informationNew Ways of Connecting Reading and Writing
Sanchez, P., & Salazar, M. (2012). Transnational computer use in urban Latino immigrant communities: Implications for schooling. Urban Education, 47(1), 90 116. doi:10.1177/0042085911427740 Smith, N. (1993).
More informationLecture 2: Quantifiers and Approximation
Lecture 2: Quantifiers and Approximation Case study: Most vs More than half Jakub Szymanik Outline Number Sense Approximate Number Sense Approximating most Superlative Meaning of most What About Counting?
More informationListening and Speaking Skills of English Language of Adolescents of Government and Private Schools
Listening and Speaking Skills of English Language of Adolescents of Government and Private Schools Dr. Amardeep Kaur Professor, Babe Ke College of Education, Mudki, Ferozepur, Punjab Abstract The present
More informationIMPROVING SPEAKING SKILL OF THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMK 17 AGUSTUS 1945 MUNCAR THROUGH DIRECT PRACTICE WITH THE NATIVE SPEAKER
IMPROVING SPEAKING SKILL OF THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMK 17 AGUSTUS 1945 MUNCAR THROUGH DIRECT PRACTICE WITH THE NATIVE SPEAKER Mohamad Nor Shodiq Institut Agama Islam Darussalam (IAIDA) Banyuwangi
More informationFirst Grade Curriculum Highlights: In alignment with the Common Core Standards
First Grade Curriculum Highlights: In alignment with the Common Core Standards ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS Foundational Skills Print Concepts Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features
More informationSPEECH LANGAUGE PATHOLOGHY HANDBOOK
e SPEECH LANGAUGE PATHOLOGHY HANDBOOK Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Allied Health Updated Spring 2017 Table of Contents DEPARTMENT... 3 Vision Statement... 3 Mission Statement...
More informationCELTA. Syllabus and Assessment Guidelines. Third Edition. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations 1 Hills Road Cambridge CB1 2EU United Kingdom
CELTA Syllabus and Assessment Guidelines Third Edition CELTA (Certificate in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) is accredited by Ofqual (the regulator of qualifications, examinations and
More informationWord Stress and Intonation: Introduction
Word Stress and Intonation: Introduction WORD STRESS One or more syllables of a polysyllabic word have greater prominence than the others. Such syllables are said to be accented or stressed. Word stress
More informationWhole School Evaluation REPORT. Tigh Nan Dooley Special School Carraroe, County Galway Roll Number: 20329B
An Roinn Oideachais agus Scileanna Department of Education and Skills Whole School Evaluation REPORT Tigh Nan Dooley Special School Carraroe, County Galway Roll Number: 20329B Date of inspection: 19 September
More informationOVERVIEW OF CURRICULUM-BASED MEASUREMENT AS A GENERAL OUTCOME MEASURE
OVERVIEW OF CURRICULUM-BASED MEASUREMENT AS A GENERAL OUTCOME MEASURE Mark R. Shinn, Ph.D. Michelle M. Shinn, Ph.D. Formative Evaluation to Inform Teaching Summative Assessment: Culmination measure. Mastery
More informationEvolution of Symbolisation in Chimpanzees and Neural Nets
Evolution of Symbolisation in Chimpanzees and Neural Nets Angelo Cangelosi Centre for Neural and Adaptive Systems University of Plymouth (UK) a.cangelosi@plymouth.ac.uk Introduction Animal communication
More informationTo appear in The TESOL encyclopedia of ELT (Wiley-Blackwell) 1 RECASTING. Kazuya Saito. Birkbeck, University of London
To appear in The TESOL encyclopedia of ELT (Wiley-Blackwell) 1 RECASTING Kazuya Saito Birkbeck, University of London Abstract Among the many corrective feedback techniques at ESL/EFL teachers' disposal,
More informationPiano Safari Sight Reading & Rhythm Cards for Book 1
Piano Safari Sight Reading & Rhythm Cards for Book 1 Teacher Guide Table of Contents Sight Reading Cards Corresponding Repertoire Bk. 1 Unit Concepts Teacher Guide Page Number Introduction 1 Level A Unit
More informationAging and the Use of Context in Ambiguity Resolution: Complex Changes From Simple Slowing
Cognitive Science 30 (2006) 311 345 Copyright 2006 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. All rights reserved. Aging and the Use of Context in Ambiguity Resolution: Complex Changes From Simple Slowing Karen Stevens
More informationBiomedical Sciences (BC98)
Be one of the first to experience the new undergraduate science programme at a university leading the way in biomedical teaching and research Biomedical Sciences (BC98) BA in Cell and Systems Biology BA
More informationInternational Conference on Education and Educational Psychology (ICEEPSY 2012)
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 69 ( 2012 ) 984 989 International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology (ICEEPSY 2012) Second language research
More informationDeveloping phonological awareness: Is there a bilingual advantage?
Applied Psycholinguistics 24 (2003), 27 44 Printed in the United States of America DOI: 10.1017.S014271640300002X Developing phonological awareness: Is there a bilingual advantage? ELLEN BIALYSTOK, SHILPI
More informationRecommended Guidelines for the Diagnosis of Children with Learning Disabilities
Recommended Guidelines for the Diagnosis of Children with Learning Disabilities Bill Colvin, Mary Sue Crawford, Oliver Foese, Tim Hogan, Stephen James, Jack Kamrad, Maria Kokai, Carolyn Lennox, David Schwartzbein
More informationProfessional Practices in Engineering, An Introduction for Second Year Civil Engineering Students
Professional Practices in Engineering, An Introduction for Second Year Civil Engineering Students Edward F. Glynn and Frank E. Falcone Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Villanova University,
More informationPethau weird ac atmosphere gwych Conflict sites in Welsh-English mixed nominal constructions
Pethau weird ac atmosphere gwych Conflict sites in Welsh-English mixed nominal constructions Marika Fusser, M. Carmen Parafita Couto, Peredur Davies, Bastien Boutonnet, Guillaume Thierry (Bangor University)
More informationTHE USE OF TINTED LENSES AND COLORED OVERLAYS FOR THE TREATMENT OF DYSLEXIA AND OTHER RELATED READING AND LEARNING DISORDERS
FC-B204-040 THE USE OF TINTED LENSES AND COLORED OVERLAYS FOR THE TREATMENT OF DYSLEXIA AND OTHER RELATED READING AND LEARNING DISORDERS Over the past two decades the use of tinted lenses and colored overlays
More informationRote rehearsal and spacing effects in the free recall of pure and mixed lists. By: Peter P.J.L. Verkoeijen and Peter F. Delaney
Rote rehearsal and spacing effects in the free recall of pure and mixed lists By: Peter P.J.L. Verkoeijen and Peter F. Delaney Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L, & Delaney, P. F. (2008). Rote rehearsal and spacing
More information2. CONTINUUM OF SUPPORTS AND SERVICES
Continuum of Supports and Services 2. CONTINUUM OF SUPPORTS AND SERVICES This section will review a five-step process for accessing supports and services examine each step to determine who is involved
More informationIllinois WIC Program Nutrition Practice Standards (NPS) Effective Secondary Education May 2013
Illinois WIC Program Nutrition Practice Standards (NPS) Effective Secondary Education May 2013 Nutrition Practice Standards are provided to assist staff in translating policy into practice. This guidance
More informationGERM 3040 GERMAN GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION SPRING 2017
GERM 3040 GERMAN GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION SPRING 2017 Instructor: Dr. Claudia Schwabe Class hours: TR 9:00-10:15 p.m. claudia.schwabe@usu.edu Class room: Old Main 301 Office: Old Main 002D Office hours:
More informationMobile Technology Selection Apps for Communication and Cognition
Mobile Technology Selection Apps for Communication and Cognition Joan L. Green, M.A. CCC-SLP 6/7/13 Innovative Speech Therapy www.innovativespeech.com Joan@innovativespeech.com Whirlwind Tour of Top App
More informationOn Human Computer Interaction, HCI. Dr. Saif al Zahir Electrical and Computer Engineering Department UBC
On Human Computer Interaction, HCI Dr. Saif al Zahir Electrical and Computer Engineering Department UBC Human Computer Interaction HCI HCI is the study of people, computer technology, and the ways these
More informationSouth Carolina English Language Arts
South Carolina English Language Arts A S O F J U N E 2 0, 2 0 1 0, T H I S S TAT E H A D A D O P T E D T H E CO M M O N CO R E S TAT E S TA N DA R D S. DOCUMENTS REVIEWED South Carolina Academic Content
More informationEvery curriculum policy starts from this policy and expands the detail in relation to the specific requirements of each policy s field.
1. WE BELIEVE We believe a successful Teaching and Learning Policy enables all children to be effective learners; to have the confidence to take responsibility for their own learning; understand what it
More informationAn Interactive Intelligent Language Tutor Over The Internet
An Interactive Intelligent Language Tutor Over The Internet Trude Heift Linguistics Department and Language Learning Centre Simon Fraser University, B.C. Canada V5A1S6 E-mail: heift@sfu.ca Abstract: This
More information