Hossein Seifi Mohammad Sadegh Sepasian Electric Power System Planning Issues, Algorithms and Solutions Springer
Contents 1 Power System Planning, Basic Principles 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Power System Elements 2 1.3 Power System Structure 2 1.4 Power System Studies, a Time-horizon Perspective 4 1.5 Power System Planning Issues 7 1.5.1 Static Versus Dynamic Planning 8 1.5.2 Transmission Versus Distribution Planning 8 1.5.3 Long-term Versus Short-term Planning 9 1.5.4 Basic Issues in Transmission Planning 10 1.6 A Review of Chapters 13 References 14 2 Optimization Techniques 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Problem Description 15 2.2.1 Problem Definition 15 2.2.2 Problem Modeling 18 2.3 Solution Algorithms, Mathematical Versus Heuristic Techniques 19 2.3.1 Mathematical Algorithms 20 2.3.2 Heuristic Algorithms 24 References 30 3 Some Economic Principles 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Definitions of Terms 31 3.3 Cash-flow Concept 33 3.3.1 Time Value of Money 33 3.3.2 Economic Terms 34 ix
x Contents 3.4 Economic Analysis 36 3.4.1 Present Worth Method 36 3.4.2 Annual Cost Method 38 3.4.3 Rate of Return Method 38 3.4.4 A Detailed Example 39 References 44 4 Load Forecasting 45 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Load Characteristics 45 4.3 Load Driving Parameters 47 4.4 Spatial Load Forecasting 49 4.5 Long Term Load Forecasting Methods 50 4.5.1 Trend Analysis 50 4.5.2 Econometric Modeling 51 4.5.3 End-use Analysis 51 4.5.4 Combined Analysis 52 4.6 Numerical Examples 52 4.6.1 Load Forecasting for a Regional Utility 52 4.6.2 Load Forecasting of a Large Scale Utility 56 References 66 5 Single-bus Generation Expansion Planning 69 5.1 Introduction 69 5.2 Problem Definition 69 5.3 Problem Description 70 5.4 Mathematical Development 75 5.4.1 Objective Functions 75 5.4.2 Constraints 77 5.5 WASP, a GEP Package 78 5.5.1 Calculation of Costs 78 5.5.2 Description of WASP-IV Modules 80 5.6 Numerical Results 81 Problems 86 References 87 6 Multi-bus Generation Expansion Planning 89 6.1 Introduction 89 6.2 Problem Description 90 6.3 A Linear Programming (LP) Based GEP 91 6.3.1 Basic Principles 91 6.3.2 Mathematical Formulation 95 6.4 Numerical Results 96
xi 6.5 A Genetic Algorithm (GA) Based GEP 98 6.6 Numerical Results for GA-based Algorithm 99 Problems 100 References 102 Substation Expansion Planning 105 7.1 Introduction 105 7.2 Problem Definition 106 7.3 A Basic Case 106 7.3.1 Problem Description 106 7.3.2 Typical Results for a Simple Case 110 7.4 A Mathematical View 113 7.4.1 Objective Function 114 7.4.2 Constraints 115 7.4.3 Problem Formulation 115 7.4.4 Required Data 116 7.5 An Advanced Case 117 7.5.1 General Formulation 117 7.5.2 Solution Algorithm 122 7.6 Numerical Results 124 7.6.1 System Under Study 124 7.6.2 Load Model 125 7.6.3 Downward Grid 125 7.6.4 Upward Grid 126 7.6.5 Transmission Substation 126 7.6.6 Miscellaneous 128 7.6.7 Results for BILP Algorithm 128 7.6.8 Results for GA 129 Problems 129 References 131 Network Expansion Planning, a Basic Approach 133 8.1 Introduction 133 8.2 Problem Definition 133 8.3 Problem Description 134 8.4 Problem Formulation 140 8.4.1 Objective Function 140 8.4.2 Constraints 141 8.5 Solution Methodologies 142 8.5.1 Enumeration Method 142 8.5.2 Heuristic Methods 143 8.6 Numerical Results 149 8.6.1 Garver Test System, 150 8.6.2 A Large Test System 150
xii Contents Problems 152 References 153 9 Network Expansion Planning, an Advanced Approach 155 9.1 Introduction 155 9.2 Problem Description 155 9.3 Problem Formulation 159 9.3.1 Basic Requirements 159 9.3.2 Objective Functions 162 9.3.3 Constraints 164 9.4 Solution Methodology 166 9.5 Candidate Selection 166 9.6 Numerical Results 168 Problems 171 References 171 10 Reactive Power Planning 173 10.1 Introduction 173 10.2 Voltage Performance of a System 174 10.2.1 Voltage Profile 174 10.2.2 Voltage Stability 174 10.2.3 Voltage Performance Control Parameters 176 10.2.4 Static Versus Dynamic Reactive Power Resources... 176 10.3 Problem Description 178 10.4 Reactive Power Planning (RPP) for a System 182 10.4.1 Static Reactive Resource Allocation and Sizing 182 10.4.2 Dynamic Reactive Resource Allocation and Sizing... 184 10.4.3 Solution Procedure 186 10.5 Numerical Results 187 10.5.1 Small Test System 187 10.5.2 Large Test System 189 Problems 193 References 194 11 Power System Planning in the Presence of Uncertainties 197 11.1 Introduction 197 11.2 Power System De-regulating 198 11.3 Power System Uncertainties 199 11.3.1 Uncertainties in a Regulated Environment 199 11.3.2 Uncertainties in a De-regulated Environment 200 11.4 Practical Issues of Power System Planning in a De-regulated Environment 201
Contents xiii 11.5 How to Deal with Uncertainties in Power System Planning... 204 11.5.1 Expected Cost Criterion 205 11.5.2 Min-max Regret Criterion 206 11.5.3 Laplace Criterion 207 11.5.4 The Van Neuman-Morgenstern (VNM) Criterion.... 207 11.5.5 Hurwicz Criterion 207 11.5.6 Discussion 208 12 Research Trends in Power System Planning 209 12.1 Introduction 209 12.2 General Observations 209 12.3 References 210 12.3.1 General 210 12.3.2 LF (2000 Onward) 211 12.3.3 GEP 212 12.3.4 ТЕР 214 12.3.5 GEP and ТЕР 218 12.3.6 RPP (2000 Onward) 218 12.3.7 Miscellaneous 219 12.4 Exercise 1 219 12.5 Exercise 2 222 13 A Comprehensive Example 223 13.1 Introduction 223 13.2 SEP Problem for Sub-transmission Level 223 13.2.1 Basics 223 13.2.2 System Under Study 224 13.2.3 Input Data 224 13.2.4 Solution Information 224 13.2.5 Results 227 13.3 SEP Problem for Transmission Level 229 13.4 NEP Problem for Both Sub-transmission and Transmission Levels 233 13.5 RPP Problem for Both Sub-transmission and Transmission Levels 238 13.5.1 Results for 2011 240 13.5.2 Results for 2015 242 Appendix A: DC Load Flow 245 Appendix B: A Simple Optimization Problem 249 Appendix C: AutoRegressive Moving Average (ARMA) Modeling.... 259
xiv Contents Appendix D: What is EViews 261 Appendix E: The Calculations of the Reliability Indices 263 Appendix F: Garver Test System Data 267 Appendix G: Geographical Information System 271 Appendix H: 84-Bus Test System Data 273 Appendix I: Numerical Details of the Basic Approach 285 Appendix J: 77-Bus Test System Data 287 Appendix K: Numerical Details of the Hybrid Approach 301 Appendix L: Generated Matlab M-files Codes 307 Index 369