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Korea becoming a Multicultural society The issue of providing school education for children of multicultural family background is being treated as most critical Korea shifting from being a sending country to receiving country after the 1988 Korea becoming a multicultural society Seoul Olympics Korean situation may differ from countries with active multicultural policies, with relatively rapid shift towards multicultural society and having foreign incoming population mostly made up of laborers, marriage immigrants and North Korean defectors arising from North-South division (Hwang, 2011) Multicultural families are expected to increase steadily due to the rise of multicultural population settling in Korea, and the proportion of multicultural students attending elementary and middle schools is also on the rise Foreigners residing in Korea 3.4% 3.4% of the total Population (as of 2015) (as of 2015) 1.8 million Total Population Foreign Residents Approx 610,000 Foreign Worker Approx. 150,000 Approx. 29,000 Marriage Immigrants (as of 2014) North Korean Defectors (as of 2015) 1
The Number of Multicultural Students on the Continual Increase Students with multicultural family background: Students born in Korea : Those born in Korea to a Korean national and Foreign national Students from foreign families : Those born to foreign national parents Immigrated students : Those born outside of Korea to a Korean national & Foreign national have entered Korea with their parents The Number of Students from Multicultural Families Increasing number of multicultural students(against total number of students) in the last 6 years : Rapid increase from 0.35% (of total students) in 2009 to 1.07% in 2014 No. of Students from No. of Entire Year Multicultural Families Students 2009 26,015 7,447,159 2010 31,785 7,236,248 2011 38,678 6,986,853 2012 46,954 6,732,071 2013 56,780 6, 529,196 Ratio of the Multicultural Students 2014 67,806 6, 333,617 2
The Number of Multicultural Students on the Continual Increase Multicultural students in each school level (2006~2014) 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 elementary middle high 10,000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Source : 2015 Youth Statistics (Statistics Korea,2015) With 121,000 preschool multicultural children in 2015 (MOE, 2015) and more rapid increase shown in the lower school levels, long-term policies are needed to cope with the issue. As students from multicultural families are more likely to face the problem of underachievement due to traits of multicultural families, it is necessary to provide learners with multicultural backgrounds an equal opportunity in educational institutions (Banks, 2002). 3
Out-of-school Youth in Korea : Current Status Students dropping out of primary and secondary education (as of April 1, 2014) year 2014 2013 2012 2011 60,568 68,188 74,365 76,598 Out-of-school Youth in Korea : Approx. 280,000 (accumulated) out-of-youth in 2012 Categories of out-of-school Youth 170,000 Status Unknown 51,000 in 25,000 Employm In Child ent Welfare Facilities 2010 61,910 Unit : person source : MOE(2013) 33,000 GED Prep Approx. 60,000 students drop out of schools every year due to - unrecognized study abroad and moving overseas - prolonged absence and school maladjustment - early admission to higher education level schools - voluntary suspension of studies 4
Efforts to Enhance Cultural Diversity through Education : Outcomes in Korea 9
Multicultural Policies in Republic of Korea : Development Process Process Formative period for Policy Agenda (1990s) Beginning period for Policy (through early & mid-2000s) Policy development period (Late 2000s) Main issues Immigrants' human rights issue surfaced Prior to 1990s Immigration Control Act enacted and implemented (1963) Between 1991-1995 Industrial & Technical Training Program for Foreign Workers (1993) Dealing with an increase in international marriages and marriage migrants Between 1996-2000 -An Act on the Immigration & Legal Status of Overseas Koreans (1999) - Revision on the Nationality Act (1997), etc. 2006 - Support Measures for social integration of female marriage immigrants and their families, inter-racial persons and immigrants Formation of multicultural family concept & development of policy implementation basis 2008 Support for Multicultural Families Act Enacted 2010 The First Basic Plan for Multicultural Families established and implemented 2012 The Second Basic Plan for Multicultural Families established and implemented 10
Multicultural Policies in Republic of Korea : Scope and Contents Multicultural Family Support Support settlement of marriage immigrants Childcare support for preschool children provide educational programs through visitation, etc Providing Living Convenience for Resident Aliens Language/information/civil service Cultural/leisure/welfare services Enhancing treatment for ethnic Koreans living in Korea Policy scope & contents Enhancing Multicultural Understanding among Koreans Developing educational materials and programs School education Adult education Public relations and events Protecting Human Rights for Foreigners Prevent and help foreigners against discrimination Protect human rights for foreigners, support refugees, etc (from KWDI, 2011) 11
Multicultural Policies in Republic of Korea : Implementation Systems and Processes Multicultural Family Policy Council under the Prime Minister's Office National-level Control Tower (limitation of having no forcibleness) Overall management and modification function for all ministerial projects in multicultural family support Ministry of Gender Equality and Family Establish and implement welfare policies for multicultural families, as based on the Support for Multicultural Families Act Other Ministries Implement related policies tailored to each ministry's characteristics 12 Ministries including the Ministry of Health & Welfare, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Culture, Sports & Tourism Ministry of Education Establish and implement policies in multicultural education (centering on public education) Ministry of Justice Operate Korea Immigration Service Implement related policies and projects NILE (National Institute for Lifelong Education) Implement multicultural education policies through National Center for Multicultural Education Support multiculturalfriendly educational environment 12
NILE as the National Center for Multicultural Education National Center for Multicultural Education Designated by the Ministry of Education and operated by NILE Vital organ for the national implementation system TEXT Supporting the operation of various model schools TEXT Development of educational materials & fostering of professional personnel Engages in consulting and teacher training for various model schools, including multicultural preparatory schools, multicultural education-centered schools and Korean language curricula Development of instructional materials for multicultural education Training of dedicated multiculturalism coordinators Supporting operation of transfer system for multicultural students National Center for Multicultural Education homepage 14
Multicultural Education Policy in Republic of Korea Basic Direction Providing educational opportunities and implementation of integrated education Support for cumulative learning, language deficiency and learning difficulties, with emphasis on social integration and strengthening basic capacity Systematic implementation and management at the national level Policies from the perspective of social integration and adaptation Systematic implementation by central government ministries and local governments working in connection Main Features Unique case of programs and policies being operated within the public education system Multicultural preparatory schools for those outside public education system Out-of-school youth supported by regular schools and multicultural priority schools Simplified public school admission process for foreign-born immigrant children Korean as a Second Language(KSL) programs and customized learning materials for children Establishing a leading model Language education as the starting point of multicultural education Concurrent provision of support for speech-language therapy, psychotherapy and treatments for development and learning disorders 15
Multicultural Education Policy in Republic of Korea Implementation of multicultural education policies at the national level 13 central ministries implementing various policies Major local governments and subordinate organizations as the regional hubs providing special assistance to multicultural concentrated areas and capacity building for multicultural students. Multidimensional approach linking Families-Schools-Community Families Visitation programs for parents education, family counseling & emotional support, counseling & support for multicultural youth provided by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family Schools Multicultural preparatory Schools Multicultural priority schools KSLclasses Communities Various programs including college student mentor programs & multicultural outreach coordinator scheme to support out-of-school youth Development & distribution of teaching & learning materials reflecting cultural diversity Distribution of teaching and learning materials for multicultural education and textbooks for Learning Korean (Mongolian, Chinese and Vietnamese) through comic book. 16
National-level Coordination of Multicultural Education Policies and Programs for Effective Implementation 1 Systematization and Management at the National Level Policies are being operated from the perspective of social integration and adaptation. In Korea, multicultural policies are being prepared, implemented, and monitored and evaluated by government ministries as tailored to each ministry's characteristics. 1 Support Centers for Multicultural Education Project Comprehensive service helping multicultural students to enter public education system and providing intensive care for those in danger Expected to be installed in all Metropolitan Offices of Education for the areas with prominent foreign communities by 2017 2 Multicultural Priority Schools and Leadership Training for Teachers 159 Multicultural priority school designated and operated for strengthening multi-cultural understanding education Regular schools and multicultural priority schools are in charge of providing support for out-of-school youth Strengthening teachers leadership towards multicultural students - training programs for teachers (& to-be teachers) to enhance their multicultural understanding and leadership 17
National-level Coordination of Multicultural Education Policies and Programs for Effective Implementation 3 WEE Center & Youth center for career guidance WEE centers - A comprehensive, multifunctional service network supporting healthy and happy school life for students connecting schools, offices of education & local communities Youth centers - Programs in competency development, multicultural education, volunteer & regional community connection activities, self-governing activities for youth 18
National-level Coordination of Multicultural Education Policies and Programs for Effective Implementation 2 Establishing a Leading Model The Korean government regards the transition into multicultural society as serious and takes measures to deal with such transition The only case of policies and system being operated within the public education system 1 Preparatory Classes Simplified admission process into public schools for immigrant children born outside of Korea Korean language and culture adaptation programs for immigrant children, North Korean youth defectors born outside of Korean peninsula, & early study abroad returnees 26 classes(2012) 50(2013) 80 (2014) 100(2015) 2 KSL Programs & monitoring Projects Reinforcing 'Korean for Studying in KSL program, and developing tools for measuring the degree of Korean achievement to provide customized support for children College students mentoring project (around 4,000 mentors) to support children's individual learning and enhance basic academic skills 19
National level Coordination of Multicultural Education Policies and Programs for Effective Implementation 3 Distribution of education materials Distribution of education materials for Korean language and multicultural education (in linkage to regular school education) at the national level Distribution plans : elementary schools in 2014 Middle and high schools in 2015 4 Admission & Enrollment for Public Education System For compulsory education course, undocumented students can also attend public schools as long as they go through academic verification process provided by academic review committee in each province and metropolitan city education at the national level Simplified admission process into public schools for foreign-born immigrant children 20
National-level Coordination of Multicultural Education Policies and Programs for Effective Implementation 3 Establishing a Leading Model Multicultural education starts with language education that is essential to learning Support multicultural children and students in adapting to schools Concurrent provision of support for speech-language therapy, psychotherapy and treatments for development and learning disorders 1 Multicultural kindergarten operation Operated as a class within regular kindergarten to support children prior to being exposed to language deficiency Operated as designated classes within regular kindergartens, with comprehensive programs including reading, drama and music Multicultural kindergarten operation expanded from 30 in 2015 to 60 in 2016 2 Operation of vocational support institutions Operation of vocational support institutions for multicultural students expanded from 3 to 10 Provision of vocational training in the weekends and school holidays for students 21
K-MOOC and Multiculturalism K-MOOC can be used to support multicultural families in many ways including : 1 As a Study Aid overcoming language barrier K-MOOC includes contents in English (or with English subtitles) that have been developed for foreign students studying abroad in Korea can also be utilized for multicultural youth having learning difficulties due to language issues. 2 3 Utilization of Korean studies-related contents towards enhancing cultural understanding K-MOOC courses as motivation for higher education students can take various classes according to their interest www.kmooc.kr 22
Best Practices 2015 Korea Happy School Exhibition : Multicultural Education Promotion Booth The Ministry of Education hosts the National Happy School Exhibition to introduce nationwide best practices demonstrating the changes in the field of Education under the theme of dream, talent and happiness for cultivating creative talents. Multicultural Education Promotion Booths are operated during the Exhibition to introduce policies and current status on multicultural education, enhancing public understanding. 23
Best Practices Korea Multicultural Education and Activities in Elementary Schools Selected as the hub school for multiculturalism, Shindang Elementary School in Daegu develops and operates various programs, including intensive Korean class, school adaptation programs, after-school mother tongue classes on Chinese and Vietnamese, and cultural activity programs. 25
Best Practices Best Practice Festival in Multicultural Education Hosted by the Ministry of Education with the National Center for Multicultural Education under NILE as the main operator National Center for Multicultural Education actively communicates with the teachers and related personnel working hard in the field of multicultural education 27
Best Practices Best Practices in Multicultural Education Children of my life! Educational welfare for multicultural students - Special activities program : career exploration, enhancing scholastic abilities and health - Help foreign-born students to adapt better for school and social life Multicultural education practiced within regular curriculum Multicultural education is constantly provided within the regular classes for wider access to all students Globalness slogan contests for parents and students to share ideas about multiculturalism 28
Implications & Future Steps Implications from Current Policies in Multicultural Education of Korea Importance of having national level institutional framework Linkage of policies between ministries and institutions, with families, local communities and schools working together with the State Multicultural education as an important issue for all: multicultural education should evolve towards more active, global citizenship education Future Steps More flexible and comprehensive policy directions and plans for long-term development Balanced policy focus encompassing all educational stages from preschool to higher education Establish a comprehensive system connecting lifelong learning policies and systems which can provide youth with social adjustment and rehabilitation 30