An overview of status of drinking water and sanitation in schools in India

An overview of status of drinking water and sanitation in schools in India Jammu & Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Punjab Uttarakhand Haryana Arunachal Pradesh Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Bihar Sikkim Assam Meghalaya Nagaland Manipur Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Jharkhand West Bengal Tripura Mizoram Chhattisgarh Maharashtra Orissa Andhra Pradesh Goa Karnataka Tamil Nadu Andaman & Nicobar Islands Lakshadweep Kerala unite for children

Percentage reduction in morbidity from diarrhoeal diseases Global WASH-in-Schools scenario 5% 45% 4% 35% 3% 5% % 15% 1% 5% % WASH interventions critical for child survival 44% 4% 39% 36% 3% Handwashing Hygiene Water Quality Sanitation Water Supply Findings from statistical data analyzed by Cairncross (8) reveal that improved water supply & sanitation can contribute to 3% and 36% decreased morbidity due to diarrhoea. Moreover, finding from the metaanalysis by Fewtrell & Colford using handwashing and hygiene promotion data reveal that handwashing & hygiene promotion alone contribute to 44% and 4% reduction in morbidity due to diarrhoea, implying that handwashing at critical times can prove vital. Source: Meta-analysis by Fewtrell and Colford, 4; Hand washing data by Curtis & Cairncross, 3; Updated sanitation data by Cairncross, 8 What is WASH in Schools? Access to sufficient quantities of safe water for Drinking Handwashing, cooking and personal hygiene Sufficient water for Cleaning flushing toilets, school farms etc. when appropriate. Toilet facilities that are Sufficient, adequate and Child friendly, gender specific, culturally appropriate, separate and well maintained toilet facilities for boys and girls. Personal hygiene materials Water, soap, sanitary pads etc. Safe disposal of solid and liquid waste Hygiene education Curriculum, wall paintings, competitions, child cabinets etc. Control measures to reduce transmission and morbidity of WASH related illnesses. Approach to control vector borne disease De-worming campaigns, nutritional supplements Children s health improves with WASH in Schools Schools with quality WASH programmes can effectively reduce the transmission of diseases. More than 4 per cent of diarrhoea cases in schoolchildren result from transmission in schools rather than homes WASH in Schools increases attendance and cognitive development Education and health are inseparable. Nutrition deficiencies, diarrhoea and worm infestations are all related to poor WASH and all affect school participation and learning. WASH in Schools is a first step towards ensuring a healthy physical learning environment. Schools with quality WASH programmes can effectively increase attendance and learning outcomes Students are agents of change in their communities Globally, around.65 billion people live without access to proper toilet facilities, and 883 million don t have access to safe water. WASH in Schools can help mitigate the risks and overcome the challenges. Children are generally more receptive to new ideas and can more easily change their behaviour and promote improved practices within their families and among their communities WASH in Schools promotes gender equality WASH in Schools fosters social inclusion and individual self-respect by offering an alternative to stigma and marginalization. Girls in developing countries, for example, often report that issues related to managing menstrual hygiene cause them to be absent from school, frequently a first step towards dropping out altogether. Improving WASH in Schools is achievable Every school can be equipped with quality WASH programmes. Students, teachers, communities, local and national governments, civil society and private companies all need to work together. Media and public opinion around the world can influence political leaders to act now Drinking water and sanitation facilities in schools still remain a challenge in most countries 1 8 6 4 Percentage of schools with drinking water facilities 34 countries 46 47 1 8 6 4 Percentage of schools with sanitation facilities 8 countries 37 38 4 Girls 43 Boys 8 9 8 9 Source: Data from UNICEF Country Office Annual Reports 8 & 9. Water data from 34 countries, Sanitation data from 8 countries. 4 per cent of the global population some.65 billion people live without access to proper toilet facilities, and 883 million don t have access to safe water. More than 4, children under age five die from diarrhoea every day. This is a global crisis, and WASH in Schools can help. WASH in and through schools is one of the best routes to reach entire communities. Direct engagement with students can lead to community adoption of good WASH behaviors and technologies as well as improved health. Because children are agents of change, education for good hygiene practices in schools links students, families and communities.

Coverage Water and sanitation facilities in schools in India Percentage Percentage of schools Impressive coverage of drinking water facilities in schools from 5-6 to 9-1 1,4, 1,, 1,, 8, 6, 4,, Total no. of schools - 13,6,34 87 85 83 88 93 93 95 9 85 8 75 Number of schools having drinking water facility has increased from nearly.9 million (~83%) in 5-6 to 1.3 million (93%) in 1-11. Drinking water facilities in rural schools increased from nearly.7 million schools (8%) in 5-6 to nearly.85 million schools (93%) in 9-1.* In all, 181 million children in schools have access to drinking water facilities.* [Source: DISE, NUEPA, New Delhi] 7 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-1 1-11 No. of schools with drinking water facility Perentage of schools with drinking water facility Separate toilets for girls need to become a priority 1,1, 1,, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3,, 1, Total no. of schools - 13,6,34 Total no. of girls & Co-ed schools - 13,4,843 5 37 58 43 63 51 67 54 8 84 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-1 1-11 No. of schools with toilets %age of schools with toilets 6 6 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 1 No. of schools with separate girls' toilets %age of schools with separate girls' toilet Number of schools having toilet facility has increased from.6 million (~5%) in 5-6 to ~1.14 million (84%) in 1-11. In rural schools, toilet facility increased from.4 million schools (49%) in 5-6 to.7 million schools (79%) in 9-1, where they have at least one toilet facility.* In all, more than 16 million children in schools have access to toilet facilities.* Number of schools having separate toilet facility for girls increased from ~.4 million (~37%) in 5-6 to ~.8 million (~6%) in 9-1.* However over.5 million (~4%) schools do not have this facility.* [Source: DISE, NUEPA, New Delhi] Total Sanitation Campaign accelerated provision of toilets in rural government schools Urban schools face similar challenges of drinking water & toilet facilities Cumulative number of of toilets constructed under Total 1,4, Sanitation Campaign 1,4,191 1,, 1,11,7 996,11 1,, 851,731 8, 598,77 6, 36,468 4, 3,96 1 1 8 6 4 93 97 79 89, 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-1 1-11 11-1 drinking water facility toilet facility Rural Urban The Total Sanitation Campaign supports the School Sanitation & Hygiene Education programme. Launched in the year 4-5, nearly 1. million toilets have been constructed in rural government schools under the program. [Source: http://tsc.gov.in, Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, Government of India The situation in urban schools is also similar to those in rural areas. [Source: DISE 9-1, NUEPA, New Delhi] * Calculated on basis of DISE disaggregated data (9-1). To be updated for 1-11, when disaggregated data 1-11 is available.

Percentage of schools Percentage of schools The functionality disparity Functionality of water and toilet facilities continues to remain as a major gap to be plugged 1 5 93 76 Drinking water Coverage 8 61 Sanitation Functional Though 93% schools have drinking water facility, only 8 % schools have improved drinking water facility, while it is functional in only 79% schools (as against availability). Functional drinking water facility is less than 6% in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur. Only Six out of 1 schools have functioning toilet facilities. Out of the ~.7 million toilets, over million (~76%) are functional. In 3 states ( AP, Nagaland and Meghalaya) less than 5% of the toilets are functional. [Source: DISE 9-1, NUEPA, New Delhi] Independent assessment of WASH facilities in schools show a similar trend in functionality 1 9 8 77 Facility Vs Functionality 9 9 84 One in ten rural schools are without toilet facilities. Where toilets exist, only one in two is usable. [Source: Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 1 7 75 6 5 56 56 51 5 7 9 1 Percentage of schools with drinking water facility Percentage of schools with functional drinking water facility State-wise functionality of drinking water facilities in schools* State-wise functionality of toilets in schools* Jammu & Kashmir 6.9 Himachal Pradesh 9.7 Chandigarh 99.4 Punjab 96. Haryana 86.8 Uttarakhand 69.3 Delhi 97.9 Rajasthan 8.5 Arunachal Pradesh 53.3 Sikkim 81.1 Uttar Pradesh 8.5 Assam 77.6 Bihar 67. Chhattisgarh 76. Dadra & Nagar Haveli 9.3 Orissa 74.8 Maharashtra 85.5 Daman & Diu 97. Goa 88.8 Karnataka 88. Puducherry 98.7 Lakshadweep 97.7 Tamil Nadu 91.7 National average - 79% Kerala 9.6 Below 7% 7-8% Above 8% Meghalaya 46.7 West Bengal 81.7 Madhya Pradesh 79.6 Gujarat 85.1 Jharkhand 69.4 Andhra Pradesh 64.6 Manipur 56.9 Mizoram 69. Tripura 66. Nagaland 38.6 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 96.9 Himachal Pradesh 75.3 Haryana 88.1 D&N Haveli 9.4 Gujarat 86.5 Daman & Diu 84. Goa 83.9 Jammu & Kashmir 69.8 Punjab 95. Rajasthan 85.8 Lakshadweep 93.6 Kerala 89. Maharashtra 93.5 31. Karnataka 61.3 Uttarakhand 78.5 Tamil Nadu 93. Uttar Pradesh 77.8 Madhya Pradesh 8.8 Chandigarh 96.4 Delhi 96. Bihar 5.5 Chhattisgarh 68.3 Orissa 57. Andhra Pradesh Puducherry 93.1 Below 75% 75-9% above 9% Sikkim 91.6 Jharkhand 51.7 National average - 76% Arunachal Pradesh Assam 6.7 73.7 Meghalaya 45.7 Nagaland 3.3 Manipur Tripura 85.4 67.6 Mizoram West Bengal 89. 8.8 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1. Functionality of drinking water in schools is below the national average in 8 states (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura. Functionality of toilet facility in schools is less than the national average in 13 states, which implies that a lot has to be done in ensuring safe sanitation to children in schools. [Source: DISE 9-1, NUEPA, New Delhi] * Calculated on basis of DISE disaggregated data (9-1). To be updated for 1-11, when disaggregated data 1-11 is available. March 1

WASH in Schools progress- Acceleration required Percentage of children (by enrolment) without access to drinking water facility* Percentage of children (by enrolment) without access to toilet facility* All India - 3.5% More than 3.5% 1.5-3.5 % Less than 1.5% All India - 14% More than 14% 5-14% Less than 5% Although the availability of drinking water stands at 93% in schools across India, yet a total 6.5 million children (3.46 % children of total enrolment) do not have access to drinking water facility in schools., 13 states (Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, Tripura, Mizoram, Jharkhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Orissa, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Karnataka, Manipur and Andhra Pradesh) account for more than 3.39 million children without access to drinking water facility in schools. A total of 7.6 million children (14.1 million boys and 13.5 million girls) accounting for 14.7% of total children enrolled do not have access to toilet facility in schools. 7 states (Orissa, Meghalaya, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Assam and Bihar) account for almost 5% (13.8 million) children without access to toilet facilities in schools. [Source: DISE 9-1, NUEPA, New Delhi] Toilets in all schools and separate toilets for girls is still a long way to go.. Percentage of schools without toilets 91 1 73 8 53 56 6 38 39 4 4 5 48 7 7 45 1 7 9 9 3 3 34 4 7 19 16 16 17 9 1 1 1 13 West Bengal 35 Uttarakhand 4 63 64 Rajasthan 36 69 4 4 Percentage of schools without toilets Manipur Bihar Chhattisgarh Assam Jharkhand D & N Haveli Madhya Pradesh Orissa Tripura Andhra Pradesh All India A & N Islands Lakshadweep Himachal Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Goa 7 Mizoram 5 Nagaland 5 Maharashtra 4 Kerala 33 Tamil Nadu Haryana 18 11 5 3 Karnataka Gujarat 37 Puducherry Daman & Diu Sikkim 11 Chandigarh Delhi 3 Punjab 4 38 35 31 8 5 79 Percentage of schools without girls' toilets Improving access to toilets in 6 states (UP, MP, Bihar, Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Assam would reduce the gap by 5%. Similarly, improving the access to girls toilets in 7 states (Chhattisgarh, J&K, Bihar, Meghalaya, Orissa, Assam, Manipur and MP) would reduce the gap by 5%. [Source: DISE 1-11, NUEPA, New Delhi] * Calculated on basis of DISE disaggregated data (9-1). To be updated for 1-11, when disaggregated data 1-11 is available.

Hygiene practices - key to child survival & development Handwashing with soap before Mid Day Meal still remain a challenge. Percentage of schools with designated Handwashing space 49 51 Percentage of schools with soap/detergent for handwashing 88 1 Yes No Schools with designated handwashing space Schools without designated handwashing space Material used for handwashing before MDM 4 49 Water Soap/ detergent Findings of an assessment conducted in 54 schools in nine states in India on Mid Day Meal (MDM) program reveal that: Nearly half (51%) of the schools have a designated hand washing space and in 44% of the schools observed the hand washing space was being used. Only close to one in ten (1%) of schools had soap/detergent available at the hand washing space. Nearly half (49%) of the students washed their hands using only water. Only two out of five (4%) students use soap/detergent. [Source: Hygiene Practices in schools during Mid-Day Meals, UNICEF-India study 9 unpublished] Policy environment for WASH in schools in India Constitution Article 1-A free and compulsory education of all children in the age group of six to fourteen years as a Fundamental Right Legislation Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 9 RTE necessitates ensuring drinking water and sanitation facilities at school level Supreme Court s sets deadline for all states to ensure water and sanitation facility by November 11. Policy Implementation Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) for universalizing elementary education School Sanitation and Hygiene Education (SSHE) component of Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) Nirmal Gram Puraskar (Clean Village Award) mandates functional toilets in all Government, Government aided and private schools and all Co - ed Upper Primary schools to have separate toilets for boys and girls. NGP incentive amount can be used for creation of additional sanitation facilities in schools & anganwadis and construction of incinerators in girls schools.