!"#$%&%'($)"+,-$./$)01"1/$2$"#) "+,-$./$)3$($1%45)6"(#'#7#$8)6"49):5'#$);1&$%)<=)*1%-)09):''/)

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "!"#$%&%'($)*"+,-$./$)01"1/$2$"#) *"+,-$./$)3$($1%45)6"(#'#7#$8)6"49):5'#$);1&$%)<=)*1%-)09):''/)"

Imogene Robinson
6 years ago
Views:

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

4 F *HI<:8:121#)&4*&1..&'*,..'#.1$#*3,2*9''#*)1C'#*.$*-,#,)1#)* 8:$;'221$#,&*1#.'&&'5.H*'+,*$>%*65);#*(#*#$(--*56$%+*5+*5.#%/@'.-%*'#:%)$#*56*<=*U*#;)>*'#*,5);&%+$%,* :%/#5+'-* 7+58-%,0%A* 7(+,#* 56* #$/;)$;/'-* 7+58-%,0%* '+,* /%-'$%,* (+65/&'$(5+* (+)5/:5/'$%,* (+* $%)>+5-50"9.'#%,*#"#$%&#*8>(-%*:'"(+0*-%##*'$$%+$(5+*$5*:%/#5+'-*$')($*7+58-%,0%*'+,*7+58-%,0%* %&.%,,%,*(+*5/0'+(N'$(5+'-*#"#$%&#*'+,*:/5)%,;/%#*5/*(&:-()($*(+*:/')$()%#*'+,*$/',($(5+#?** H5$)D+2&$#$"#)!"#$%&%'($) Y+$%/:/(#%#* +%%,* $5*.%* )5&:%$%+$* $5* :%/65/&* 8%--* '+,* :/5#:%/?* * D58%@%/A* ($* (#* 56$%+* -%##* )-%'/* 8>'$* %+$%/:/(#%* )5&:%$%+)%* &%'+#?* * G>%* +5$(5+* 56* H.%(+0* )5&:%$%+$I* (+* '* :'/$();-'/*,5&'(+* 65);#%#* 5+* $>%* '.(-($"* $5* >'+,-%* $'#7#* 8($>(+* $>%*,5&'(+* :/56()(%+$-"* '+,* %66%)$(@%-"* $5* ')>(%@%* #'$(#6')$5/"* 5;$)5&%#?* * =5&:%$%+)%* /%F;(/%#* #%@%/'-* '.(-($(%#* U* $>%* '.(-($"* $5* /%)50+(N%* '+,* ;+,%/#$'+,*$'#7*#($;'$(5+#*8($>(+*$>%*5.R%)$(@%#*'+,*#)5:%*56*$>%(/*)5+$%E$#A*$5*(,%+$(6"*5:$(5+#* '+,*,%)(,%*>58*$5*>'+,-%*$>%*#($;'$(5+#*'+,*$5*')$*'::/5:/('$%-"*$5*(&:-%&%+$*$>%*)>5#%+*')$(5+#* %66%)$(@%-"*8>(-%*'-#5*&5+($5/(+0*$>%*'::/5:/('$%+%##*56*%')>*6')%$?** <+*5;/*)5+$%E$*56*23A*8%*65);#*5+*8'"#*(+*8>()>*7+58-%,0%*)5+$/(.;$%#*$5*)5&:%$%+)%*'+,* >58*239/%-'$%,*(+($('$(@%#*&;#$*.%*)5+#(,%/%,*$5*&'(+$'(+*'+,*.;(-,*($?**X5/*'+*%+$%/:/(#%*$5*.%* )5&:%$%+$*($*&;#$*>'@%*$>%*(+$%--%)$;'-A*6(+'+)('-*'+,*:>"#()'-*/%#5;/)%#*$5*:%/65/&*5:%/'$(5+'-A* $')$()'-* '+,* #$/'$%0()* 85/7* 8%--?* * _%0;-'/* 5:%/'$(5+'-* 85/7* /%#;-$#* (+* :/5@(#(5+* 56* %+$%/:/(#%*,%-(@%/'.-%#*#;)>*'#*/%@%+;%*:/5,;)(+0*:/5,;)$#*'+,*#%/@()%#?**G>%*%+$%/:/(#%*&;#$*)5+#(#$%+$-"* (++5@'$%* '+,* )/%'$%* +%8* :/5,;)$#* '+,* #%/@()%#* $5*.%* )5&:%$($(@%*."* #'$(#6"(+0* );#$5&%/#* '+,* #$'7%>5-,%/#?**<+*',,($(5+A*$>%*%+$%/:/(#%*'#*'*8>5-%*+%%,#*$5*(+($('$%*'+,*>'+,-%*)>'+0%#*8%--A*$5* ',':$*$5*+%8*)5+,($(5+#*."*/%%#$'.-(#>(+0*5:%/'$(5+'-*'+,*&'+'0%/('-*:/')$()%#*'+,*#"#$%&#*'+,* :/5)%,;/%#A* )>'+0%* 5/0'+(N'$(5+'-* #$/;)$;/%#* '+,* (+6/'#$/;)$;/%* $5* 5:%/'$%* %66%)$(@%-"* (+* +%8* )5+$%E$#?* Y@%/"*%+$%/:/(#%*/%F;(/%#*)5&:%$%+)%#*/'+0(+0*6/5&*&'+'0%/('-*'+,* -%',%/#>(:*)5&:%$%+)%* $5*5:%/'$(5+'-*)5&:%$%+)%*."*:%5:-%*8>5*,%-(@%/*,'(-"*5:%/'$(5+'-*85/7?**['#()*.;(-,(+0*.-5)7#*56* %+$%/:/(#%*)5&:%$%+)%*)5+#(#$*56*$>%*)5&:%$%+)%*56*($#*5@%/'--*85/765/)%*U*56*%@%/"*(+,(@(,;'-*'$* '--*-%@%-#*56*$>%*5/0'+(N'$(5+?**<$*(+)-;,%#*$>%*(&:-()($*)5&:%$%+)%*$>'$*(#*:/5@(,%,*."*($#*);-$;/%A*($#* #"#$%&#*'+,*:/5)%,;/%#A*($#*5/0'+(N'$(5+'-*#$/;)$;/%A*($#*&'+'0%&%+$*'+,*5:%/'$(5+'-*:/')$()%#A* ($#* (+6/'#$/;)$;/%A* ($#* /%-'$(5+#>(:* 8($>* #$'7%>5-,%/#* '+,* 5$>%/* )':'.(-($(%#?* * G>%#%* )5&:%$%+)%#* /%#;-$* 6/5&* $>%* <=* '##%$#* U* 7+58-%,0%* U* $>'$* >'@%*.%%+*.;(-$* (+$5* '--* $>%#%* )':'.(-($(%#A*."* ;:0/',(+0* $>%* 85/765/)%* $>/5;0>* %,;)'$(5+* '+,* $/'(+(+0A*."*,%-(.%/'$%*,%#(0+* 56* #"#$%&#* '+,* :/5)%,;/%#*'+,*."*(&:-()($-"*'+,*+5+)5+#)(5;#-"*#%-%)$(+0*'::/5')>%#*$>'$*85/7*.%$$%/?*** 3'+"*)5&:%$%+$*%+$%/:/(#%#*$/"*$5*'@5(,*)5+,($(5+#*8>%/%*85/7%/#*&'"*.%*;+:/%:'/%,*,;%*$5* -')7*56*7+58-%,0%?**<+*#;)>*7+58-%,0%9,%6()(%+$*#($;'$(5+#A*7+58-%,0%9(+$%+#(@%*85/7*#;66%/#*6/5&* #(&:-(6(%,*;+,%/#$'+,(+0*'+,*(+6%/(5/*#($;'$(5+9>'+,-(+0*56*)5&:-()'$%,*#($;'$(5+#*/%#;-$(+0*(+*-%##* $>'+*,%#(/'.-%*:%/65/&'+)%?**YE%);$(@%#*(+*)5&:%$%+$*%+$%/:/(#%#*'$$%&:$*65/*-58%/*/'+7#*$5*.%* :/%:'/%,* $5* &'7%* -%'/+%,* '+,* ';$>5/($'$(@%*,%)(#(5+#*."* :5##%##(+0* #;66()(%+$* 7+58-%,0%* 5/* >'@(+0* '))%##* $5* 5$>%/* #5;/)%#* 56* %E:%/$(#%?* * G>%(/* /'$(5+'-%* (#* $>'$* )5&:%$%+$*,%)(#(5+#* &',%* -5)'--"*8(--*.%*&',%*6'#$%/A*8($>*.%$$%/*;+,%/#$'+,(+0*56*$>%*#($;'$(5+*$>'$*8(--* /%#;-$*(+*F;()7%/* ')$(5+#* 8($>* >(0>%/* 85/7* :/5,;)$* F;'-($"* '+,* )5#$* #'@(+0#?* * W>%+* 85/7%/#* :5##%##* 055,* 1 Quinn et al

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`%+%/'-*Y-%)$/()A*B57('A*T+'-50*a%@()%#*'+,*!T!*<+#$($;$%*>'@%* ')>(%@%,* #;)>* #>'/%,* ;+,%/#$'+,(+0*./5',-"* $>/5;0>5;$* $>%* 5/0'+(N'$(5+?* * b+65/$;+'$%-"a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ock Badaracco 2002 and Lawler & Worley

6 56* 23* ;+65/$;+'$%* #$'$(#$()#* 56* 23* $>'$* +5$* ;:* $5* %E:%)$'$(5+#A* *"+,-$./$8)6"K+%21#'+"8)6"#$--$4#71-)D1&'#1-)1".)6"#$--$4#71-);%+&$%#= J ) G5*.%* %66%)$(@%* (+* '--* $":%#* 56* 85/7A* 8%* 8(--*,(#$(+0;(#>*.%$8%%+* %E(#$(+0* 7+58-%,0%* '+,* +%8* 7+58-%,0%?**X5/*%E'&:-%A*%E(#$(+0*7+58-%,0%*(#*'::/5:/('$%*65/*>'+,-(+0*7+58+*85/7*'+,*$5*.%* '::-(%,*$5*>'+,-%*7+58+*'#:%)$#*56*+%8*)>'--%+0%#?**B%8*7+58-%,0%*(#*,%@%-5:%,*$>/5;0>*_caA* )/%'$(@%*)5--'.5/'$(5+#*'+,*(+*&'+"*5$>%/*8'"#*'#*+%%,%,*$5*>'+,-%*:/%@(5;#-"*;+7+58+*'#:%)$#* 56*)>'--%+0%#*'+,*:/5.-%&'$()*#($;'$(5+#?* 2+58-%,0%*$>'$*(#*+%%,%,*."*%&:-5"%%#*)'+*.%*#%:'/'$%,*(+$5*6(@%*$5:()*'/%'#A*%')>*8>()>*)'+*.%*:5##%##%,*U*5/*5.$'(+%,*6/5&*%E:%/$#A*)5--%'0;%#*5/*<=G*#;::5/$*#"#$%&#*U*'$*,(66%/%+$*-%@%-#*56* )5+)%:$;'-* )5&:/%>%+#(5+?* * ]%5:-%* )'+* :5##%##* 7+58-%,0%* (+* $>%* 65/&* 56* &%+$'-* &5,%-# d * '$*,(66%/%+$* -%@%-#* 56*,%:$>S* '#* /;,(&%+$'/"* ;+,%/#$'+,(+0A* H>589$5I* 5:%/'$(5+'-* ;+,%/#$'+,(+0A*,%%:%/* H#)/(:$I* ;+,%/#$'+,(+0* '+,* 055,* 0%+%/'-* '+,* #)>%&'$()* ;+,%/#$'+,(+0* 56* $>%* '/%'?* * T#* :%5:-%*,%-@%*(+$5*'*7+58-%,0%*'/%'A*$>%"*8(--*,%@%-5:*&%$'7+58-%,0%*56*$>'$*'/%'? e **G>%*6(@%*$5:()* '/%'#*)5+#(,%/%,*>%/%*'/%S* F9 H1(N)Q&$4'K'4)*"+,-$./$S*9*2+58-%,0%*56*>58*$5*:%/65/&*85/7*$'#7#*'+,*>58*$>%#%*/%-'$%*$5*$>%* 5:%/'$(5+'-*'/%'*'+,*$>%*%+$%/:/(#%*U*.%*($*:/56($9&'7(+0*)5/:5/'$(5+#A*#5)(%$'-*.;/%';)/')(%#*5/* :/(@'$%*6'&(-"*;+($#?**G>(#*$5:()*'/%'*'-#5*(+)-;,%#*;+,%/#$'+,(+0*56*'::/5:/('$%*.%>'@(5/?)?9!"#$%&%'($)*"+,-$./$S*9*b+,%/#$'+,(+0*56*$>%*%+$%/:/(#%C#*:/')$()%#*'+,*:5-()(%#A*#$/;)$;/%A* 5:%/'$(5+A*#$/'$%0"A*(+$%+$#*'+,*,(/%)$(5+?**<$*(+)-;,%#*7+58-%,0%*56*:/5,;)$#A*#%/@()%#A*);#$5&%/#A* '+,*#;::-(%/#?**G>%*'/%'*'-#5*(+)-;,%#*;+,%/#$'+,(+0*56*$>%*%+$%/:/(#%C#*/%#5;/)%#A*($#*#$/%+0$>#*'+,* 8%'7+%##%#?) I9 3$-1#'+"(5'&)*"+,-$./$S*9*b+,%/#$'+,(+0*56*#$'7%>5-,%/#*/'+0(+0*6/5&*#;::-(%/#A*);#$5&%/#A* )585/7%/#A*6'&(-"*'+,*6/(%+,#A*'+,*>58*$5*.%>'@%?*G>(#*$5:()*'/%'*'-#5*(+)-;,%#*+'@(0'$(5+'-* 7+58-%,0%*'+,*;+,%/#$'+,(+0*/%-'$(5+#>(:#*8($>(+*$>%*%+$%/:/(#%*'+,*$5*%E$%/+'-*%+$($(%#A* /%-'$(5+#>(:#*$5*%E)>'+0%*(+65/&'$(5+A*'+,*$5*5.$'(+*'##(#$'+)%?) J9 D+"#$R#)*"+,-$./$S*9*b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iscussion of different kinds of knowledge is presented in Wiig On mental models see Johnson-Laird See Kuhn 2000 and Wiig 2004 op. cit. pages 86 &

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f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c* W5/765/)%I* :'/$#* 56* H!$'7%>5-,%/* _%#5;/)%#I* 8>()>* (+)-;,%#* %E:-()($A* %&.%,,%,* '+,* (&:-()($* 7+58-%,0%?* * G>%* 85/765/)%* '##%$#* /%:/%#%+$* 7+58-%,0%* :5##%##%,*."* :%5:-%* '$* '--* -%@%-#* 56* $>%* %+$%/:/(#%?* * D58%@%/A* '--* $>%* * 9 Stewart 1997 and Roos et al

%+$%/:/(#%C#* #$'7%>5-,%/* /%#5;/)%#* &;#$*.%* )5+#(,%/%,* $5*.%* 5+* -5'+* $5* $>%* %+$%/:/(#%* 6/5&* ($#* %&:-5"%%#?* * Y&:-5"%%#* 0%+%/'--"*,5* +5$* (+* '+"* #%+#%* H.%-5+0I* $5* 5/* )'+*.

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f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b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or definitions of worker categories, see below. 10

12 #($;'$(5+#*)'+*5+-"*.%*%E:%)$%,*8($>*;+)%/$'(+$"?**a%$%/&(+'$(5+*56*#$/'$%0()*,(/%)$(5+#A*%+$%/:/(#%* 5/0'+(N'$(5+A*#$/'$%0()*:'/$+%/#*6'--*(+$5*$>(#*)'$%05/"?) M9 D51+#'4):+%N)D51--$"/$(S*9*G>(#*85/7*/%:/%#%+$#*,(66();-$A*+5$*;+,%/#$55,*'+,*(--9,%6(+%,*#($;'$(5+#* $>'$*)'++5$*.%*%E:%)$%,*8($>*'+"*)%/$'(+$"?**G>%"*'/%*;+;#;'-*HW()7%,I*:/5.-%&*#($;'$(5+#*5;$#(,%* %E:%)$%,* 85/7* #)5:%#* $>'$* /%F;(/%* %E:%/$* '+,* %-($%* :%/65/&%/#* '+,* '/%* 56* 0/%'$* %+$%/:/(#%* (&:5/$'+)%?**b+%E:%)$%,*&'/7%$*'+,*$%)>+5-50()'-*)>'--%+0%#*6'--*(+$5*$>(#*)'$%05/"?) A9 _[-14N)Q,1"`)!G$"#(S FF *9*G>%#%*)>'--%+0%#*)'++5$*.%*65/%#%%+*'+,*'/%*$5$'--"*;+%E:%)$%,A*8($>5;$* ;+%E:%)$%,* 5::5/$;+($(%#?* * G>%"* &;#$*.%*,%'-$* 8($>*."* $>%*.%#$* %E:%/$* '+,* %-($%* :%/65/&%/#* '@'(-'.-%?**b+%e:%)$%,*$%//5/(#$*'$$')7#a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b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b+)5&&5+*=5&:-()'$%,*'+,*=5&:-%E*W5/7?) J9 ;$%K+%2)a$"$%1-)01"1/$2$"#)Z7"4#'+"(*U*$5*&'+'0%*'--*-%@%-#*'+,*5:%/'$(5+#*56*$>%*%+$%/:/(#%A* :/%:'/%* $>%* %+$%/:/(#%* $5* >'+,-%* )>'--%+0%#A* %#$'.-(#>* #$/'$%0()* /%-'$(5+#>(:#A*.;(-,*.;,0%$#A*,%@%-5:* :-'+#* '+,* %E:-5/%* 5:$(5+#* '+,* 5::5/$;+($(%#* $5*.%* :;/#;%,?* G>(#* 85/7* &5#$-"* (+@5-@%#* b+)5&&5+*=5&:-()'$%,a*=5&:-%e*'+,*=>'5$()*w5/7?) L9 ;$%K+%2) Q#%1#$/'4) Z7"4#'+"() U* $5*,%@(#%* $>%* %+$%/:/(#%C#* 6;$;/%*."* #>':(+0* ($#* #$/'$%0"A* %#$'.-(#>* %+$%/:/(#%*&'+'0%&%+$*:/(+)(:-%#*'+,*:5-()"*'+,*>'+,-%*,(66();-$*)>'--%+0%#*%66%)$(@%-"?*G>(#*85/7* &5#$-"*(+@5-@%#*=5&:-%E*'+,*=>'5$()*W5/7*'+,*[-')7*!8'+*Y@%+$#?) 11 Taleb

13 X5/*(--;#$/'$(5+*:;/:5#%#A*85/7%/*)5&:%$%+)(%#*65/*'/%'#*JA*O*'+,*M*(+*X(0;/%*M*'/%*#>58+*$5*.%* $>%(/*/'+7#?* 12 Z'/7%$)I9)H5$)!"#$%&%'($)Z7"4#'+"1-)E4#'G'#=)E%$1()6--7(#%1#$.)1()3$/'+"()+K)):+%N$%) D+2&$#$"4'$()1".):+%N)D+2&-$R'#=9)!"#$G+1:#$(.$B()5$ 1=5:"/(0>$*f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b+,%/#$'+,(+0*>58*:%5:-%*'+,*5/0'+(n'$(5+#*>'+,-%*#($;'$(5+#a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g4*+$#1.$:1#)B*** T*#(&:-(6(%,*#)>%&'$()*5@%/@(%8*56*$>%*/%-'$(5+#>(:#*.%$8%%+*$>%#%*65;/*$'#7#*(#*(+,()'$%,*(+* X(0;/%*g?**G>%*;<#5.1$#,&*5,8,91&1.1'2*+%%,%,*$5*5:%/'$(5+'-(N%*%')>*:/(&'/"*$'#7*'/%S*!($;'$(5+'-* T8'/%+%##h* T)$(5+*!:')%* '+,* <++5@'$(5+* =':'.(-($"h* YE%);$(5+* =':'.(-($"h* '+,* `5@%/+'+)%* =5&:%$%+)%*'+,*]%/#:%)$(@%#?**G>%*:/56()(%+)"*56*$>%#%*)':'.(-($(%#*(#*>(0>-"*,%:%+,%+$*;:5+*$>%* %E$%+$* '+,* F;'-($"* 56* 7+58-%,0%* $>'$* :%5:-%* :5##%##* 5/* 5$>%/8(#%* &',%* '@'(-'.-%* $5* $')7-%* $>%* 12 Hock Situation-handling is discussed by Wiig 2004 op. cit. 13

15 $'#7#*."* #;::5/$* #"#$%&#* '+,* ';$5&'$(5+?* * <6* X;+)$(5+'-* =':')($"* 7+58-%,0%* (#* -(&($%,* 5/* )5&:%$%+)%* (#* 5$>%/8(#%* /%,;)%,A* $>%* )':'.(-($(%#* 8(--*.%)5&%* )5+#$/'(+$#* $>'$* /%,;)%* $>%* %66%)$(@%+%##*'+,*:%/65/&'+)%*'+,*$>%/%."*$>%*5@%/'--*:%/65/&'+)%*56*$>%*%+$%/:/(#%?**X(0;/%*g* (+,()'$%#*#5&%*)5++%)$(+0*@'/('.-%#*'+,*:'$>#*'-5+0*8>()>*(+65/&'$(5+*'+,*7+58-%,0%*%+$%/*$>%* :/5)%##?** Situation Knowledge (Action-Oriented Operational and Governance IC Assets) Mental Reference Models Concepts Understandings Judgments Principles Facts Information Sensemaking Situational Awareness Understanding of Situation Decision-Making/ Problem-Solving Action Space and Innovation Capability Decision Implementation Execution Capability Effective Action Corrective Adjustment Feedback Monitoring Feedback Governance Competence and Perspectives Corrective Adjustment Feedback Actions to Change Situation 14 Z'/7%$)J9))H5$);$%(+"1-)Q'#71#'+"U\1".-'"/)0+.$-)W)K%+2)Q'#71#'+")1".)Q$"($21N'"/)#+) 62&-$2$"#$.)!KK$4#'G$)E4#'+")1".)0+"'#+%'"/9)) *1=5:"/(0>$*f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d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a!!#4*'+,*5$>%/*#5;/)%#*7+58-%,0%*(+*@'/(5;#* 65/&#?* * G>%#%* )':'.(-($(%#* '-#5* /%,;)%* $>%* +%%,#* $5* %,;)'$%* 5/* $/'(+* 85/7%/#* $5* >'+,-%* /'/%-"* %+)5;+$%/%,*$'#7#?*** )

16 15 Z'/7%$)L9))6".'G'.71-);$%(+"1-)E4#'+"()E #$)#+)T$&1%#2$"#1-)E4#'+"()H51#)D+"(+-'.1#$) #+)!"#$%&%'($)[$51G'+%)3$(7-#'"/)'")!"#$%&%'($);$%K+%21"4$9) 1=5:"/(0>$*f*OPPP*."*2+58-%,0%*_%#%'/)>*<+#$($;$%A*<+)?**_%:/5,;)%,*8($>*:%/&(##(5+?4* G>%* 6;+)$(5+* 56* :%/#5+'--"* :5##%##%,* 7+58-%,0%* $5* 5/0'+(N'$(5+'-* :%/65/&'+)%* (#* '-#5*.%)5&(+0* )-%'/%/?* * Y'/-"* 5+A* &'+'0%/('-* %&:>'#(#* 5+* 85/7* :/5)%,;/%#* '+,* &%$>5,#* 8'#* :-')%,* 5+* 5.#%/@'.-%* 85/7?* * \'$%/* ($* (+)-;,%,* (+65/&'$(5+* '+,* (+65/&'$(5+* 6-58#A* 8>()>* '/%* '-#5* 5.#%/@'.-%?* * X5);#* >'#* +58* #>(6$%,* $5* (+)-;,%* -%##* 5.#%/@'.-%* )50+($(5+* '+,* 7+58-%,0%?* * W>%/%'#* ($* >'#* '-8'"#*.%%+* ;+,%/#$55,* $>'$* 7+589>58* '+,* %E:%/$(#%* (+6-;%+)%* F;'-($"* 56* 85/7A* $>%* 7+58-%,0%* 65);#*./5;0>$* '.5;$*."* $>%* 0-5.'-* 7+58-%,0%* %)5+5&"* >'#*./5;0>$* +%8* %&:>'#(#* 5+* $>%* (+,(@(,;'-* %,;)'$(5+'-* '+,* $/'(+(+0?* * G>%/%* '-#5* (#* ',,($(5+'-* ;+,%/#$'+,(+0* 56* (+@(#(.-%* 85/7A* :'/$();-'/-"* 5+* >58* 85/7%/#* $>(+7* '+,* ;$(-(N%* 7+58-%,0%* 8>%+* :%/65/&(+0* $'#7#* /'+0(+0* 6/5&* #(&:-%* $5* )5&:-%E?* G>%/%* (#* ;+,%/#$'+,(+0* 56* >58* 85/7:-')%* %66%)$(@%+%##* )'+*.%* (&:/5@%,* 8($>*.%$$%/* 85/7%/9;+,%/#$'+,(+0* 56* ;:#$/%'&* '+,*,58+#$/%'&* 85/7*'+,*:/5)%##%#?**W($>*#;)>*;+,%/#$'+,(+0A*85/7%/#*'/%*'.-%*$5*(,%+$(6"*>58*;:#$/%'&*85/7* &'"*'66%)$*$>%(/*58+*$'#7#*'+,*>58*$>%(/*85/7*:/5,;)$#*&'"*'66%)$*,58+#$/%'&*:/5)%##%#?**G>;#A* 85/7%/#* '/%* '.-%* $5* ')$* :/5')$(@%-"* (+* :/5.-%&* #($;'$(5+#* '+,* '/%* 56$%+* '.-%* $5* (,%+$(6"* 5::5/$;+($(%#*65/*:/5)%##*(&:/5@%&%+$#?** /,(01#23#$B()5#)7$ W>%/%'#* #5&%* )5+#(,%/* :%/#5+'-* 7+58-%,0%* $5* :/(&'/(-"*.%* (&:5/$'+$* 65/* i8>($%* )5--'/C* 7+58-%,0%*85/7%/#A*(+*$>%*7+58-%,0%*%)5+5&"A*:%5:-%*'$*%@%/"*85/7(+0*-%@%-*&;#$*:5##%##*055,* :%/#5+'-*7+58-%,0%*'+,*#7(--#*$5*,%'-*)5&:%$%+$-"*8($>*,'(-"*85/7?**G>%"*&;#$*.%*6-%E(.-%*$5*,%'-* 8($>*@'/('$(5+#*(+*$'#7#?**G>%"*&;#$*>'+,-%*)5&:;$%/*#"#$%&#*'+,*5$>%/*',@'+)%,*85/79'(,#?**G>%"* &;#$*.%*'0(-%*'+,*',':$*$5*,(66%/%+$*85/7*'+,*$5*$'7%*5+*,(66%/%+$*/%#:5+#(.(-($(%#?* )

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b)T/%*'8'/%*'+,*:'/$('--"*(+65/&%,*8($>*.%0(++(+0*,%%:%/*;+,%/#$'+,(+0*U*'/%*#7(--%,*(+*+'//58*'/%'#?) J9 D+2&$#$"#);$%K+%2$%()W)]+7%"$=2$"b)T/%*)5&:%$%+$*'+,*./5',-"*#7(--%,*U*'/%* 7+58-%,0%'.-%*(+*#%-%)$%,*'/%'#?) L9 ;%+K'4'$"#);$%K+%2$%()W)D%1K#(2$"b)T/%*>(0>-"*:/56()(%+$*(+*:'/$();-'/*'/%'#*U*'/%*0%+%/'--"* 7+58-%,0%'.-%?) M9!R&$%#);$%K+%2$%())W)01(#$%(b)T/%*>(0>-"*%E:%/$#*(+*&'+"*'/%'#*'+,*./5',-"* 7+58-%,0%'.-%?) A9!-'#$);$%K+%2$%()W)a%1".)01(#$%(b)T/%*85/-,*)-'##*%E:%/$#*(+*'--*'/%'#*56*$>%*7+58-%,0%*,5&'(+?) T*,(66%/%+$* 56* 7+58-%,0%* 85/7%/#* >'#*.%%+* :/5:5#%,*."* 3)2(+#%" Jg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ca*'+,*5$>%/8(#%*.;(-,(+0*<=*'+,*$5*.;(-,(+0*/%-'$%,*(+6/'#$/;)$;/%?** G>%*8(,%/*,5&'(+* 56*23* ',,($(5+'--"* %+0'0%#* (+* $')$()'-* '+,* #$/'$%0()* ')$(@($(%#?* * YE'&:-%#* 56* $>%#%* 6')%$#* 56* 23* '/%* (--;#$/'$%,*(+*X(0;/%*e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a%-(.%/'$%*'+,*$'/0%$%,*23*&'7%#*($*:5##(.-%*65/*:%5:-%*U* '+,*$5*#5&%*%E$%+$A*';$5&'$%,*#"#$%&#*U*$5*&'7%*.%$$%/A*&5/%*7+58-%,0%'.-%*,%)(#(5+#*'+,*$5* 0%+%/'--"*:%/65/&*85/7*.%$$%/*#5*'#*$5*#%);/%*,%#(/'.-%*%+$%/:/(#%*:%/65/&'+)%?**T+5$>%/*/5-%*56* 23A* '#* (+,()'$%,* '.5@%A* (#* $5* :/5&5$%* #>'/%,* ;+,%/#$'+,(+0* 56* >58* $5* (&:-%&%+$* %+$%/:/(#%* #$/'$%0"* $>/5;0>* $')$()'-* '+,* 5:%/'$(5+'-* 85/7* '+,* $5* #>'/%* 7+58-%,0%* 8($>(+* $%'&#* '.5;$*,(66%/%+$* '#:%)$#* 56* 5:%/'$(5+'-* 85/7?* * <+* &'+"*%+$%/:/(#%#A* 23* '-#5* #%/@%#* $5* '#)%/$'(+* $>'$* <=* '##%$#*'/%*#'6%0;'/,%,*'+,*$>'$*$>%(/*@'-;%*(#*'::/5:/('$%-"*%E:-5($%,?** <+*',,($(5+*$5*(+$%/+'-*'+,*%E$%/+'-*)>'--%+0%#*'+,*#$/;)$;/'-*)>'+0%#A*'*&'R5/*:/5.-%&*(+*&5#$* %+$%/:/(#%#*(#*$>%*-')7*56*:%5:-%*8($>*>(0>%/*-%@%-#*56*)5&:%$%+)%?*G>%*/%'#5+#*.%(+0*$>'$*:%5:-%* /%$(/%A* )>'+0%* :5#($(5+#A* '/%* :/5&5$%,* 5/* -%'@%* $>%* 5/0'+(N'$(5+?* * =5+#%F;%+$-"A* $>%/%* '/%* )5+#$'+$*+%%,#*$5*.;(-,*7+58-%,0%*'*$/'+#6%/*%E:%/$(#%*$5*'#)%/$'(+*$>'$*:/5:%/*<=*8(--*.%*'@'(-'.-%* '$*$>%*:5(+$9569')$(5+*1]5T4?** <6* '--* 6;$;/%* 85/7* 8%/%* 5+-"* $5* )5+#(#$* 56* #(&:-%* )5+$(+;'$(5+#* 56* $5,'"C#* 85/7A* %E(#$(+0* 7+58-%,0%* 85;-,*.%* '--* 5+%* +%%,%,* 65/* %66%)$(@%* 23?* * D58%@%/A* '#* (+,()'$%,* '.5@%A* $5,'"C#* %+$%/:/(#%#*'/%*)>'5/,()*'+,*&;)>*85/7A*56$%+*$>%*&5#$*(&:5/$'+$*85/7A*&;#$*,%'-*)5&:%$%+$-"* 8($>*(+$%/+'-*'+,*%E$%/+'-*)>'+0%#A*;+'+$()(:'$%,*5::5/$;+($(%#*'+,*)>'--%+0%#?**D%+)%A*%66%)$(@%* 23* &;#$* '-#5* ',,/%##* 8'"#* $5* :/%:'/%* $>%* %+$%/:/(#%* 6/5&* '* 7+58-%,0%* :5(+$9569@(%8* $5* &%%$* $>%#%*,%&'+,#A*8>()>*0%+%/'--"*'/%*-'/0%-"*;+7+58+?* * 17

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

20 $5*6')(-($'$%*5:%/'$(5+'-*23*."*)/%'$(+0*23*(+6/'#$/;)$;/%A*.;(-,*23*#$'66*)':'.(-($(%#A*%#$'.-(#>*23* :/')$()%#A** Q#%1#$/'4)*0)D+"('.$%1#'+"()!$/'$%0()* 23* 65);#* 5+* )/%'$(+0* '+,* %E:'+,(+0* /%-'$(5+#>(:#* 8($>* );#$5&%/#A* #;::-(%/#A*#$/'$%0()*:'/$+%/#*'+,* 5$>%/*#$'7%>5-,%/#*$5*&%%$*%+$%/:/(#%*05'-#?*YE'&:-%#*(+)-;,%S* 56* +%8* '::/5')>%#*.'#%,* 5+* 7+58-%,0%* )':'.(-($(%#* '+,* $>%* 5;$#5;/)(+0* 56* (+#(0>$#* (+$5* >58* 23* )'+*#;::5/$A* 5/* %E:'+,* %+$%/:/(#%* #$/'$%0"h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e?** =5&:'/'$(@%-"A*23*#;::5/$*56*5:%/'$(5+'-*85/7*(#*/%-'$(@%-"*#$/'(0>$*65/8'/,*#(+)%*($*56$%+*(#* :5##(.-%*$5*,%6(+%*'+,*,%#)/(.%*+5/&'-*$'#7#*'+,*$>%(/*#($;'$(5+9>'+,-(+0*)5+)(#%-"*'+,*)5+)/%$%-"?** T-#5A*7+58-%,0%*65/*5:%/'$(5+'-*85/7*$%+,#*$5*.%*-%##*,"+'&()*$>'+*65/*$')$()'-*'+,*#$/'$%0()*85/7* '+,*$>%/%65/%*&'"*-%+,*($#%-6*.%$$%/*65/*%E:-()'$(5+*'+,*(+)-;#(5+*(+*2[#*'+,*a!!#?**D58%@%/A*&5#$* 5:%/'$(5+'-*85/7*8(--*'-#5*>'@%*#;/:/(#%#*U*:/5.-%&*#($;'$(5+#*(+@5-@(+0*$>(+0#*$>'$*05*8/5+0*5/* '/%*,(66();-$*'+,*(+6/%F;%+$*$'#7#*$>'$*/%F;(/%*#:%)('-(N%,*7+58-%,0%*&'"*/%F;(/%*5+9#($%*,%)(#(5+* &'7(+0* '+,* +%%,#* 65/* 6'#$* ')$(5+#* $5* '@%/$* 0/%'$%/* :/5.-%&#* U* 5/* R;#$* $5* %E:%,($%* 85/7*."* -%##%+(+0*5:%/'$(5+'-*6/()$(5+?* G')$()'-*'+,*:'/$();-'/-"*#$/'$%0()A*85/7*(#*&5/%*)>'--%+0(+0*$>'+*5:%/'$(5+'-*85/7?**D58%@%/A* $>%*@'-;%*56*$>(#*85/7*$%+,#*$5*.%* >(0>*."* -%',(+0*$5*#(0+(6()'+$*%+$%/:/(#%*)>'+0%#*'+,*/%-'$%,* ')$(@($(%#?**G>%*+'$;/%*56*23*65/*$')$()'-*'+,*#$/'$%0()*85/7*6'--*(+$5*,(66%/%+$*'/%'#*#;)>*'#*)/%'$(+0* <=G*#;::5/$%,*7+58-%,0%9.'#%,*&5,%-(+0*65/*)5&:-()'$%,*H8>'$9(6I*'+'-"#(#A*7+58-%,0%*&(+(+0*(+* ;+#$/;)$;/%,*+'$;/'-*-'+0;'0%*2[#A*#5)('-*#56$8'/%*65/*)5--'.5/'$(5+*'+,*=5]*#;::5/$*'+,*0%+%/'-* (+6/'#$/;)$;/%* )':'.(-($(%#?* * D58%@%/A* $>%* &'R5/*)>'--%+0%#* /%#;-$* 6/5&* $>%*./5',* /'+0%* 56* $'#7#* $>'$*$>%#%*6;+)$(5+#*&;#$*',,/%##*U*&'+"*56*8>()>*,%'-*8($>*+5@%-*#($;'$(5+#*8>()>*+%%,*)/%'$(@%* #5-;$(5+#*.'#%,*5+*+%8*7+58-%,0%?* 19

21 20 Z'/7%$)M9))!R12&-$()+K))Q#%1#$/'48)H14#'41-)1".)P&$%1#'+"1-)*"+,-$./$)01"1/$2$"#U3$-1#$.) D+"('.$%1#'+"(8);-1"(8)6"'#'1#'G$()1".)E4#'G'#'$(9) 1=5:"/(0>$*f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

The ABCs of O-G. Materials Catalog. Skills Workbook. Lesson Plans for Teaching The Orton-Gillingham Approach in Reading and Spelling

The ABCs of O-G. Materials Catalog. Skills Workbook. Lesson Plans for Teaching The Orton-Gillingham Approach in Reading and Spelling 2008 Intermediate Level Skills Workbook Group 2 Groups 1 & 2 The ABCs of O-G The Flynn System by Emi Flynn Lesson Plans for Teaching The Orton-Gillingham Approach in Reading and Spelling The ABCs of O-G