The Development of Grammar in Spanish and the Romance Languages

The Development of Grammar in Spanish and the Romance Languages

The Development of Grammar in Spanish and the Romance Languages Eduardo D. Faingold University of Tulsa

Eduardo D. Faingold 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 978-1-4039-0052-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-50735-1 ISBN 978-0-230-00621-8 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230006218 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Faingold, Eduardo D. The development of grammar in Spanish and the Romance languages / Eduardo D. Faingold. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1 4039 0052 3 1. Language acquisition. 2. Creole dialects. 3. Historical linguistics. 4. Romance languages Grammar, Historical. I. Title. P118.F354 2003 401.93 dc21 2003040544 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03

Magistro meo Carolo Iacobo hunc librum dono

Contents List of Figure and Tables Acknowledgements ix xii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Theoretical background and assumptions 1 1.2 Aims of the book 2 1.3 Research procedures 3 1.4 A model of markedness 3 1.5 Outline for the book 8 2 Articles: A Result of Natural Morphological Processes in First Language Acquisition, Creolization, and Language History 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Sources of data 16 2.3 The acquisition, creolization, and history of the article system 18 2.4 The natural development of the article system 31 2.5 Summary and conclusions 37 3 Demonstrative Pronouns: A Source of Definite Articles in History 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 The data: from classical Latin to the Romance languages 40 3.3 Demonstratives and indefinite articles in Latin and the Romance languages 41 3.4 The grammaticalization of the definite article from Latin 48 3.5 Summary and conclusions 52 4 Prepositions and Adverbs: Similar Development Patterns in First and Second Language Acquisition 54 4.1 Introduction 54 4.2 Applying a developmental model of markedness 54 vii

viii Contents 4.3 Sources of data 57 4.4 Spatial prepositions and temporal adverbs in first and second language acquisition 59 4.5 Spatial prepositions and temporal adverbs in developmental morphology 66 4.6 Summary and conclusions 68 5 Subjunctive Verbs: A Result of Natural Grammatical Processes in First Language Acquisition, Second Language Learning, Language Variation, and Language History 70 5.1 Introduction 70 5.2 Applying the developmental model of markedness 70 5.3 Sources of data 71 5.4 The acquisition, learning, variation, and history of mood 72 5.5 The development of mood 84 5.6 Summary and conclusions 90 6 The Mental Representation of Linguistic Markedness: Cognitive Aspects of the Spanish Subjunctive 91 6.1 Introduction 91 6.2 The Spanish present and past subjunctive: cognitive aspects of markedness 95 6.3 The future subjunctive in Spanish: cognitive aspects of markedness 107 6.4 Summary and conclusions 117 7 Summary and Conclusion 119 Appendices 125 References 138 Index 145

List of Figure and Tables Figure 6.1 The future subjunctive in the Argentine Civil Code (before 1884) and its Appendix (after 1884) 116 Tables 1.1 A developmental model of markedness 5 2.1 English-based creoles: articles in Hawaiian creole 14 2.2 English-based creoles: articles in Sranan 15 2.3 A developmental typology of linguistic systems 18 2.4 A revised developmental typology of linguistic systems 18 2.5 Errors of segmentation by English-speaking children 20 2.6 Errors of segmentation by Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking children 20 2.7 Speaker-specific and listener-specific errors 21 2.8 English-speaking children aged 3: speaker specific and listener non-specific 22 2.9 French-speaking children aged 3 to 9: speaker specific and listener non-specific 22 2.10 Romance-based creoles 24 2.11 History: articles in the Romance languages 29 2.12 Spanish/Portuguese-based koines: articles in Judeo-Ibero-Romance 30 2.13 Spanish/Portuguese-based fusion: articles in Fronterizo 32 2.14 Fusion in the article system of Fronterizo 32 2.15 The article system in child language, creolization, and language history 33 2.16 A typology of article systems 34 2.17 Hierarchy of markedness for article systems 34 2.18 A hierarchy of article systems 35 2.19 Markedness criteria 35 ix

x List of Figure and Tables 3.1 Criteria for establishing correspondences between Latin demonstratives and Romance articles 42 3.2 Nominatives, accusatives, and innovations in Egeria s Peregrinatio ad Loca Santa (Vulgar Latin, 4th to 6th century) 44 3.3 Nominatives and accusatives in Chrodegangus De Vestimenta Clericorum (Vulgar Latin, mid-8th century) 45 3.4 Demonstratives in Classical Latin 46 3.5 Demonstratives functioning as articles in Vulgar Latin 46 3.6 The definite article in Spanish, Portuguese, and Rumanian 47 3.7 The development of the definite article 48 3.8 The emergence of the definite article in Egeria s Peregrinatio ad Loca Santa 49 3.9 The emergence of the definite article in Chrodegangus De Vestimenta Clericorum 51 3.10 The emergence of the definite article in a Spanish document (12th century): a real estate transaction 52 4.1 Spatial prepositions in child language 60 4.2 Spatial prepositions in second language acquisition 64 5.1 The subjunctive in modern Spanish 73 5.2 The subjunctive in modern French 74 5.3 Language acquisition: subjunctive in French-speaking children aged 3, 4 and 5 74 5.4 Language acquisition: subjunctive in Spanish-speaking children aged 4 to 12 75 5.5 Subjunctive neutralization in 2nd language learning: English speakers learning Spanish 76 5.6 Language variation: subjunctive neutralization in French 77 5.7 Language variation: subjunctive neutralization in modern Latin American and Iberian Spanish 79 5.8 Subjunctive neutralization in modern Latin American and Iberian Spanish 80 5.9 Subjunctive neutralization in Argentine Spanish 82 5.10 Language history: subjunctive neutralization in medieval Spanish 83

List of Figure and Tables xi 5.11 Language history: subjunctive neutralization in 17th century French 84 5.12 Markedness rules for mood in child language, second language learning, language variation, and language history 85 5.13 A hierarchy of markedness rules 86 5.14 Markedness criteria for ranking markedness rules of mood in Spanish and French 86 6.1 Present subjunctive in subordinate clauses introduced by que 96 6.2 Present subjunctive after subordinators 99 6.3 Other uses of the present subjunctive 100 6.4 Past subjunctive in subordinate clauses introduced by que 102 6.5 Past subjunctive after subordinators 104 6.6 Other uses of the past subjunctive 106 6.7 Future subjunctive in early modern Spanish 108 6.8 Future subjunctive in modern Spanish 109 6.9 The future subjunctive in the Argentine Civil Code before 1884 111 6.10 The future subjunctive in the Appendix of the Argentine Civil Code after 1884 115 6.11 The future subjunctive in the Argentine Civil Code (before 1884) and its Appendix (after 1884). Normalization of cases of the future subjunctive per one-hundred pages 117

Acknowledgements Much of this research was supported by five University of Tulsa Faculty Research Grants in 1999 (#13-2-1010115), 2000 (#20-2-1010124, #20-2-1010114) and 2001 (#20-2-101115). I am grateful to the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Oxford University, and the University of Paris, Sorbonne for appointing me as Visiting Professor in 1999, 2000, and 2001 respectively and for providing library services. I am grateful to the East West Center at the University of Hawaii at Manoa for offering very comfortable housing in paradise in the summers of 1999 and 2000. I am also grateful to Prof. C.-J. N. Bailey who welcomed me to his home in Hilo, Hawaii and offered invaluable advice and comments on all the chapters in this book in the summers of 1999 and 2000. I am grateful to Prof. Bernard Comrie and Prof. Michael Tomasello at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig for appointing me as Visiting Scientist in the summer of 2002. I am indebted to the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdients (DAAD) for a Study Visit Grant (#A/02/15036) to visit the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig in the summer of 2002. Revisions of the chapters in this book have benefitted from comments by the audiences at the LSA conference in Los Angeles, January 1993, the WECOL conference at the University of Washington, Seattle, October 1993, the LSA conference in Boston, January 1994, the 1st Lisbon Meeting on Child Language at the University of Lisbon, Portugal, June 1994, the AATSP conference in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, August 1994, the ILA meeting at Georgetown University, Washington D.C., March 1995, the Second Language Research Forum at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, October 1997, the LASSO conference at the University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, October 1999, the Sociolinguistics Symposium at the University of West England, Bristol, UK, April 2000, the LASSO conference at the Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico, October 2000, and the conference Towards a Unified Framework in Developmental Linguistics at the University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 2001. All the chapters in this book have benefitted greatly from xii

Acknowledgements xiii comments by Prof. C.-J. N. Bailey. Revisions of Chapter 6 has benefitted from comments by Prof. Almeida Jacqueline Toribio from PennState University, Prof. Michel DeGraff from MIT, and Dr. Sonia Hocherman. I am grateful for having studied and worked with Prof. Itzhak Schlesinger and Moshe Chayen at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Prof. Ruth Berman at Tel-Aviv University, Prof. C.-J. N. Bailey at the Technische Universitat Berlin, Prof. Roger W. Andersen at the University of California Los Angeles, Prof. Mark Aronoff and Prof. Robert Hoberman at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, and Prof. Lydie Meunier at the University of Tulsa.