Rhythm' Hypothesis'&'research'quesFons' Aspects'of'the'rhythm'in'FinSL'and'SSL' The*rhythm*of*signing*is*different*between*FinSL*and*SSL.
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1 The12 th conferenceontheore&cal*issues*in*sign*language*research(tislr12),melbourne,australia,4 7January,2016. Rhythm Rhythmofcolorshades AspectsoftherhythminFinSLandSSL TommiJantunen, 1 JohannaMesch, 2 AnnaPuupponen 3 1,3 SignLanguageCentre,UniversityofJyväskylä,Finland 2 DepartmentofLinguisFcs,StockholmUniversity,Sweden TherhythmistheorganizaFonofunitsinFme. Tohavearhythmmeansthattherearesomesortofsequences(withabeat,a peakofprominence),thatis,(structured)eventsthatoccurin-temporalsuccession;thesequencingmayberegularorirregular. Languagesaresequencedbysyllables,words/signs,phrases,sentences;a linguisfcsequencemaybemarkedforitsbordersor/andforitsareaandthe phone5c-characteris5cs-ofthesemarkerscontributetothe-rhythmic-feel-of-alanguage. Rhythmofspeech ALLEN,GeorgeD.,Wilbur,RonnieB.&Schick,BrendaB.(1991).AspectsofRhythminASL.Sign*Language*Studies*72:435`483. LOEHR,Daniel (2007).Aspectsofrhythmingestureandspeech.Gesture7(2):179`214. PATEL,AniruddhD.(2006).MusicalRhythm,LinguisFcRhythm,and HumanEvoluFon.Music*Percep&on1(24):99`104. PATEL,A.D.&Daniele,J.R.(2003).Anempiricalcomparisonofrhythminlanguageandmusic. Cogni&on,87:B35 B45. RAMUS,Franck,Nespor,Marina&Mehler,Jacques(1999).CorrelatesoflinguisFcrhythminthespeechsignal.Cogni&on* 73:265`292. Rhythmofblinking(addressee seyeaperturechanges) OnrhythminSLs RhythmicallycentralborderandareamarkersinspokenlanguageincludeduraFonal lengthening,pitchchanges,andtheorderingofvowels. InSL,theexistenceofmanualandvariousnonmanualarFculatorsmakesthenumber ofphonefccorrelatesofborderanddomainmarkershigherthanthatinspoken language. InSL,theareasandbordersofrhythmicalsequenceshavebeenclaimedtobemarked bydura5onsand/ortemporalbalancingofsequence-final-elements,velocity-peaks, side`to`sidebody-movements,sentencefinalnods,blinks,etc. NaFvesignershaveaninner-feel-of-the-rhythmofsigning. Rhythmofdominanthandindexfingervelocity Hypothesis&researchquesFons The*rhythm*of*signing*is*different*between*FinSL*and*SSL.* 1. ArethesignduraFonandsigningspeeddifferentin FinSLandSSL? 2. AreheadnodsaligneddifferentlyintermsofsyntacFc unitsinfinslandssl? 3. Arethemovementsoftheheaddistributeddifferently intermsoftheiramplitude(bigness,smallness)in FinSLandSSLsentences? ALLEN,GeorgeD.,Wilbur,RonnieB.&Schick,BrendaB.(1991).AspectsofRhythminASL.Sign*Language*Studies*72:435`483. BOYESBraem, Penny(1999).RhythmicTemporalPagernsintheSigningofDeafEarlyandLateLearnersofSwissGermanSignLanguage.Language*and*Speech* 42(2`3):177`208. LOEHR,Daniel(2007).Aspectsofrhythmingestureandspeech.Gesture7(2):179`214. RAMUS,Franck,Nespor,Marina& Mehler,Jacques(1999).CorrelatesoflinguisFcrhythminthespeechsignal.Cogni&on*73:265`292. SANDLER,Wendy(2012).Visualprosody.InR. Pfau,M.Steinbach&B.Woll(Eds.),Sign*language:*An*interna&onal*handbook,55 76.Berlin:MoutonDeGruyter.
2 Maindata 10signers(4male,6female),age20`30 Task:signingacartoon Snowman(3male,2female) Frogstory(1male,4female) DuraFonofvideo:35min,18sec Annotatedforsigns,translaFonsandhead movementsinelan. Computer`visiondataonheadposeangle. 10signers(4male,6female),age30`40 Task:signingacartoon Snowman(1male,4female) Frogstory(3male,2female) DuraFonofvideo:29min,35sec Annotatedfor(signs,)translaFonsand headmovementsinelan. Computer`visiondataonheadposeangle. Data&method FinSL- SSL- ResearchquesFon1 ARE-THE-SIGN-DURATION-AND-SIGNING- SPEED-DIFFERENT-IN-FinSL-AND-SSL?- DirectcomparisonofsignduraFonsandsigningspeednot possibleduetodifferencesinannotafonconvenfons. 30-second-strecth-of-signing-fromeachsigner(5+5minutes, 10+10signers),extractedfromthemiddle-of-the-story. DuraFonsofsignsannotatedinELANbyone-annotator-who wasfamiliarwithbothlanguages. Altogether645FinSLsignsand572SSLsigns. Jantunen,T.(2015).Howlongisthesign?Linguis&cs53(1),93`124. WALLIN,Lars&Johanna Mesch(2015).Annoteringskonven&oner*för*teckenspråkstexter.Version6.Stockholms universitet,insftufonenförlingvisfk,avdelningenförteckenspråk.
3 Results signdurafon Results signingspeed Signingspeed=numberofsigns/30seconds FinSL:-64.5-signs-per-30-seconds-inaverage(SD=15.34) SSL:-57.2-signs-per-30-seconds-inaverage(SD=8.19) Thedifferenceisnot-sta5s5cally-significant- (p=0.2008;unpairedtwo`tailedt`test) FinSLaverageduraFon0.37secs(SD=0.26),SSLaverageduraFon0.42secs(SD=0.27).ThedifferenceisstaFsFcallyvery significant(p=0.0019;unpairedtwo`tailedttest). Discussion PlentyofindividualvariaFoninbothlanguages. FinSLsignerswereyoungerthanSSLsignersinaverage. FinSLsignerstendedtotellthestories,SSLsigners tendedtopresentthestories. Theobserved(rhythmical)similariFesanddifferences maybelinkedtosigners ageandpresentafonstyle. FERRARA,L.&Johnston,T.(2014).ElaboraFngWhosWhat:AStudyofConstructedAcFonandClauseStructureinAuslan (AustralianSignLanguage).Australian*Journal*of*Linguis&cs*34:2,193`215. JANTUNEN,Tommi(2013).SignsandtransiFons:Do theydifferphonefcallyanddoesitmager?sign*language*studies*13:2,211`237. MESCH,Johanna&Börstell,Calle(2015).Vem tecknarfortast?temadagdet*händer*med*händer*igen.stockholmsuniversitetet,8maj2015. ResearchquesFon2 SigningspeedinbothFinSLandSSLisca.2-signs-per-1-second- ARE-HEAD-NODS-ALIGNED-DIFFERENTLY-IN-TERMS- OF-SYNTACTIC-UNITS-IN-FinSL-AND-SSL?-
4 Data&method Data=the-main-data-(ca.30+30minutesofvideomaterial includingsigningfrom10+10signers,withannotafons). OnthebasisoftheannotaFonsinthedata,thenodswere classifiedbyoneoftheresearchersaseithernods-occurringon-syntac5c-boundaries(i.e.on`boundarynods)orothersentence/clausexinternal-nods;thetwocategorieswere furtherdividedintosubcategories. Thesubcategoriesofnods PUUPPONEN,A.;Wainio,T.;Burger,B.&Jantunen,T.(2015).HeadmovementsinFinnishSign LanguageonthebasisofMoFonCapturedata:astudyoftheformandfuncFonofnods, nodding,headthrusts,andheadpulls.sign*language*&*linguis&cs18(1),41`89. SubXcategory- Sentence`internalother Wholesentence Sentence`internalX OnXboundary-nods- SubXcategory- Explana5on- Sentence`final Duringorarerthelastsign(s)ofasentence Sentence`iniFal Duringthefirstsign(s)ofasentence Sentenceborder Ontheborderbetweentwosentences Inter`sentenFal Duringapausebetweentwosentences Sentence`internalboundary Duringaclauseorphraseboundary Sentence`internallisFng SeparaFngelementsinmulFpleco`ordinaFon Other-clause/sentenceXinternal-nods- Explana5on- FuncFonssuchasemphasisoraffirmaFon Duringawholesentence Unclearcases Results(1) Results(2) Thetotalnumberofnodsinall tenstorieswas212. Thenumberofnodsperstoryin averagewas21.2. NB!Inaverage,FinSLstorieswere durafonallylongerthanssl stories. Inaverage,80%ofallnodswere producedonasyntacfcborder. FinSL- SSL- Thetotalnumberofnodsinall tenstorieswas107. Thenumberofnodsperstoryin averagewas10.7. NB!Inaverage,SSLstorieswere durafonallyshorterthanfinsl stories. Inaverage,73%ofallnodswere producedonasyntacfcborder. AtendencytoproduceaheadnodsentenceXfinally-inbothlanguages(FinSL46%,SSL35%) althoughnodswerefoundfromother(e.g.sentence`inifal)posifonstoo. Plentyofindividual-varia5on-intheoccurrencefrequencyofnods:
5 Discussion ThepagernsinwhichheadnodsalignedwithsyntacFcunitswerevery similarinbothlanguages. However,alsosomedifferenceswerefound Do-these-differencesindicate-about-a-rhythmic-difference-between-the-two-languages? Weconsiderthatthedifferencesareexplainablebytheindividualvaria5on-foundinthedataandbythedifferencesinthestrategy-signers usedintheconstrucfonoftheirstories(tellingvs.showing). TheindicateddifferencesaresignerXspecific,notlanguage`wide. PFAU,R.&Quer,J.(2010).Nonmanuals:TheirprosodicandgrammaFcalroles.InD.Brentari(Ed.),Sign*Languages:*A* Cambridge*language*survey,381`402.Cambridge:CUP. PUUPPONEN,A.;Wainio,T.;Burger,B.&Jantunen,T.(2015).Head movementsinfinnishsignlanguageonthebasisofmofoncapturedata:astudyoftheformandfuncfonofnods,nodding, headthrusts,andheadpulls.sign*language*&*linguis&cs18(1),41`89. WILBUR,R.B.(2000).Phonologicalandprosodic layeringofnonmanualsinasl.ink.emmorey&h.lane(eds.),the*signs*of*language*revisited:*an*anthology*to*honor*ursula* Bellugi*and*Edward*Klima,215`244.Mahwah,NewJersey(USA):LEA. Data 16-declara5ve-sentences-(8forFinSL,8 forssl)producedby8-signers(4+4). Allthesentencesextractedfromthe Snowman-story,inwhichthesentences occurredstory`inifally. Syntac5cally,theproducFonsofeach signercorrespondtocoordinatedtwo` sentencesequences. Seman5cally,allthesequencesexpress thesamecontents(roughly:theboy wakesupandseesthatitissnowing outside). ResearchquesFon3 ARE-THE-MOVEMENTS-OF-THE-HEAD-DISTRIBUTEDDIFFERENTLY-IN-TERMS-OF-THEIR-AMPLITUDE(smallness,-bigness)-IN-FinSL-AND-SSL-SENTENCES?- SLMoFondetecFonofheadposeangles Yaw: Pitch:6.788 Roll: D-numerical-data-onthehead movementsofsignersdescribingthe mofonoftheheadintheyaw,pitch, androll-dimensions. JANTUNEN,T.(forthcoming).ClausalcoordinaFoninFinnishSignLanguage.Studies*in*Language*40. KARPPA,M.,V.Viitaniemi,M. Luzardo,J.LaaksonenandT.Jantunen,"SLMoFon`Anextensiblesignlanguageorientedvideoanalysistool,"inProceedings*of*LREC*2014. Paris:ELRA,pp ,2014. LUZARDO,M.,M.Karppa,J.Laaksonen,T.Jantunen,"HeadposeesFmaFonforsignlanguagevideo," inj.`k.kamarainenandm.koskela(eds.),image*analysis.springer,lecturenotesincomputerscience,vol.7944,pp ,2013. Yaw:`0.516 Pitch:3.897 Roll:0.145 Yaw:` Pitch:0.329 Roll:` KARPPA,M.,V.Viitaniemi,M.Luzardo,J.LaaksonenandT.Jantunen,"SLMoFon`Anextensiblesignlanguageorientedvideoanalysistool," inproceedings*of*lrec*2014.paris:elra,pp ,2014. LUZARDO,M.,M.Karppa,J.Laaksonen,T.Jantunen,"Headpose esfmafonforsignlanguagevideo,"inj.`k.kamarainenandm.koskela(eds.),image*analysis.springer,lecturenotesincomputerscience, Vol.7944,pp ,2013.
6 Takeasentence. InvesFgatethesimilariFesanddifferences betweenthetwolanguagesviavisualobserva5on-andwiththelinearcorrela5oncoxefficient(r). Recipe - Divideitintothree-sequences-inELAN. Calculatethenumerical-range-(R)foryaw, pitchandrollineachsequence. RepeatforeachsentenceinFinSL/SSL. Method Foreachsequenceofbothlanguages, calculatetheaverage-range-foryaw,pitch androll. Results Yaw:theshapesofthelanguage`specific amplitudecurveswerealmostdiametricallyopposed-toeachother(r=`0.95,anear perfectnegafvecorrelafon) Pitch:theshapesofthecurvesweresimply different,showingnolinearcorrelafonat all(r=0.19). Roll:Anotablesimilarityintheresults,that is,theflfng`likemovementwaslargerin theopeningsecfonofsentencesthaninthe closingsecfoninbothfinslandssl(r=1.0, aperfect-posi5ve-correla5on). Theaverageamplitude(indegrees)ofthemovementoftheheadinyaw,pitch, androlldimensionsfortheopening(1),middle(2),andclosing(3)secfonsof8+8 semanfcallyandstructurallycomparablefinslandsslsentences. Discussion(1) Theresultsshowmore-differences-(yawandpitch)than-similari5es-(roll) inthemovementsoftheheadinfinslandsslsentences. Concerningthedifferences,itispossiblethattheyarenotinstancesof language`widerhythmicdifferencesbuttheresultoftheindividualvaria5on-presentinthedata,orevendevia5ons-caused-by-the-headtracking-technology. AsfarasthesimilariFesareconcerned,wefinditveryinteresFngthatin bothlanguagesthemovementoftheheadintherolldimensionwas largerintheearlypartsofsentencesthaninthefinalparts:thisindicates thattheremaybea-rhythmic-similarity-betweenthetwolanguages concerningthewaytheyconstruct(these)sentences. LUZARDO,M.,M.Karppa,J.Laaksonen,T.Jantunen,"HeadposeesFmaFonforsignlanguagevideo,"inJ.`K.KamarainenandM. Koskela(eds.),Image*Analysis.Springer,LectureNotesinComputerScience,Vol.7944,pp ,2013. Discussion(2) TherollmovementsseemtohaveanimportantroleinthemanifestaFonofrhythmiccohesion-of-sentencesalsomoregenerally;e.g.workoncoordinaFoninFinSL: TherolldescriptorshowsthattheheadFltstothesigner srightandbackagainduringtheproducfonof conjuncfvelycoordinatedclauses/sentences. Wespeculatethatthemovementsintheyawandpitchdimensionsareusedfor differentpurposes;asastructural-part-of-lexical-signsaswellastoexpressmany elementary-linguis5c-func5ons-(e.g.negafon,affirmafon,andemphasis). JANTUNEN,T.(forthcoming).ClausalcoordinaFoninFinnishSignLanguage.Studies*in*Language*40. PUUPPONEN,A.(2012).Horisontaalisetja verfkaalisetpäänliikkeetsuomalaisessaviigomakielessä[horizontalandverfcalheadmovementsinfinsl],mathesis,universityofjyväskylä,jyväskylä, Finland. PUUPPONEN,A.;Wainio,T.;Burger,B.&Jantunen,T.(2015).HeadmovementsinFinnishSignLanguageonthebasisofMoFonCapturedata:a studyoftheformandfuncfonofnods,nodding,headthrusts,andheadpulls.sign*language*&*linguis&cs18(1),41`89. SANDLER,W.,I.Meir,S. Dachkovsky,C.Padden&M.Aronoff(2011).Theemergenceofcomplexityinprosodyandsyntax,Lingua121(13),2014`2033.
7 Summary researchquesfons Conclusion 1. Therewasasta5s5cal-difference-in-the-sign-dura5on-butnodifference-in-the-average-signing-speedbetweenFinSLand SSL;signer sageandpresentafonstylemayaffecttheresults. 2. Thealignment-of-head-nods-with-syntac5c-units-was-verysimilarinFinSLandSSL;themaindifferencesmaybe explainedbyindividualvariafonandpresentafonstyle. 3. Thereweremore-differences-than-similari5es-inthewayin whichtheheadmovedintermsofitsamplitudeinfinsland SSLsentences;thesimilarityoftheheadmovementintheroll dimensionmayberelatedtotherhythm. Wehavetested,fromseveralperspecFves,thehypothesis thatthereisarhythmic-differencebetweenfinslandssl. Onthebasisofthepresentdataandresearchsetup,we cannotfindsolidevidencetosupportthehypothesis we foundrhythm`relateddifferences(e.g.signdurafon)but alsomanysimilari5es-(e.g.nodsandrollmovements). Thepresentworkhasfocused-only-on-a-few-aspects-of-therhythm- rhythmisacomplexphenomenonandthefuture workhastoexploreitalsofromotherperspecfves. Thankyou! TheauthorswishtothankcollecFvelyallthewonderfullpeoplewhohave parfcipatedinthisresearch.nopeoplewereharmedintheresearch.the financialsupportoftheacademyoffinland(grants269089&273408for ProGram,and140245forCoBaSiL),EmilAaltonenFoundaFon(juniorresearcher grantfora.puupponen),andriksbankensjubileumsfond(grantin2008`0276`1` IKforKorpusfördetsvenskateckenspråket)isgratefullyacknowledged.
Unit Plan: Meter, Beat, and Time Signatures Music Theory Jenny Knabb The Pennsylvania State University Spring 2015
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