The State of Latino Education in Arizona

November 8 th, 2018 The State of Latino Education in Arizona Copyright 2018 The Education Trust @EdTrust /edtrust edtrust www.edtrust.org

About Ed Trust Who We Are The Education Trust works for the high academic achievement of all students at all levels (pre-kindergarten through college), and closes opportunity and achievement gaps that separate lowincome students and students of color from other youth. What We do q Research and policy analysis on patterns and practices that both cause and eliminate inequities. q Advocacy to share that knowledge and push for policies and practices that help to close gaps. q Technical assistance to districts, states, and community-based organizations.

Nearly half of Arizona s students are Latino, and 6% of students are considered English learners. Total Enrollment: 1,109,040 Student Enrollment by Race/ Ethnicity 3% 5% 100 90 80 70 60 Percent of students by program group 39% 50 40 43 30 45% 20 10 5% 3% 0 Asian/Pacific Islander Black Latino Native Two or More Races White Percent of Students Receiving Free and Reduced Price Lunch 23 Percent of 5-17 Year Olds in Poverty 6 Percent of English Learners 12 Percent of students with disabilities Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) Program, 2016 U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), 2014-15.

The success of Arizona s economy and society depends on the success of Latino students

So, how is Arizona doing?

Let s start with some good news.

Since 2003, Arizona has made steady gains for Latino students in 4 th grade reading. 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 NAEP 4th Grade results over time, by race/ ethnicity 232 228 229 223 224 224 225 225 215 217 215 212 213 209 210 210 207 206 206 204 206 206 202 204 204 196 197 198 193 203 190 191 186 187 185 186 186 182 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 All Students Black Latino Native White

And 8 th grade math as well. NAEP 8th Grade math results over time, by race/ethnicity 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 258 284 271 256 254 297 292 294 296 294 288 289 283 282 274 276 277 279 280 273 272 266 269 269 269 269 269 265 266 266 261260 262 258 259 260 263 254 253 259 240 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 All Students Black Latino Native White

However, there s still a lot of work to be done.

Despite improvements, Arizona still ranks toward the bottom for Latino students in 4 th grade reading. Average Scale Score 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 DoDEA Florida Montana New Jersey Ohio Kentucky Kansas Massachusetts Indiana Virginia Georgia Mississippi Connecticut Hawaii Alaska Missouri New Hampshire Grade 4 NAEP Reading (2017) North Carolina Arkansas Wyoming South Dakota Nebraska Maryland Colorado Oklahoma Delaware Illinois North Dakota Rhode Island Louisiana National public New York Texas Minnesota Michigan South Carolina Tennessee Nevada Idaho Iowa District of Columbia Arizona California Washington New Mexico Pennsylvania Utah Oregon Alabama Wisconsin Source: NAEP Data Explorer, NCES (Proficient Scale Score = 238; Basic Scale Score = 208)

While the state gets about half of its students to proficiency on the state s 4 th grade reading assessment, the numbers are lower for Latino students and English learners. Only about 1 in 3 Latino student receive a passing score, and only 1 in 20 English learners. 100 90 80 Percentage of students receiving passing score on AZMerit in 4th grade reading, by group 70 60 50 40 30 20 47 36 64 35 16 10 0 All Students Latino White Low Income English Learners Students with Disabilities 5 Source: AZMerit Assessment results, 2018.

The same trends exist for 8 th grade math. While 41% of all students receive a passing score, only 29% of Latinos and 4% of English learners do. 100 Percentage of students receiving passing score on AZMerit in 8th grade math, by group 90 80 70 60 55 50 40 30 41 29 27 20 10 0 All Students Latino White Low Income English Learners Students with Disabilities 4 7 Source: AZMerit Assessment results, 2018.

On Advanced Placement exams, 56% of all assessments taken by Arizona students received a 3 or higher. The rate is lower for assessments taken by Latino students. 100% Percentage of AP exams passed, by group 90% 80% 70% 60% 56% 64% 50% 40% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% All Students Latino White Source: College Board State Profile Reports, 2016.

Only 25% of Latino graduating seniors met college-ready benchmarks in reading on the ACT. For math, only 21% of Latino students met the benchmark. Percentage of graduating seniors meeting benchmarks on the ACT 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 34 53 38 58 30 20 21 25 10 0 Math Reading All Students Latino White Source: The 2017 SAT Report on College & Career Readiness, College Board

Only about 76% of Latino students in Arizona graduate high school on time. For English learners, the number is far lower: only 32% of ELs graduate within four years. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 80 76 Four-year graduation rates, by studentgroup 84 All Students Latino White Low Income English Learners Students with Disabilities 77 32 69 Source: NCES, 2016, Table 1. Public high school 4-year adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR), by race/ethnicity and selected demographics for the United States, the 50 states, and the District of Columbia: School year 2014 15

Arizona ranks in the bottom half of all states in graduation rates for Latino students. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Four Year Graduation Rate, Latino students Vermont West Virginia Alabama Texas Arkansas Iowa Maine Tennessee New Jersey Missouri Indiana Kentucky Mississippi Nebraska Illinois Delaware North Carolina California Montana South Carolina Wisconsin Florida United States Kansas Rhode Island Oklahoma North Dakota Maryland Arizona Connecticut Alaska New Hampshire Utah Hawaii Virginia Wyoming Idaho Georgia Louisiana South Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Washington Massachusetts Michigan New Mexico Colorado Nevada Oregon District of Columbia New York Minnesota Source: NCES, 2016, Table 1. Public high school 4-year adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR), by race/ethnicity and selected demographics for the United States, the 50 states, and the District of Columbia: School year 2014 15

Arizona has one of the lowest higher education enrollment rates among all states. Source: National Center for Education Statistics, 2012.

Disparities in achievement are a direct result of gaps in opportunity. What do we know about opportunity to learn in Arizona?

Arizona s highest poverty districts receive about the same amount in state and local funds as the state s lowest poverty districts. $9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 $3,000 $2,000 $1,000 State and local revenue per student by district poverty level $7,729 $7,853 $7,773 $7,577 $- Highest Poverty Districts Quartile 2 Quartile 3 Lowest Poverty Districts Source: The Education Trust, Funding Gaps 2018.

Arizona spends less per student than most other states in the country. $25,000 Per Pupil Expenditure by State, 2014-15. $20,000 $15,000 $10,000 $5,000 $- New York District of Columbia Alaska Connecticut Vermont New Jersey Massachusetts Wyoming Rhode Island New Hampshire Maryland Pennsylvania Maine Illinois Delaware North Dakota Hawaii Nebraska Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin West Virginia United States Virginia Louisiana Montana Michigan Iowa Washington Oregon California Kansas Missouri South Carolina Arkansas New Mexico Kentucky Indiana Georgia Colorado Alabama Florida South Dakota Texas Tennessee North Carolina Nevada Mississippi Oklahoma Arizona Idaho Utah Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Table 236.65. Current expenditure per pupil in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1969-70 through 2014-15

Arizona ranks second from the bottom in fiscal effort put into education. Dollars spent on education per $1,000 of gross state product, by state Source: Baker, Bruce D., Danielle Farrie, David Sciarra. Is School Funding Fair?: A National Report Card, Seventh Edition, 2018.

Latino children and students from low-income families are less likely to be enrolled in early childhood education. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Percentage of 3 and 4 year olds enrolled in early childhood education 50% 40% 30% 37% 29% 44% 28% 47% 20% 10% 0% All Students Latino White Low Income Higher Income Source: National Kids Count Data Center, Young Children Not In School.

Schools with the most students of color in Arizona have more inexperienced teachers. 50% Percentage of teachers considered inexperienced 45% 40% 35% 30% 28% 25% 20% 15% 16% 10% 5% 0% Schools w ith the lowest SOC enrollment Schools w ith the highest SOC enrollment Note: Inexperienced is defined as being in the first or second year of teaching. Source: Arizona Department of Education, Ensuring Equitable Access to Excellent Educators in Arizona (Revised), 2015.

Schools with the most students of color also have the most teachers rated ineffective and the fewest rated highly effective. 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Percent of ineffective and highly effective teachers in schools with the most and the fewest students of color 2% Ineffective 1% Schools with the most students of color 21% Highly effective Schools with the fewest students of color 37% Source: Arizona Department of Education, Ensuring Equitable Access to Excellent Educators in Arizona (Revised), 2015.

While 43% of the student body in Arizona is Latino, only 13% of teachers are Latino. Student Demographics 2.8 5.4 Teacher Demographics 1.7 2.8 42.1 13.1 1.3 0.9 42.8 1.6 5.1 80.1 Asian Black Latino Native Two or More Races White Asian Black Latino Native Two or More Races White Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey, 2011-2012.

Latino students in Arizona make up 44% of high school students and only 37% of AP test takers. 100% High school demographics compared to AP Exam Taker Demographics 90% 80% 70% 41% 44% 60% 50% 40% 2% 5% 1% 4% 30% 44% 37% 20% 10% 0% 3% 6% 3% 9% High School Enrollment AP Exam Takers Asian/ Pacific Islander Black Latino Native Two or More Races White Source: NCES, Common Core of Data; College Board AP State Reports

Arizona has made progress, but there s much further to go to ensure that all students get the opportunities they need to leave high school prepared for success.

Q&A with Adam Lopez Falk, Alhambra ESD Governing Board President and Leadership Program Manager, Valle del Sol's Hispanic Leadership Institute

31 percent of Arizona s population 2.14 million people Arizona 1 of 9 states with more than 1 million Hispanic residents Maricopa County has 5 th largest Latino population at 1.3 million Latino Population increased 62.4% from 2005-2015 Half of Arizona s K-12 public school student population is Latino Datos, Arizona Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, 2018

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