ActivEpi Companion Textbook

ActivEpi Companion Textbook

David G. Kleinbaum Kevin M. Sullivan Nancy D. Barker ActivEpi Companion Textbook A supplement for use with the ActivEpi CD-ROM Second Edition

David G. Kleinbaum Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA Kevin M. Sullivan Department of Epidemiology Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA Nancy D. Barker Alpharetta, GA, USA ISBN 978-1-4614-5427-4 ISBN 978-1-4614-5428-1 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5428-1 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012946738 Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

To Edna John and Barbara; Enid, Patrick and Zoë Bud

Preface This textbook on epidemiology is a companion to the ActivEpi CD-ROM. The ActivEpi CD- ROM provides a multimedia presentation of epidemiologic concepts commonly taught in an introductory course in epidemiology. ActivEpi CD-ROM uses a range of multimedia effects to motivate, explain, visualize, and apply introductory epidemiologic concepts, integrating video, animation, narration, text, and interactive question and answer sessions. Since individuals differ in their learning skills, the ActivEpi CD-ROM and ActivEpi Companion Textbook offer readers different but nevertheless intertwined options on how to learn epidemiology. The ActivEpi CD- ROM provides an exciting way of presenting epidemiologic concepts through use of animation. The ActivEpi Companion Textbook can be utilized as a hardcopy reference of the textual materials contained in the CD-ROM, as a resource for the practice exercises, as a general reference, or even a self-contained textbook. The ActivEpi CD-ROM and ActivEpi Companion Textbook can be used for self-study or for a course in epidemiology, either in a traditional classroom setting or in a distance learning setting. In general, virtually all of the material on the ActivEpi CD-ROM is included in the ActivEpi Companion Textbook. Some of the narration on the ActivEpi CD-ROM was altered for the Companion Textbook. This difference occurs primarily when the CD-ROM narration refers to an animation on the screen. Another difference between the ActivEpi CD-ROM and the Companion Textbook is in the Study Questions and the Quizzes. On the CD-ROM, the answers are provided interactively. In the text, the Study Questions and Quizzes are sequentially numbered throughout each lesson with the answers provided at the end of the lesson. Finally, there are some interactive activities on the ActivEpi CD-ROM that cannot be duplicated in the text, such as the exercises using the Data Desk program. The 2nd Edition of the ActivEpi Companion Textbook is in step with the ActivEpi CD- ROM version 2. These updated versions of the ActivEpi Companion Textbook and CD-ROM have numerous improvements and have added sections on a number of topics, including indirect standardization, the standardized mortality ratio (SMR), and more details on how the exposure odds ratio estimates the risk ratio in a case-cohort study without the rare disease assumption and how the Mantel-Haenzsel odds ratio estimates the incidence density ratio in a nested casecontrol study without the rare disease assumption. The 2nd Edition of the ActivEpi Companion Textbook now has a glossary.

Contents Preface......... vii Lesson 1 Introduction....... 1 Part I Objectives and Methods of Epidemiologic Research Lesson 2 Epidemiologic Research: An Overview.... 17 Lesson 3 Epidemiologic Study Designs.... 37 Lesson 4 Measures of Disease Frequency..... 67 Lesson 5 Measures of Effect...... 105 Lesson 6 Measures of Potential Impact.... 139 Part II Validity of Epidemiologic Research Lesson 7 Validity...... 175 Lesson 8 Selection Bias...... 195 Lesson 9 Information Bias...... 231 Lesson 10 Confounding...... 283 Lesson 11 Confounding Involving Several Risk Factors.. 311 Part III Epidemiologic Analysis Lesson 12 Simple Analyses...... 331 Lesson 13 Control of Extraneous Factors..... 387 Lesson 14 Stratified Analysis...... 419 Lesson 15 Matching....... 477 Lesson 16 ActiEpi Reference...... 517 Glossary......... 519 Index......... 541