LEARNING WITHOUT BOUNDARIES TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT DISTANCE/DISTRIBUTED LEARNING

LEARNING WITHOUT BOUNDARIES TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT DISTANCE/DISTRIBUTED LEARNING

DEFENSE RESEARCH SERIES Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5 Computer-Based Instruction in Military Environments Edited by Robert J. Seidel and Peter D. Weddle Applications of Human Performance Models to System Design Edited by Grant R. McMillan, David Beevis, Eduardo Salas, Michael H. Strub, Robert Sutton, and Leo van Breda Color in Electronic Displays Edited by Heino Widdel and David L. Post Advanced Technologies Applied to Training Design Edited by Robert J. Seidel and Paul R. Chatelier Learning without Boundalies: Technology to SUppOlt DistancelDistIibuted Learning Edited by Robert J. Seidel and Paul R. Chatelier

LEARNING WITHOUT BOUNDARIES TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT DISTANCEIDISTRIBUTED LEARNING Edited by Robert J. Seidel United States Army Research Institute Alexandria, Virginia and Paul R. Chatelier Executive Office of the President Washington, D.C. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Learning without boundaries: technology to support distance/distributed learning / edited by Robert J. Seidel and Paul R. Chatelier. p. cm. (Defense research series; v. 5) "Proceedings of a workshop on distance/distributed learning, sponsored by the NATO Defense Research Group, Panel 8, held September 28-October 1, 1993, in Neubiberg, Munich, Germany" T.p. verso. "Published in cooperation with NATO Defense Research Group." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4899-1201-5 1. Educational technology Congresses. 2. Telecommunication in education Congresses. 3. Computer-assisted instruction Congresses. 4. Distance education Congresses. 5. Military education Congresses. I. Seidel, Robert J., [DATE.] II. Chatelier, Paul R. III. NATO Defense Research Group. Panel VIII on Computer-Based Instruction in Military Environments. IV. NATO Defense Research Group. V. Series. LB1028.3.L38 1995 371.3'078 dc20 95-832 CIP ISBN 978-1-4899-1201-5 ISBN 978-1-4899-1199-5 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-1199-5 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally Published by Plenum Press, New York in 1994 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

FOREWORD This collection of papers is the result of a workshop sponsored by NATO's Defense Research Group Panel 8 during the Fall of 1993. The workshop was held at the University of German Armed Forces at Neubiberg (Munich) Germany 29 September-l October, 1993. Robert J. Seidel U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences Washington, D.C. Paul R. Chatelier Executive Office of the President Office of Science and Technology Policy Washington, D.C. v

PREFACE We would like to thank the authors of the papers for providing an excellent coverage of this rapidly developing technology, the session chairpersons for providing excellent structure and management for each group of papers, and each session's discussant's for their summary and personal views of their sessions papers. Our special thanks go to Dr. Rolfe Otte, the German ministry of Defense's research study group member and the person responsible for our being able to have this workshop in Munich. We are also grateful to Dr. H. Closhen of the IABG for technical and administrative assistance throughout the planning and conduct of the workshop. vii

CONTENTS Learning Without Boundaries: An Overview of DistanceIDistributed Learning 1 Robert 1. Seidel and Paul R. Chatelier DISCUSSANT SECTION A: TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS................ 5 Robert Tinker 1. An Analysis of Conferencing as Technology for Distributed Training: Perspectives on Functionality, Instrumentation, Organizational Integration, and Cost-Effectiveness................................................. 7 Betty Collis 2. Organisational Requirements for Educational Technologies Development and Use... 27 Sebastiano Bagnara 3. Some Instructional Theory Driven Aspects of Electronic Technology Supported DistanceIDistributed Learning... 37 Franz Schott 4. New Paradigms for Motivation to Learn and to Continue Learning... 49 Heiko Closhen DISCUSSANT SESSION B: TODAY'S TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES...... 59 Frank B. Withrow 5. Critical Decision Making in the Context of Command and Control: A Computer Simulation Approach to Its Training... 61 Jonathan Crego 6. ECOM: Electronic Communication in Distance Learning.................... 65 Peter van Druenen and Adrie van Ettinger 7. Technical and Administrative Issues in Distributed Training Technology........ 73 G. A. Redding and J. D. Fletcher ix

x Contents DISCUSSANT SECTION C: INSTRUCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT.............. 95 Ruth Phelps 8. Distance Education in the Royal Netherlands Army Training Command... 97 B.A. Klem 9. Educational Programmes in the Federal Republic of Germany: A Review of Experiences... 105 Walter Flemmer 10. Attitudinal Considerations in Distributed Training... 111 CHack DISCUSSANT SECTION D: TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE FOR APPLICATION. 117 Bill Johnson and Stephen Goldberg 11. Training in the Close Combat Tactical Trainer... 119 Stephen L. Goldberg, Thomas W. Mastaglio, and William R. Johnson 12. Advanced Technologies Applied to Training Design-Distance Learning: Technologies Available for Application: Network Simulation: Lessons for Training System Design Derived from the UK(AGPT) CATT Trial... 135 M. Kelly and T. Anderson 13. Tactical Environment Simulation for Training the Crews of the LeClerc Tank... 151 H. de Fontenilles DISCUSSANT SESSION E: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND MULTIPLE USE OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR EDUCATION AND TRAINING... 157 J. D. Fletcher and Steve Funk 14. NTTC-a New Window Into Federal R&D Information... 159 William C. ArbIe 15. Italian Experiences in Distance Education and Trends towards Knowledge and Technology Transfer... 163 F. Lata and S. Stoppoloni 16. Transfer of Educational Materials and Systems-Problems, Solutions and Technology... 177 F.H.D. Gastkemper Overview of the Telematics Programme for Flexible and Distance Learning (Delta).. 189 Luis R. Rosello