2,1 .,,, , %, ,,,,,,. . %., Butterworth,)?.(1989; Levelt, 1989; Levelt et al., 1991; Levelt, Roelofs & Meyer, 1999
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1 (2006)? : : ( ) $ % 24 ( ) 200 ( ) ) ( % : % % % Butterworth)? (1989; Levelt 1989; Levelt et al 1991; Levelt Roelofs & Meyer 1999 () "
2 2 ) ( ) ( Brown & McNeill 1966; Morton ; :) " " (Oldfield & Wingfield 1964 " Butterworth ; Dell ; Garrett ; Kempen & Huijbers :) (1983; Levelt ; Patterson & Shewell 1987 Levelt ( ) " formulator % : formulator " " " lemma) + * )* (Kempen & Huijbers Kempen & Hoenkamp ( Butterworth 1992 ) Levelt ) ) (Levelt ( Levelt & Wheeldon 1994 Ellis and Young (1988) "
3 3 : (speech output lexicon) % (phonological buffer) % " (tip of the tongue-tot) " " (slips of the tongue) Fromkin 1971; ) ( Ò) (Ô ÊÓ ÁÓ ) " " (Garrett 1976; Levelt et al 1991; Schriefers Meyer & Levelt 1990 ) % Brown 1991; Brown &) ( (McNeill 1966 Levelt et al (1991) Schriefers et al (1990) (fmri MEG) Heim Opitz & Friedrici 2002; Indefrey & Levelt 2000; Levelt) (Praamstra Meyer Helenius & Salmelin 1998 % % (paraphasias ) Ellis & Young 1988; Hadar Jones & Mate-Kole 1987; ;2002 ;2003 ) (Kay & Ellis 1987; Lambon-Ralph Sage & Roberts ( ) ( ) " " % (Kay & Ellis 1987) 1
4 4 % % ) " " (Kay & Ellis 1987; Le Dorze & Nespoulous 1989 ( ) (approximations) " " (- - / / :) 2(Ellis & Young 1988) % ;2003 ) (2002 Ellis and Young (1988) (phonological encoding) (Butterworth 1992) (Levelt ) (Levelt & Wheeldon 1994) Levelt ;) % ) "slots-and-fillers" " ( Butterworth 1992 ) (fillers) ( segment-to-frame-association % (slots $ (Levelt et al 1999; Nickels 1997) : % ( ) 2
5 5 ÈÙ ƒá ($ ) )1 ) :(exchanges / spoonerism) ( ) ƒaea ËeÁ ( ) )»Ó +23 ( ) ˆ :(anticipatory substitutions) ( ) 4 ( ) 4ÂÚ ( ) Ò :(perseveratory substitutions) ( " (Meyer 1992; Shattuck-Hufnagel 1992)? % Levelt "? % / < ' 3 / < : gavitim gave it to him : syllabification " "" < : Dell (1988) " slots Butterworth (1992) (' CVC CV) ( ) " " Levelt et al (1999) Levelt ( ) Roelofs and Meyer (1998) onset nucleus) implicit priming " Cholin Schiller and Levelt (2004) (coda Levelt and Wheeldon (1994)-C Butterworth (1989)
6 6 Caramazza % Chialant Capasso and Miceli (2000) ) (Romani Olson Semenza & Grana 2002 Levelt ( ) " " " (feel like playing ) peel like flaying : (eel peel) % " p % implicit form Roelofs and Meyer (1998) priming Levelt ) ( ) ( ( ) ( "") (Ellis & Young 1988) ' ' ' ' ' '
7 7 ' ' ' ' (Levelt et al 1999; Roelofs & Meyer 1998 ) % (Levelt 1989; 1992 :) ( ) ) ( Lambon Ralph et al (2000) ( ) % " " %
8 8 ) (57;3 38 ( 1 ) " : (Howard & Patterson 1992) Pyramids and Palmtrees (1 : ) 50 $ $ 90% " 985% ( (2 12 ( PALPA 47 ) : (Gil & Edelstein 2001 : ; Kay Lesser & Coltheart 1992) PALPA 47 (1 ( 875% ) " % (2 (' :) :) (3 10 (""
9 9 ( 1 ) " 1) : ( $ 7 % 1 24 % ) (30 30 : (* /1 3 : ) ) : : / ; +/* + +0 : ) (3? / /3 / : / ; ) () - : (? 30 % : ( 3 33 : )
10 % 83% 47% 2 = 8712 p < = 072 p = 39 53% 2 % % 4 ( ) A ( ) ( ) : ; : ; ( CV ) ; 5 3 Caramazza and Hillis (1990) Butterworth (1989) : 4 Butterworth (1992) 5
11 11 : ) (Butterworth 1989; Levelt & Wheeldon 1994 ) ( : 208 % : ( 8 ") )? : : ( 3 ")? % : 11 " 44 " ) ) - : : ( 35 ") * 3? 3 : : ( 118 ") * * 3 3 : 153 " : 8 (CV ) 118 * *1 *1 * )3 * * B3% 23 (CV ) 153 $+%? + ++?)2? 3 : 6
12 12 ( ) ) ( ) :1 ( : ( ) (153/208) ( ) ( ) % " 7 "**3" CV " "** 31"
13 13 ( ) % ( ) % : 8? / 31? / 31 * /* 1 : : % (sonority) " " :) (? 3 % " % 8 31 (3 /3? ) )+ ) 3 ) (?? / )?)2 "" (cv) "+ " " +" " + " : (33 ) (?31) (3? / /3 / + / 3) " " $ " " " " 8
14 14 (** ) ( / /2 :) (+? 3 +? / 3? 3?/ 3) 3 % % ) ( ( ) (Levelt et al 1999; Roelofs & Meyer 1998 ) % % : " ( ) % % %
15 15 : " " interference " Brown & McNeill 1966; Ellis & Young 1988; Garrett 1976; ) ( Fromkin 1971; Levelt et al 1998; Schriefers Meyer & Levelt 1990 Levelt et al 1999; ) (Roelofs & Meyer 1998 (Levelt ) % ( ) :
16 (Levelt ) (Levelt et al 1999; Roelofs & Meyer 1998 ) ( ) % Levelt et al (1999) Levelt ( ) Dell (1988) Butterworth (1989) (' CVC CV) priming ) Roelofs & Meyer (1998) ( : ) (CVCCVC yanshuf Levelt " 9
17 17 " Levelt et al (1999) % (cv) + %?( ) : +? -+% + - * ** * : $ )3 * ** * +1??1 * *1 *1 * : segment-to-frame- association ++? 3 ) 3 3 : %++ ) Biran Gvion & Friedmann 2003; Friedmann & Gvion 2001; (Lambon Ralph & Ellis 1997; Marshall & Newcombe 1973 % Shattuck-Hufnagel (1992)
18 Biran M Gvion A & Friedmann N (2003 August) When read becomes a road: Two case-studies of visual dyslexia in Hebrew The 4 th Science of Aphasia conference Trieste Italy Brown A S (1991) A review of the tip-of-the-tongue experience Psychological Bulletin Brown R & McNeill D (1966) The "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour Butterworth B (1989) Lexical access in speech production In W Marslen-Wilson (Ed) Lexical representation and process Cambridge MA: MIT Press Butterworth B (1992) Disorders of phonological encoding Cognition
19 19 Caramazza A Chialant D Capasso R & Miceli G (2000) Separable processing of consonants and vowels Nature Caramazza A & Hillis A E (1990) Where do semantic errors come from? Cortex Cholin J Schiller N O & Levelt W J M (2004) The preparation of syllables in speech production Journal of Memory and Language Dell G S (1986) A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production Psychological Review Dell G S (1988) The retrieval of phonological forms in production: Tests of predictions from a connectionist model Journal of Memory and Language Ellis A W & Young A W (1988) Human cognitive neuropsychology Hove UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd Friedmann N & Gvion A (2001) Letter position dyslexia Cognitive Neuropsychology Fromkin V (1971) The non-anomalous nature of anomalous utterances Language Garrett M (1976) Syntactic processes in sentence production In Wales R J and Walker E (Eds) New approaches to language mechanisms (pp ) Amsterdam: North-Holland Garrett M (1992) Disorders of lexical selection Cognition Gil M & Edelstein C (2001) Hebrew version of the PALPA Ra anana Israel: Loewenstein Hospital Rehabilitation Center Hadar U Jones C & Mate-Kole C (1987) The disconnection in anomic aphasia between semantic and phonological lexicons Cortex Heim St Opitz B & Friederici A D (2002) Broca's area in the human brain is involved in the selection of grammatical gender for language production: Evidence from event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging Neuroscience Letters Howard D & Patterson K E (1992) Pyramids and Palmtrees: A test of semantic access from words and pictures Bury St Edmunds Suffolk: Thames Valley Test Company Howard D & Smith K (2002) The effects of lexical stress in aphasic word production Aphasiology Indefrey P & Levelt W J M (2000) The neural correlates of language production In M S Gazzaniga (Ed) The new cognitive neurosciences (pp ) Cambridge MA: MIT Press Kay J & Ellis A (1987) A cognitive neuropsychological case study of anomia Implications for psychological models of word retrieval Brain Kay J Lesser R & Coltheart M (1992) Psycholinguistic assessments of language processing in aphasia (PALPA) Hove: Erlbaum Kempen G & Huijbers P (1983) The lexicalization process in sentence production and naming: indirect election of words Cognition Kempen G & Hoenkamp E ( 1987) An incremental procedural grammar for sentence formulation Cognitive Science
20 20 Lambon Ralph M A & Ellis A W (1997) "Patterns of paralexia" revised: Report of a case of visual dyslexia Cognitive Neuropsychology Lambon Ralph M A Sage K & Roberts J (2000) Classical anomia: A neuropsychological perspective on speech production Neuropsychologia Le Dorze G & Nespoulous J L (1989) Anomia in moderate aphasia: Problems in accessing the lexical representation Brain and Language Levelt W J M (1989) Speaking: From intention to articulation Cambridge MA: MIT Press Levelt W J M (1992) Accessing words in speech production: Stages processes and representations Cognition Levelt W J M Praamstra P Meyer AS Helenius P & Salmelin R (1998) An MEG study of picture naming Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Levelt W J M Roelofs A & Meyer A S (1999) A theory of lexical access in speech production Behavioral and Brain Sciences Levelt W J M Schriefers H Voberg D Meyer A S Pechmann T & Havinga J (1991) The time course of lexical access in speech production: A study of picture naming Psychological Review Levelt W J M & Wheeldon L (1994) Do speakers have access to a mental syllabary? Cognition Marshall J C & Newcombe F (1973) Patterns of paralexia: A psycholinguistic approach Journal of Psycholinguistic Research Meyer A S (1992) Investigation of phonological encoding through speech error analyses: Achievements limitations and alternatives Cognition Morton J (1969) Interaction of information in word recognition Psychological Review Morton J (1979) Facilitation in word recognition: Experiments causing change in the logogen model In P A Kohlers M E Wrolstad and H Bouma (Eds) Proceedings of the conference on the processing of visible language (pp ) New York: Plenum Nickels L (1997) Spoken word production and its breakdown in aphasia Hove UK: Psychology Press Nickels L & Howard D (1999) Effects of lexical stress on aphasic word production Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics Oldfield R C & Wingfield A (1964) The time it takes to name an object Nature Patterson K & Shewell C (1987) Speak and spell: Dissociation and word-class effects In M Coltheart R Job & G Sartori (Eds) The cognitive neuropsychology of language Hove UK: Erlbaum Roelofs A & Meyer A S (1998) Metrical structure in planning the production of spoken words Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition Romani C Olson A Semenza C & Grana A (2002) Patterns of phonological errors as a function of a phonological versus an articulatory locus of impairment Cortex
21 21 Schriefers h Meyer A S & Levelt W J M (1990) Exploring the time course of lexical access in language production: Picture-word interference studies Journal of Memory and Cognition Shattuck-Hufnagel S (1992) The role of word structure in segmental serial ordering Cognition : (2003) (2002)
22 22 8 (CT " ) : CVA CVA 15 CVA 4 3 CVA CVA CVA CVA CVA 51 2 CVA CVA CVA CVA TBI CVA CVA TBI 12 2 CVA CVA 70 1 CVA CVA CVA 56 (Traumatic Brain Injury) TBI % : (Cerebro-Vascular Accident) CVA
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