Equity Webinar Series: The State of Black Education in Arizona

Samantha Bommelje P12 Data & Policy Analyst Ed Trust

About Ed Trust Who We Are The Education Trust works for the high academic achievement of all students at all levels (pre-kindergarten through college), and closes opportunity and achievement gaps that separate lowincome students and students of color from other youth. What We do q Research and policy analysis on patterns and practices that both cause and eliminate inequities. q Advocacy to share that knowledge and push for policies and practices that help to close gaps. q Technical assistance to districts, states, and community-based organizations.

About 5% of Arizona s students are Black, which amounts to about 55,000 students. Total Enrollment: 1,109,040 Student Enrollment by Race/ Ethnicity 3% 5% 100 90 80 70 60 Percent of students by program group 39% 50 40 43 30 45% 20 10 5% 3% 0 Asian/Pacific Islander Black Latino Native Two or More Races White Percent of Students Receiving Free and Reduced Price Lunch 23 Percent of 5-17 Year Olds in Poverty 6 Percent of English Learners 12 Percent of students with disabilities Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) Program, 2016 U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), 2014-15.

So, how is Arizona doing?

Let s start with some good news.

Since 2003, Arizona has some gains for Black students in 4 th grade reading, but not steadily. 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 NAEP 4th Grade results over time, by race/ ethnicity 232 228 229 223 224 224 225 225 215 217 215 212 213 209 210 210 207 206 206 204 206 206 202 204 204 196 197 198 193 203 190 191 186 187 185 186 186 182 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 All Students Black Latino Native White

In 8 th grade math, the gains have been larger and more steady. NAEP 8th Grade math results over time, by race/ethnicity 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 258 284 271 256 254 297 292 294 296 294 288 289 283 282 274 276 277 279 280 273 272 266 269 269 269 269 269 265 266 266 261260 262 258 259 260 263 254 253 259 240 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 All Students Black Latino Native White

However, there s still a lot of work to be done.

In both 4 th grade reading and 8 th grade math, only 1 in 5 Black students reach the level on NAEP. 100% By Race/Ethnicity - NAEP Grade 4 Reading (2017) 100% By Race/Ethnicity - NAEP Grade 8 Math (2017) 90% 20 18 90% 21 20 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 32 31 48 51 46 32 Percent of Students 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 40 39 39 41 48 36 10% 0% 22 African American Latino White 10% 0% 15 African American Latino White Percent Below Basic Percent at Basic Percent Proficient or Above Percent Below Basic Percent at Basic Percent Proficient or Above

Arizona is only in the middle of the pack for 4 th grade reading for Black students on the NAEP assessment. Average Scale Score 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 DoDEA Massachusetts New Jersey Maryland Florida Alaska North Carolina Virginia Texas Indiana Connecticut Delaware New York Grade 4 NAEP Reading (2017) District of Columbia Colorado Georgia Rhode Island Arizona National public North Dakota Nevada Kentucky Pennsylvania Oklahoma Washington Ohio Mississippi Kansas Alabama Tennessee West Virginia Nebraska Missouri Illinois California Arkansas Louisiana Minnesota Michigan South Carolina Wisconsin Maine Iowa Source: NAEP Data Explorer, NCES (Proficient Scale Score = 238; Basic Scale Score = 208)

100 90 80 While the state gets about half of its students to proficiency on the state s 4 th grade reading assessment, the numbers are lower for Black students. Only about 1 in 3 Black students receive a passing score, compared to nearly half of all students. Percentage of students passing AZMerit 4th grade reading, by group 70 60 50 47 64 40 30 34 35 20 16 10 0 All Students Black White Low Income Students with Disabilities Source: AZMerit Assessment results, 2018.

The same trends exist for 8 th grade math. While 41% of all students receive a passing grade, only 23% of Black students do. 100 90 80 70 Percentage of students passing AZMerit 8th grade math, by group 60 50 40 30 20 10 41 23 55 27 7 0 All Students Black White Low Income Students with Disabilities Source: AZMerit Assessment results, 2018.

On Advanced Placement exams, 56% of students received a passing grade. The rate is lower for Black students. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Percentage of AP exams passed, by group 64% 56% 39% All Students Black White Source: College Board State Profile Reports, 2016.

Only 22% of Black graduating seniors met college-ready benchmarks in reading on the ACT. In math, only 16% of Black students met the benchmark. 100 Percentage of students meeting college-ready benchmarks on the ACT 90 80 70 60 50 40 34 53 38 58 30 20 16 22 10 0 Math Reading All Students Black White Source: The 2017 SAT Report on College & Career Readiness, College Board

Only about 76% of Black students in Arizona graduate high school on time. 100 Four year graduation rates 90 80 70 80 76 84 77 69 60 50 40 30 32 20 10 0 All Students Black White Low Income English Learners Students with Disabilities Source: NCES, 2016, Table 1. Public high school 4-year adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR), by race/ethnicity and selected demographics for the United States, the 50 states, and the District of Columbia: School year 2014 15

Arizona ranks in the bottom half of all states in graduation rates for Black students. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Four Year Graduation Rates for Black students West Virginia Texas Alabama Maryland North Carolina Tennessee Delaware New Jersey Arkansas Virginia Montana Rhode Island Wyoming Kentucky South Carolina Iowa Missouri Nebraska Massachusetts Mississippi Connecticut Hawaii Idaho New Hampshire Oklahoma Kansas Maine North Dakota South Dakota United States Georgia Arizona Illinois Alaska Utah Indiana Louisiana Pennsylvania California Florida Colorado Washington Vermont New York District of Columbia Michigan Ohio Oregon Minnesota Wisconsin New Mexico Nevada Source: NCES, 2016, Table 1. Public high school 4-year adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR), by race/ethnicity and selected demographics for the United States, the 50 states, and the District of Columbia: School year 2014 15

Arizona has one of the lowest higher education enrollment rates among all states. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, 2012.

Disparities in achievement are a direct result of gaps in opportunity. What do we know about opportunity to learn in Arizona?

Arizona s highest poverty districts receive about the same amount in state and local funds than the state s high poverty districts. $9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 $3,000 $2,000 $1,000 State and local revenue per student by district poverty level $7,729 $7,853 $7,773 $7,577 $- Highest Poverty Districts Quartile 2 Quartile 3 Lowest Poverty Districts Source: The Education Trust, Funding Gaps 2018.

Arizona spends less per student than most other states in the country. $25,000 Per Pupil Expenditure by State, 2014-15. $20,000 $15,000 $10,000 $5,000 $- New York District of Columbia Alaska Connecticut Vermont New Jersey Massachusetts Wyoming Rhode Island New Hampshire Maryland Pennsylvania Maine Illinois Delaware North Dakota Hawaii Nebraska Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin West Virginia United States Virginia Louisiana Montana Michigan Iowa Washington Oregon California Kansas Missouri South Carolina Arkansas New Mexico Kentucky Indiana Georgia Colorado Alabama Florida South Dakota Texas Tennessee North Carolina Nevada Mississippi Oklahoma Arizona Idaho Utah Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Table 236.65. Current expenditure per pupil in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1969-70 through 2014-15

Arizona ranks second from the bottom in fiscal effort put into education. Dollars spent on education per $1,000 of gross state product, by state. Source: Baker, Bruce D., Danielle Farrie, David Sciarra. Is School Funding Fair?: A National Report Card, Seventh Edition, 2018.

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Black children and students from low-income families are less likely to have access to early childhood education than their peers. Percentage of 3 and 4 year old enrolled in early childhood education 50% 44% 47% 40% 37% 36% 30% 28% 20% 10% 0% All Students Black White Low Income Higher Income Source: National Kids Count Data Center, Young Children Not In School.

Schools with the most students of color in Arizona have more inexperienced teachers. 50% Percentage of teachers considered inexperienced 45% 40% 35% 30% 28% 25% 20% 15% 16% 10% 5% 0% Schools w ith the lowest SOC enrollment Schools w ith the highest SOC enrollment Note: Inexperienced is defined as being in the first or second year of teaching. Source: Arizona Department of Education, Ensuring Equitable Access to Excellent Educators in Arizona (Revised), 2015.

Schools with the most students of color also have the most teachers rated ineffective and the fewest rated highly effective. 50% 45% Percent of ineffective and highly effective teachers in schools with the most and the fewest students of color 40% 35% 37% 30% 25% 20% 21% 15% 10% 5% 0% 2% Ineffective 1% Highly effective Schools with the most students of color Schools with the fewest students of color Source: Arizona Department of Education, Ensuring Equitable Access to Excellent Educators in Arizona (Revised), 2015.

While 5% of the student body in Arizona is Black, less than 3% of teachers are Black. Student Demographics 2.8 5.4 Teacher Demographics 1.7 2.8 42.1 13.1 1.3 0.9 42.8 1.6 5.1 80.1 Asian Black Latino Native Two or More Races White Asian Black Latino Native Two or More Races White Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey, 2011-2012.

Black students in Arizona make up 6% of high school students and only 3% of AP test takers. 100% High school demographics compared to AP Exam Taker Demographics 90% 80% 70% 41% 44% 60% 50% 40% 2% 5% 1% 4% 30% 44% 37% 20% 10% 0% 3% 6% 3% 9% High School Enrollment AP Exam Takers Asian/ Pacific Islander Black Latino Native Two or More Races White Source: NCES, Common Core of Data; College Board AP State Reports

Black students are more likely to receive out of school suspensions than their peers. 12% Percent of students suspended out of school one or more times 11% 10% 8% 8% 6% 5% 5% 4% 4% 2% 2% 0% All Students Asian/ Pacific Islander Black Latino White Students with disabilities

Arizona has made progress, but there s much more work to do to ensure that all students are prepared for college, work, and life

Questions?

Guests Janelle Wood Black Mothers Forum Devin Del Palacio, Board Member TUHSD & Chair of the NBC