km km NIGER CHAD SOKOTO Basic Education Profile for Nigeria Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba, and Yobe States BENIN OYO S l a v e KEBI C o a s t NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN ZAMFARA KATSINA KANO EQUAT. GUINEA JIGAWA BAUCHI KADUNA NIGERNIGERIA ABUJA PLATEAU FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY NASSARAWA KWARA Ibadan OSHUN EKITI TARABA KOGI OGUN ONDO BENUE ENUGU LAGOS EDO Lagos EBONYI ANAMBRA DELTA ABIA CROSS RIVER Bight of Benin IMO CAMEROON RIVERS BAYELSA AKWA IBOM G u l f o f G u i n e a YOBE GOMBE ADAMAWA BORNO C. AFRICAN REP. BASIC EDUCATION OVERVIEW This overview provides information on basic education in Nigeria, with indicators on attendance at three school levels, primary school completion rates, and literacy rates. The majority of the population in this area is Muslim (7 percent); 5 percent of Muslim children go to only Qur anic schools and are not taught the formal curriculum. The region rates among the lowest on almost all the formal education indicators. Its rates of attendance, from pre-primary school to junior secondary school (JSS), are very low; female primary completion and literacy rates are also much lower than the national average. Male Female Male Female Pre-primary net attendance Source: EPDC extraction from DHS dataset 7 5 Primary net attandence Primary completion JSS net attendance Literacy rate (ages ). Pre-primary attendance is the percentage of children aged who reported having entered school and who had attended pre-primary.. Primary completion rate is the number of children in the last year of primary school as a percentage of the population of -year olds.. Literacy rate is the percentage of children aged who can read a partial or whole sentence. LEARNING PYRAMID: ACHIEVEMENT AND LOSSES IN PRIMARY SCHOOL The learning pyramid shows the proportion of -year-olds who are likely to attend and complete primary school and be able to read a simple sentence by the time they are years of age. Only about 5 percent of females and 55 percent of -year-olds in rural areas will enter school. Those who enter will tend to stay in school, but many of them will still lack basic reading skills by the age of. Programs targeted at increasing access, promoting school attendance, and improving quality are needed in this region. Starting cohort of -year-olds MALES FEMALES URBAN RURAL of cohort that will attend school 7 5 7 55 of students to complete primary 5 who will learn to read 5 5 Source: EPDC extraction from DHS survey dataset
BASIC EDUCATION PROFILE NORTHEAST NIGERIA SCHOOL ATTENDANCE STATUS Primary School-Age Children The issue of low school attendance in the region is clearly reflected in the graph below. A large portion of children in each age group between age and has never attended school, and dropout rates increase slightly as age goes up. Moreover, children from poorer households are much more likely to have never attended school than children from wealthier households. Secondary School-Age Children Secondary school attendance is fairly low ( percent) for children the official secondary school ages; many are still in primary school. Only percent of children from the poorest households attend either primary or secondary school, but percent of those from the wealthiest homes do. Interventions should promote attendance at the proper age and address high dropout rates. Source: EPDC extraction from DHS survey dataset Note: Data on attendance are based on formal education figures. FACTORS AFFECTING NONATTENDANCE AND DROPOUT Cost factors both direct costs and opportunity costs in terms of lost labor are major barriers to school attendance and retention in the, as they are nationally. Also important in the case of children who have never attended school are the distance to the school and attendance at Qur anic schools, whereas the dropout rate is strongly affected by the poor quality of education. Nonattendance (Age ) Dropout (Age ) Labor 5 Other 7 Enrolled in Qur'anic school 5 Cost School too far Too young Poor school quality Cost Poor school quality 7 7 Labor Illness or disability No interest No interest School too far Too old None School not important Unable to enter secondary Unsafe travel to school Illness or disability Had enough Unsafe travel to school 7 No good jobs for graduates Failed exams Note: For information on survey sample, see page eight. Source: DHS EdData Survey
EFFICIENCY: REPETITION AND DROPOUT RATES IN PRIMARY SCHOOL BY GRADE BASIC EDUCATION PROFILE NORTHEAST NIGERIA Dropout rates are relatively low in the early grades of primary school. However, dropout rises to % at the end of primary schooling, even though lower secondary is compulsory. Repetition rates are below the national average for primary school grades, except for grade, relatively higher than the national average at %. It is possible that children who do not pass the end-of-primary school exams either attempt to resit the exams the following year or leave school. 5 Repetition Rate 5 Grade Source: DHS EdData Survey Dropout Rate 7 5 Grade STUDENT BACKGROUND AND SCHOOL CHARACTERISTICS Fathers are the most likely ( percent) to lead in making decisions about children s education in the region. Most students ( percent) attend government schools. The two types of private schools cater to different populations: while the majority of children in religious private schools ( percent) come from the wealthier households, nonreligious private schools are largely attended by children from poorer homes (5 percent). of Schoolchildren Attending Different Types of Primary Schools % Minutes Walking to Nearest Primary School Primary School % % % 5% % % % % Decisionmakers for Children s Education % % % 7% % Government Private, religious Private, nonreligious Source: DHS EdData Survey 5 5 + Mother Both Parents Parents/guardian with child Father Guardians Someone else Child Decision not made Family s Socioeconomic Status in Government Primary Schools Primary Schools % % % Family s Socioeconomic Status in Private Religious Primary Schools 5% % Family s Socioeconomic Status in Private Nonreligious Primary Schools 5% 7% % Source: EPDC extraction from DHS survey dataset % Poorest Poorer Middle Richer Richest % % % Poorest Poorer Middle Richer Richest % Poorest Poorer Middle Richer Richest
BASIC EDUCATION PROFILE NORTHEAST NIGERIA PARENTAL CONTRIBUTION AND INVOLVEMENT IN MONEY AND TIME Parents in the region spend about, Naira per student annually on primary school education, well below the national average of 7, Naira. The bulk of the money is spent on extra lessons ( percent), furniture ( percent), food ( percent) and tuition (5 percent). In addition, 77 percent of region parents with one or more children in primary school report that they have visited the school at least once: percent have attended PTA meetings and 7 percent have attended teacher meetings in the past months. However, they are slightly less likely to attend school events than parents nationally. Money Average annual per pupil expenditure for households with nonzero expenditure Time of parents taking time for various school-related activities Distribution of Money Spent by Parents on Schooling Extra lessons Furniture Food Tuition Uniforms Books PTA Examination Others Transportation School development 7 7 5 5 5 One or more visits To collect forms Attended meeting with teachers Attended school events Attended PTA meeting Source: DHS EdData Survey 5 7 77 5 CHILD WELFARE In the, 7 percent of children live with both parents, slightly higher than the national average. However, 5 percent of children are stunted (a symptom of poor nutrition) or wasted, and percent are underweight. The illiteracy rate among female parents/guardians is high at percent, compared to the national average of percent. This region would benefit greatly from an adult literacy campaign and nutrition education. 7 7 Children s Living Arrangement 5 Children s Nutrition Status (Ages ) 7 Female Parent/Guardian s Parent/Guardian's Literacy 5 Living with both parents Living with mother 7 Living with father Not living with either parent Orphan Stunted Wasted Underweight Secondary+ Can read a whole sentence Can read part of a sentence Cannot read at all Others Source: DHS EdData Survey
BASIC EDUCATION PROFILE NORTHEAST NIGERIA 5 PERCEIVED SCHOOL QUALITY Overcrowded classrooms and poor building quality are big concerns of parents. Relatively few parents cited teacher performance as an issue, and even fewer expressed concerns about the safety of their children at school. Primary School Teacher Performance Overcrowded Classrooms Buildings Pupil Pupil Safety Safety 5% % % % % % Big problem Small problem No problem Don't know 5% % % 5% % % 7% % 5% % Source: DHS EdData Survey REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND EDUCATION Sources of Reproductive Education 5 5 7 5 Reasons Primary Schools Shouldn t Provide Reproductive Education 7 7 7 5 Parents/guardians Friends Teachers Radio Health center/clinic Source: DHS EdData Survey Not appropriate in school Parent's job Children are too young Boys and girls should be taught seperately 5 Against religion Encourages children to have sex VALUE OF SCHOOLING This graph shows what parents and guardians see as the specific benefits of completing primary school for 5-year-old children. Acquiring literacy is seen as one of the main values, along with gaining 7 5 morals/values and social skills. A substantial minority believe primary schooling is also important for giving female students better skills in marriage and hygiene. Male Female Male Female Literacy Morals/values Social skills Critical thinking Enter secondary school Better hygiene Learn languages Find Better job Vocational Support household Better parent Better marriage Source: DHS EdData Survey
BASIC EDUCATION PROFILE NORTHEAST NIGERIA BASIC EDUCATION INDICATORS School Attendance (%) Total Urban Rural North- Central Northwest Region Children age attending primary school 7 5 5 5 Children age who have ever attended 7 school that attended preschool Children age attending JSS 5 Children age 7 attending SS 5 5 5 Children age who can read part of or a 5 5 5 7 whole sentence Primary completion 77 55 5 55 7 7 7 Factors Affecting School Attendance (%) Factors in Never Having Attended School Monetary cost 7 5 Labor needed 5 5 7 Child not interested 7 7 Child too young 7 7 5 Child too old Child very sick/long-term illness 5 Child disabled Travel to school unsafe 5 7 School too far 7 Poor school quality 5 No good jobs for graduates 5 School not important 7 7 Enrolled in Qur anic school Factors in Primary School Dropout Monetary cost 7 5 * Labor needed 5 * Failed exams/had to repeat 7 5 * 7 Child no longer wanted to attend 7 * Child completed enough schooling 7 5 * Child very sick/long-term illness 5 5 * Child disabled 7 * School too far 7 7 * Travel to school unsafe 5 7 * Poor school quality 7 * Unlikely/unable to enter secondary school 5 * Absenteeism School Year (%) Primary school pupils missing one or more days 5 7 7 7 Secondary school students missing one or more days 5 5 55 7 7 Characteristics of Schools Attended (%) Types of Primary School Attending public primary school 5 7 7 7 7 Attending private, religious primary schools 7 7 Attending private, nonreligious primary schools Reasons for Choice of Primary School Proximity 5 7 7 75 7 Southeast South- South Southwest
BASIC EDUCATION INDICATORS Total Urban Rural North- Central BASIC EDUCATION PROFILE NORTHEAST NIGERIA 7 Northwest Region Quality 7 5 Expense 7 5 Religion 7 Safety 7 5 Other 5 5 7 7 Parental Involvement in Primary School (%) Attended PTA meeting 5 7 5 Attended school events 5 5 5 7 5 7 Attended meeting with teachers 7 7 7 7 7 5 7 Collected forms 7 7 One or more visits 5 77 7 7 Household Expenditures on Schooling (in Naira) Mean household expenditures per pupil on 7,,5, 5,,, 7,75,, primary schooling Mean household expenditures per pupil on,,, 5,5,,7,5,7, secondary schooling Reproductive Health, HIV/AIDS, and Education Parent/guardian favoring primary schools teaching 55 57 5 about reproductive health (%) Age at which parent/guardian thinks boys should 5 5 5 be taught about reproductive health Age at which parent/guardian thinks girls should be taught about reproductive health Parent/guardians favoring primary schools 7 teaching about HIV/AIDS (%) Children s Characteristics (%) Children s Nutrition Children age who are stunted Children age who are wasted Children age who are underweight Children s Literacy and Numeracy Children age who can read 5 5 57 55 Children age who correctly sum numbers 5 7 7 7 Child Welfare (%) Living with both parents 7 7 7 7 7 7 57 Living with female parent/guardian who cannot 5 5 7 7 7 read at all Orphaned 7 Educational Attainment of Adults (%) No schooling 5 5 Some primary Completed primary 7 Some secondary 5 Completed secondary and beyond 5 Don t know/missing Southeast South- South Southwest Sources: DHS EdData Survey and EPDC extraction from DHS survey dataset
Nigeria This education profile is intended to give a basic overview of the education sector in Nigeria. The data are from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) EdData Survey, and are linked to the Nigeria DHS. The profile highlights issues related to attendance, retention, learning, and teaching efficiency. It also provides information on parents contributions to their children s schooling (in money and time) and their perceptions of schooling. One section focuses on overall welfare of children. DATA INSIGHTS The region of Nigeria is made up of six states: Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba, and Yobe. Its estimated population was,7,7 in (medium variant projection), about. percent of the national population. The region s performance on education is worse than the national average for many indicators. Considerable effort is needed to get school-age children to school and to provide quality education. The incidence of illiteracy is high among mothers and children. This area would benefit from community programs that provide adult literacy classes and early childhood centers that provide education and nutritional supplements for young children. Investing in mothers education in literacy and nutrition will improve children s well-being, and the children will be more likely to succeed in school. Many children who are not in school are enrolled in Qur anic schools, and creative ways can be found to provide literacy courses or primary education in these institutions as well. Even though parents value schooling, many children are not in school. The reasons for nonattendance are varied, but costs (both direct and opportunity) are an important factor. Strategies to reduce the cost of schooling, such as providing scholarships, building schools within villages or communities, flexible school schedules, and providing school lunches, would be major steps toward improving school attendance in this area. Providing opportunities to teach the core curriculum in Qur anic schools and other less formal institutions would be important, as the majority of schoolage children in this region are Muslims, and a large portion of them attend only Qur anic schools. In the, parents and teachers are the main sources of reproductive education, with parents taking a stronger role in this region than nationally. A large portion of parents believes that their children in primary school are too young for reproductive education and that such instruction can encourage children to have sex. Note: The survey question on nonattendance was asked of about,5 youth ages who had not attended school for any reasons other than physical or mental disabilities. The survey question on dropout was asked of about children ages who had dropped out for any reasons other than physical or mental disabilities or long-term illness.