Remembrance of Things Past...
|
|
- Rosanna Allen
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Remembrance of Things Past... 1 Motivation for syntactic transformations In syntax, the American linguistic tradition prior to Chomsky had focussed on immediate constituent analysis of sentences (Chomsky 1957). This approach provides a parse tree of sentence constituents, grouping words into phrases and phrase types. Some examples from a popular work on linguistics are given in (1) (Pinker 1994: 102): (1) Surface structure ambiguity: a. Yoko Ono will talk about her husband John Lennon who was killed in an interview with Barbara Walters. b. We will sell gasoline to anyone in a glass container. In (1a), for example, the prepositional phrase in an interview with Barbara Walters could describe the place where Yoko Ono will talk about her husband or the place where he was killed, a difference which is clearly modelled in the two surface structures (2) and (3): (2) Surface tree for (1a): P PP PP talk P in an interview about her husband John Lennon who was killed (3) Alternative surface tree for (1a): 1
2 P PP talk P about her husband John Lennon who was killed PP in an interview The tree structure is an excellent model of many aspects of syntactic organization, but a leading linguistic idea within the tradition of generative grammar is that grammatical structure cannot be adequately characterized solely in terms of a single tree structure representing the immediate constituent analysis of overt constituents. A more abstract representation is needed to represent the implicit linguistic knowledge of speakers. This problem is illustrated by the ambiguity of (4): (4) Deep ambiguity: I saw the batter. (batter = subject or object of ) Speakers are aware that the batter may be interpreted as the logical subject of ( the ter of the ball ) or the logical object of ( by a badly pitched ball, for example). Yet there is no grouping of the overt elements into different constituents that can explain this difference of meaning. (5), a typical surface tree representation of (4), illustrates this point: 2
3 (5) Surface tree for (4): S P I S saw P the batter A more abstract syntactic representation of the grammatical relations is therefore needed to capture the deep ambiguity of (4). Chomsky has conceived of this abstract representation as a deep structure, an initial structure (or structures) which undergoes transformation into the overt perceptible form. Example (4) would thus have two deep structure sources, illustrated schematically in (6), which would account for the ambiguity: (6) a. I saw [ the batter (something]) ] b. I saw [ (something) the batter ] (6b) would undergo a syntactic transformation that causes it to resemble the surface form of (6a): (7) Passivization ( movement): I saw [ the } batter {{} (be) (by something) ] The idea behind the transformational analysis shown in (7) is that a word in one position is related to another in a nonadjacent position in the tree structure. As shown in (8) it seems that not one tree, but two trees are necessary to characterize the relation a deep, underlying, or initial tree structure and a surface, derived, or final tree structure. 3
4 (8) Underlying and transformationally derived trees for (4): S S P P the batter the batter e Just as deep grammatical ambiguity arises when different underlying structures correspond to the same surface structure, so grammatical equivalence can arise when two distinct surface structures correspond to the same underlying tree structure. This is illustrated by the phenomenon of clitic movement in French, shown in (9). (9a) and (9b) are equivalent in their grammatical relations in both the pronoun meaning us is the object of the verb meaning know : (9) Deep equivalence: Marie nous connaît. Marie us knows Marie knows us. Marie ne connaît que nous. Marie not knows but us Marie knows only us. The clitic in (9a) is assumed to be derived from the same underlying structure as (9b) by the transformation of clitic movement shown in (10): (10) Clitic movement: Marie nous }{{} connaît It is characteristic of the transformational approach that in both of these types of cases deep ambiguity and deep equivalence the underlying tree structure is assumed to correspond rigidly and invariantly to the semantic roles of the participants in the eventuality denoted by the verb. For example, the 4
5 logical object of the verb the one who is or known always appears in the postverbal direct object position of the deep structure tree, whether or not it is ultimately expressed on the surface preverbally as a passive subject or a cliticized pronoun. In effect, lexical roles are represented in the form of an underlying syntactic tree. This syntacticizing of lexical semantics is the core assumption that is abandoned in the newer family of nonderivational grammatical theories. 2 Imperfect-Correspondence Model How are such phenomena, which have long been taken to motivate transformational grammar, explained within the newer family of nonderivational grammatical theories? Let us take lfg (Kaplan and Bresnan 1982) as a concrete example. The most important idea is that lexical roles are directly mapped onto surface syntactic positions without the mediation of deep or underlying syntactic positions. This is possible because lexical roles are seen as having a distinct structure in their own right, independent of syntactic tree structure. The two types of structure are not rigidly related, but allow for a flexible correspondence. In lfg the correspondence between lexical roles and syntactic expressions is decomposed into two parts, as shown in (11): (11) Mapping in lfg: i. There is a flexible (imperfect) correspondence between lexical roles and grammatical relations. ii. There is a flexible (imperfect) correspondence between grammatical relations and overt syntactic tree structures. (11i) is illustrated in (12). For the active verb the subject is the ter, represented by the first argument role x. For the passive verb the subject is the one, represented by the second argument role y. 5
6 (12) Flexible lexical mapping of roles to relations: active: passive: < x y > < x y > roles subj (obj) (by obj) subj relations As shown in (13) both the active and the passive allow the non-subject argument to be omitted; hence the ambiguity: (13) Notation for lexical forms (optional arguments omitted): active: < subj x, 0 y >, passive: < 0 x, subj y > Note that in both active and passive lexical forms x = the ter and y = the thing, while the grammatical relations borne by these semantic roles vary lexically: y is the object in the active and the subject in the passive. Thus in example (14), the ambiguity follows from the lexical choice of an active or passive lexical form of the verb form : (14) I saw the batter. (the batter = subject of active or passive ) No transformational movements are necessary: the ( the batter ) always remains in its surface position of the complement verb and is given whichever lexical role (x = the ter or y = the thing) the verb lexical associates it with, constrained only by the completeness and coherence of the result. In sentence (14) both the active and the passive lexical choice make for complete and coherent analyses, given the omissibility of the object of the active verb and the (by object) of the passive verb. The syntactic functions of the phrases can therefore be read right off the surface structure tree: 6
7 (15) Direct mapping of surface syntactic positions into roles: S P I S saw Subject the batter P < subj x, 0 y > or < 0 x, subj y > This direct surface mapping is possible because there are no syntactic transformations; grammatical relations are never transformed one into another by any syntactic operation. In effect, a grammar is a direct correspondence mapping between a set of surface tree structures and a parallel set of lexical functional structures. The same surface structure tree can thus be directly mapped onto two different lexically induced feature structures, called functional structures or f-structures in lfg, as illustrated in (16) and (17). 7
8 (16) S P [ ] def +... subj pred batter pred < subj x, 0 y > x I S saw P the batter (17) S P [ ] def +... subj pred batter pred < 0 x, subj y > y I S saw P the batter In this way deep ambiguities can be explained without syntactic transformations. How are cases like clitic movement handled, where there is no lexical ambiguity? This is where assumption (11ii) comes in: there is a flexible correspondence between grammatical relations (such as Object) and tree structure positions as illustrated in (18) and (19): 8
9 (18) P ne connaît Object que nous (19) Object Cl nous connaît In French the Object relation may be expressed either postverbally in the verb phrase or preverbally as a clitic. The preverbal position is restricted to the category of clitics, while the postverbal position can be occupied by s of all types. In this way two different surface structure trees can be mapped onto the same lexically induced functional structure, as illustrated in (20) and (21). (20) P [ pred know < subjx, obj y > obj [ us ] ] ne connaît (21) Cl nous connaît que nous [ pred know < subjx, obj y > obj [ us ] ] Notice how this approach differs from the transformational conception of grammar, where the underlying tree structure is assumed to correspond rigidly and invariantly to the lexical semantic roles, and subsequently undergoes transformational derivation to achieve the variety of surface expressions actually 9
10 found. In the nonderivational, constraint-based approaches, in contrast, lexical roles map directly onto the variety of surface structures without transformations. Under the direct mapping, certain sets of surface expressions are grammatically equivalent. For example, the French preverbal clitic and postverbal pronoun are equivalent in that both correspond to the same lexical roles and both alternate with a subject pronoun under passivization. This equivalence is captured in lfg by classing both structures as members of the grammatical relation Object. In general, grammatical relations such as Object and Subject can be defined simply as equivalence classes of surface forms under the mappings (11i,ii). 3 Optimality Theory An obvious deficiency of the lfg approach to grammatical representation, based as it is on flexible correspondence mappings between parallel structures, is that there must be limits to flexibility. Not every grammatical relation can correspond to every lexical role, and not any tree position can correspond to any grammatical relation. And even if one can point to one or another farflung language that exhibits an unusual correspondence mapping, there are still strong generalizations in the form of crosslinguistic asymmetries. For example, there are a number of languages like English which have free pronouns and no clitic pronouns, and there are many languages like French which have both free and clitic pronouns, but there are few if any languages which have only clitic pronouns and no free pronouns whatsoever (Bresnan 1999). This is a classical markedness asymmetry of the sort observed by members of the Prague School (e.g. Jakobson 1984) and further documented in the domain of syntax by linguists of a typological and/or functionalist bent (e.g. Haiman 1985, Givón 1995). Greenberg (1966) in particular has studied these markedness relations in terms of inplicational universals and frequency counts. In early transformational theory the deep or underlying structure is the basic, unmarked structure, and complexity is added by transformational rules. Unfortunately, the lack of transparency in that framework between deep structures and overt perceptible constructions soon became so great that there has been little fruitful work attempting to explain markedness asymmetries in transformational terms. Greenbergian implicational universals, because they concern only surface structures, have attracted little interest within the transformational conception of Universal Grammar. 10
11 How can such typological asymmetries be captured in nonderivational theories like lfg in which both the clitic pronoun and the free pronfoun are surface forms equally basic in terms of generation (18) and (19)? We can solve this problem by viewing a lfg as a universal generator of candidate linguistic structures which are evaluated as to their markedness along multiple conflicting dimensions. A grammar is not then just a structure generator, as in the classical conception of generative grammar, but a means of selecting structures which optimize the harmony among multiple conflicting dimensions of markedness. It is this optimization which defines the limits of flexibility in the correspondence mappings between linguistic content (represented by functional structures) and linguistic form (represented by surface constituent tree structures). 11
Introduction to HPSG. Introduction. Historical Overview. The HPSG architecture. Signature. Linguistic Objects. Descriptions.
to as a linguistic theory to to a member of the family of linguistic frameworks that are called generative grammars a grammar which is formalized to a high degree and thus makes exact predictions about
More informationCase government vs Case agreement: modelling Modern Greek case attraction phenomena in LFG
Case government vs Case agreement: modelling Modern Greek case attraction phenomena in LFG Dr. Kakia Chatsiou, University of Essex achats at essex.ac.uk Explorations in Syntactic Government and Subcategorisation,
More informationA Minimalist Approach to Code-Switching. In the field of linguistics, the topic of bilingualism is a broad one. There are many
Schmidt 1 Eric Schmidt Prof. Suzanne Flynn Linguistic Study of Bilingualism December 13, 2013 A Minimalist Approach to Code-Switching In the field of linguistics, the topic of bilingualism is a broad one.
More informationConstraining X-Bar: Theta Theory
Constraining X-Bar: Theta Theory Carnie, 2013, chapter 8 Kofi K. Saah 1 Learning objectives Distinguish between thematic relation and theta role. Identify the thematic relations agent, theme, goal, source,
More informationCS 598 Natural Language Processing
CS 598 Natural Language Processing Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere!"#$%&'&()*+,-./012 34*5665756638/9:;< =>?@ABCDEFGHIJ5KL@
More informationTHE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES
THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES PRO and Control in Lexical Functional Grammar: Lexical or Theory Motivated? Evidence from Kikuyu Njuguna Githitu Bernard Ph.D. Student, University
More informationFrequency and pragmatically unmarked word order *
Frequency and pragmatically unmarked word order * Matthew S. Dryer SUNY at Buffalo 1. Introduction Discussions of word order in languages with flexible word order in which different word orders are grammatical
More informationUnderlying and Surface Grammatical Relations in Greek consider
0 Underlying and Surface Grammatical Relations in Greek consider Sentences Brian D. Joseph The Ohio State University Abbreviated Title Grammatical Relations in Greek consider Sentences Brian D. Joseph
More informationThe presence of interpretable but ungrammatical sentences corresponds to mismatches between interpretive and productive parsing.
Lecture 4: OT Syntax Sources: Kager 1999, Section 8; Legendre et al. 1998; Grimshaw 1997; Barbosa et al. 1998, Introduction; Bresnan 1998; Fanselow et al. 1999; Gibson & Broihier 1998. OT is not a theory
More informationAn Introduction to the Minimalist Program
An Introduction to the Minimalist Program Luke Smith University of Arizona Summer 2016 Some findings of traditional syntax Human languages vary greatly, but digging deeper, they all have distinct commonalities:
More informationENGBG1 ENGBL1 Campus Linguistics. Meeting 2. Chapter 7 (Morphology) and chapter 9 (Syntax) Pia Sundqvist
Meeting 2 Chapter 7 (Morphology) and chapter 9 (Syntax) Today s agenda Repetition of meeting 1 Mini-lecture on morphology Seminar on chapter 7, worksheet Mini-lecture on syntax Seminar on chapter 9, worksheet
More informationLNGT0101 Introduction to Linguistics
LNGT0101 Introduction to Linguistics Lecture #11 Oct 15 th, 2014 Announcements HW3 is now posted. It s due Wed Oct 22 by 5pm. Today is a sociolinguistics talk by Toni Cook at 4:30 at Hillcrest 103. Extra
More informationControl and Boundedness
Control and Boundedness Having eliminated rules, we would expect constructions to follow from the lexical categories (of heads and specifiers of syntactic constructions) alone. Combinatory syntax simply
More informationLFG Semantics via Constraints
LFG Semantics via Constraints Mary Dalrymple John Lamping Vijay Saraswat fdalrymple, lamping, saraswatg@parc.xerox.com Xerox PARC 3333 Coyote Hill Road Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA Abstract Semantic theories
More informationLING 329 : MORPHOLOGY
LING 329 : MORPHOLOGY TTh 10:30 11:50 AM, Physics 121 Course Syllabus Spring 2013 Matt Pearson Office: Vollum 313 Email: pearsonm@reed.edu Phone: 7618 (off campus: 503-517-7618) Office hrs: Mon 1:30 2:30,
More informationApproaches to control phenomena handout Obligatory control and morphological case: Icelandic and Basque
Approaches to control phenomena handout 6 5.4 Obligatory control and morphological case: Icelandic and Basque Icelandinc quirky case (displaying properties of both structural and inherent case: lexically
More information"f TOPIC =T COMP COMP... OBJ
TREATMENT OF LONG DISTANCE DEPENDENCIES IN LFG AND TAG: FUNCTIONAL UNCERTAINTY IN LFG IS A COROLLARY IN TAG" Aravind K. Joshi Dept. of Computer & Information Science University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia,
More informationParallel Evaluation in Stratal OT * Adam Baker University of Arizona
Parallel Evaluation in Stratal OT * Adam Baker University of Arizona tabaker@u.arizona.edu 1.0. Introduction The model of Stratal OT presented by Kiparsky (forthcoming), has not and will not prove uncontroversial
More informationFeature-Based Grammar
8 Feature-Based Grammar James P. Blevins 8.1 Introduction This chapter considers some of the basic ideas about language and linguistic analysis that define the family of feature-based grammars. Underlying
More informationPseudo-Passives as Adjectival Passives
Pseudo-Passives as Adjectival Passives Kwang-sup Kim Hankuk University of Foreign Studies English Department 81 Oedae-lo Cheoin-Gu Yongin-City 449-791 Republic of Korea kwangsup@hufs.ac.kr Abstract The
More informationArgument structure and theta roles
Argument structure and theta roles Introduction to Syntax, EGG Summer School 2017 András Bárány ab155@soas.ac.uk 26 July 2017 Overview Where we left off Arguments and theta roles Some consequences of theta
More information1/20 idea. We ll spend an extra hour on 1/21. based on assigned readings. so you ll be ready to discuss them in class
If we cancel class 1/20 idea We ll spend an extra hour on 1/21 I ll give you a brief writing problem for 1/21 based on assigned readings Jot down your thoughts based on your reading so you ll be ready
More informationConstruction Grammar. University of Jena.
Construction Grammar Holger Diessel University of Jena holger.diessel@uni-jena.de http://www.holger-diessel.de/ Words seem to have a prototype structure; but language does not only consist of words. What
More informationSom and Optimality Theory
Som and Optimality Theory This article argues that the difference between English and Norwegian with respect to the presence of a complementizer in embedded subject questions is attributable to a larger
More informationA Grammar for Battle Management Language
Bastian Haarmann 1 Dr. Ulrich Schade 1 Dr. Michael R. Hieb 2 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics 2 George Mason University bastian.haarmann@fkie.fraunhofer.de
More informationInterfacing Phonology with LFG
Interfacing Phonology with LFG Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King University of Konstanz and Xerox PARC Proceedings of the LFG98 Conference The University of Queensland, Brisbane Miriam Butt and Tracy
More informationBasic Syntax. Doug Arnold We review some basic grammatical ideas and terminology, and look at some common constructions in English.
Basic Syntax Doug Arnold doug@essex.ac.uk We review some basic grammatical ideas and terminology, and look at some common constructions in English. 1 Categories 1.1 Word level (lexical and functional)
More informationAn Interactive Intelligent Language Tutor Over The Internet
An Interactive Intelligent Language Tutor Over The Internet Trude Heift Linguistics Department and Language Learning Centre Simon Fraser University, B.C. Canada V5A1S6 E-mail: heift@sfu.ca Abstract: This
More informationContext Free Grammars. Many slides from Michael Collins
Context Free Grammars Many slides from Michael Collins Overview I An introduction to the parsing problem I Context free grammars I A brief(!) sketch of the syntax of English I Examples of ambiguous structures
More informationSome Principles of Automated Natural Language Information Extraction
Some Principles of Automated Natural Language Information Extraction Gregers Koch Department of Computer Science, Copenhagen University DIKU, Universitetsparken 1, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Abstract
More informationHeads and history NIGEL VINCENT & KERSTI BÖRJARS The University of Manchester
Heads and history NIGEL VINCENT & KERSTI BÖRJARS The University of Manchester Heads come in two kinds: lexical and functional. While the former are treated in a largely uniform way across theoretical frameworks,
More informationUniversal Grammar 2. Universal Grammar 1. Forms and functions 1. Universal Grammar 3. Conceptual and surface structure of complex clauses
Universal Grammar 1 evidence : 1. crosslinguistic investigation of properties of languages 2. evidence from language acquisition 3. general cognitive abilities 1. Properties can be reflected in a.) structural
More informationThe Pennsylvania State University. The Graduate School. College of the Liberal Arts THE TEACHABILITY HYPOTHESIS AND CONCEPT-BASED INSTRUCTION
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts THE TEACHABILITY HYPOTHESIS AND CONCEPT-BASED INSTRUCTION TOPICALIZATION IN CHINESE AS A SECOND LANGUAGE A Dissertation
More informationProof Theory for Syntacticians
Department of Linguistics Ohio State University Syntax 2 (Linguistics 602.02) January 5, 2012 Logics for Linguistics Many different kinds of logic are directly applicable to formalizing theories in syntax
More informationSOME MINIMAL NOTES ON MINIMALISM *
In Linguistic Society of Hong Kong Newsletter 36, 7-10. (2000) SOME MINIMAL NOTES ON MINIMALISM * Sze-Wing Tang The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 1 Introduction Based on the framework outlined in chapter
More informationTowards a Machine-Learning Architecture for Lexical Functional Grammar Parsing. Grzegorz Chrupa la
Towards a Machine-Learning Architecture for Lexical Functional Grammar Parsing Grzegorz Chrupa la A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
More informationIntra-talker Variation: Audience Design Factors Affecting Lexical Selections
Tyler Perrachione LING 451-0 Proseminar in Sound Structure Prof. A. Bradlow 17 March 2006 Intra-talker Variation: Audience Design Factors Affecting Lexical Selections Abstract Although the acoustic and
More informationDerivations (MP) and Evaluations (OT) *
Derivations (MP) and Evaluations (OT) * Leiden University (LUCL) The main claim of this paper is that the minimalist framework and optimality theory adopt more or less the same architecture of grammar:
More informationInleiding Taalkunde. Docent: Paola Monachesi. Blok 4, 2001/ Syntax 2. 2 Phrases and constituent structure 2. 3 A minigrammar of Italian 3
Inleiding Taalkunde Docent: Paola Monachesi Blok 4, 2001/2002 Contents 1 Syntax 2 2 Phrases and constituent structure 2 3 A minigrammar of Italian 3 4 Trees 3 5 Developing an Italian lexicon 4 6 S(emantic)-selection
More informationThe Role of the Head in the Interpretation of English Deverbal Compounds
The Role of the Head in the Interpretation of English Deverbal Compounds Gianina Iordăchioaia i, Lonneke van der Plas ii, Glorianna Jagfeld i (Universität Stuttgart i, University of Malta ii ) Wen wurmt
More informationAuthors note Chapter One Why Simpler Syntax? 1.1. Different notions of simplicity
Authors note: This document is an uncorrected prepublication version of the manuscript of Simpler Syntax, by Peter W. Culicover and Ray Jackendoff (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005). The actual published
More informationSwitched Control and other 'uncontrolled' cases of obligatory control
Switched Control and other 'uncontrolled' cases of obligatory control Dorothee Beermann and Lars Hellan Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway dorothee.beermann@ntnu.no, lars.hellan@ntnu.no
More informationParsing of part-of-speech tagged Assamese Texts
IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2009 ISSN (Online): 1694-0784 ISSN (Print): 1694-0814 28 Parsing of part-of-speech tagged Assamese Texts Mirzanur Rahman 1, Sufal
More informationThe optimal placement of up and ab A comparison 1
The optimal placement of up and ab A comparison 1 Nicole Dehé Humboldt-University, Berlin December 2002 1 Introduction This paper presents an optimality theoretic approach to the transitive particle verb
More informationMinimalism is the name of the predominant approach in generative linguistics today. It was first
Minimalism Minimalism is the name of the predominant approach in generative linguistics today. It was first introduced by Chomsky in his work The Minimalist Program (1995) and has seen several developments
More informationCHILDREN S POSSESSIVE STRUCTURES: A CASE STUDY 1. Andrew Radford and Joseph Galasso, University of Essex
CHILDREN S POSSESSIVE STRUCTURES: A CASE STUDY 1 Andrew Radford and Joseph Galasso, University of Essex 1998 Two-and three-year-old children generally go through a stage during which they sporadically
More informationA relational approach to translation
A relational approach to translation Rémi Zajac Project POLYGLOSS* University of Stuttgart IMS-CL /IfI-AIS, KeplerstraBe 17 7000 Stuttgart 1, West-Germany zajac@is.informatik.uni-stuttgart.dbp.de Abstract.
More informationType-driven semantic interpretation and feature dependencies in R-LFG
Type-driven semantic interpretation and feature dependencies in R-LFG Mark Johnson Revision of 23rd August, 1997 1 Introduction This paper describes a new formalization of Lexical-Functional Grammar called
More informationWord Stress and Intonation: Introduction
Word Stress and Intonation: Introduction WORD STRESS One or more syllables of a polysyllabic word have greater prominence than the others. Such syllables are said to be accented or stressed. Word stress
More informationNatural Language Processing. George Konidaris
Natural Language Processing George Konidaris gdk@cs.brown.edu Fall 2017 Natural Language Processing Understanding spoken/written sentences in a natural language. Major area of research in AI. Why? Humans
More informationDerivational: Inflectional: In a fit of rage the soldiers attacked them both that week, but lost the fight.
Final Exam (120 points) Click on the yellow balloons below to see the answers I. Short Answer (32pts) 1. (6) The sentence The kinder teachers made sure that the students comprehended the testable material
More informationLinguistic Variation across Sports Category of Press Reportage from British Newspapers: a Diachronic Multidimensional Analysis
International Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences (IJAHSS) Volume 1 Issue 1 ǁ August 216. www.ijahss.com Linguistic Variation across Sports Category of Press Reportage from British Newspapers:
More informationWhat Structures Are Underlying Structures?
Chapter 6 154 Chapter 6 What Structures Are Underlying Structures? 6.0 Introductory Notes Pattern matching analysis rejects the idea that meaning of surface forms and/or formations is given by so-called
More informationProviding student writers with pre-text feedback
Providing student writers with pre-text feedback Ana Frankenberg-Garcia This paper argues that the best moment for responding to student writing is before any draft is completed. It analyses ways in which
More informationPhenomena of gender attraction in Polish *
Chiara Finocchiaro and Anna Cielicka Phenomena of gender attraction in Polish * 1. Introduction The selection and use of grammatical features - such as gender and number - in producing sentences involve
More informationCompositional Semantics
Compositional Semantics CMSC 723 / LING 723 / INST 725 MARINE CARPUAT marine@cs.umd.edu Words, bag of words Sequences Trees Meaning Representing Meaning An important goal of NLP/AI: convert natural language
More informationThe Interface between Phrasal and Functional Constraints
The Interface between Phrasal and Functional Constraints John T. Maxwell III* Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Ronald M. Kaplan t Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Many modern grammatical formalisms divide
More informationBeyond constructions:
2 nd NTU Workshop on Discourse and Grammar in Formosan Languages National Taiwan University, 1 June 2013 Beyond constructions: Takivatan Bunun predicate-argument structure, grammatical coherence, and the
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 154 ( 2014 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 154 ( 2014 ) 263 267 THE XXV ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE, LANGUAGE AND CULTURE, 20-22 October
More informationON THE SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS
ON THE SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS OF NUMERALS IN ENGLISH Masaru Honda O. In his 1977 monograph, an extensive study of X syntax, Jackendoff attempts to accomplish cross-category generalizations by proposing a
More informationDependency, licensing and the nature of grammatical relations *
UCL Working Papers in Linguistics 8 (1996) Dependency, licensing and the nature of grammatical relations * CHRISTIAN KREPS Abstract Word Grammar (Hudson 1984, 1990), in common with other dependency-based
More informationDerivational and Inflectional Morphemes in Pak-Pak Language
Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in Pak-Pak Language Agustina Situmorang and Tima Mariany Arifin ABSTRACT The objectives of this study are to find out the derivational and inflectional morphemes
More informationDeveloping a TT-MCTAG for German with an RCG-based Parser
Developing a TT-MCTAG for German with an RCG-based Parser Laura Kallmeyer, Timm Lichte, Wolfgang Maier, Yannick Parmentier, Johannes Dellert University of Tübingen, Germany CNRS-LORIA, France LREC 2008,
More informationHow to analyze visual narratives: A tutorial in Visual Narrative Grammar
How to analyze visual narratives: A tutorial in Visual Narrative Grammar Neil Cohn 2015 neilcohn@visuallanguagelab.com www.visuallanguagelab.com Abstract Recent work has argued that narrative sequential
More informationFOREWORD.. 5 THE PROPER RUSSIAN PRONUNCIATION. 8. УРОК (Unit) УРОК (Unit) УРОК (Unit) УРОК (Unit) 4 80.
CONTENTS FOREWORD.. 5 THE PROPER RUSSIAN PRONUNCIATION. 8 УРОК (Unit) 1 25 1.1. QUESTIONS WITH КТО AND ЧТО 27 1.2. GENDER OF NOUNS 29 1.3. PERSONAL PRONOUNS 31 УРОК (Unit) 2 38 2.1. PRESENT TENSE OF THE
More informationDescribing Motion Events in Adult L2 Spanish Narratives
Describing Motion Events in Adult L2 Spanish Narratives Samuel Navarro and Elena Nicoladis University of Alberta 1. Introduction When learning a second language (L2), learners are faced with the challenge
More informationChapter 1 The functional approach to language and the typological approach to grammar
Givón, Talmy (2001). Syntax. Volume I. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Chapter 1 The functional approach to language and the typological approach to grammar What is functionalism?
More informationChapter 9 Banked gap-filling
Chapter 9 Banked gap-filling This testing technique is known as banked gap-filling, because you have to choose the appropriate word from a bank of alternatives. In a banked gap-filling task, similarly
More informationSyntax Parsing 1. Grammars and parsing 2. Top-down and bottom-up parsing 3. Chart parsers 4. Bottom-up chart parsing 5. The Earley Algorithm
Syntax Parsing 1. Grammars and parsing 2. Top-down and bottom-up parsing 3. Chart parsers 4. Bottom-up chart parsing 5. The Earley Algorithm syntax: from the Greek syntaxis, meaning setting out together
More informationConstructions with Lexical Integrity *
Constructions with Lexical Integrity * Ash Asudeh, Mary Dalrymple, and Ida Toivonen Carleton University & Oxford University abstract Construction Grammar holds that unpredictable form-meaning combinations
More informationThe Strong Minimalist Thesis and Bounded Optimality
The Strong Minimalist Thesis and Bounded Optimality DRAFT-IN-PROGRESS; SEND COMMENTS TO RICKL@UMICH.EDU Richard L. Lewis Department of Psychology University of Michigan 27 March 2010 1 Purpose of this
More informationGrammars & Parsing, Part 1:
Grammars & Parsing, Part 1: Rules, representations, and transformations- oh my! Sentence VP The teacher Verb gave the lecture 2015-02-12 CS 562/662: Natural Language Processing Game plan for today: Review
More informationAdapting Stochastic Output for Rule-Based Semantics
Adapting Stochastic Output for Rule-Based Semantics Wissenschaftliche Arbeit zur Erlangung des Grades eines Diplom-Handelslehrers im Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften der Universität Konstanz Februar
More informationDOWNSTEP IN SUPYIRE* Robert Carlson Societe Internationale de Linguistique, Mali
Studies in African inguistics Volume 4 Number April 983 DOWNSTEP IN SUPYIRE* Robert Carlson Societe Internationale de inguistique ali Downstep in the vast majority of cases can be traced to the influence
More informationMemory for questions and amount of processing
Memory & Cognition 1978, Vol. 6 (5), 496-501 Memory for questions and amount of processing P. N. JOHNSON-LAIRD and C. E. BETHELL-FOX Centre for Research on Perception and Cognition, Laboratory of Experimental
More informationDisharmonic Word Order from a Processing Typology Perspective. John A. Hawkins, U of Cambridge RCEAL & UC Davis Linguistics
Disharmonic Word Order from a Processing Typology Perspective John A. Hawkins, U of Cambridge RCEAL & UC Davis Linguistics [A] Introduction 1. XP 2. XP 3. XP *4. XP X YP YP X X YP YP X Y ZP ZP Y ZP Y Y
More information1 Nonapriorism vs. apriorism
DOI 10.1515/tl-2012-0004 Theoretical Linguistics 2012; 38(1-2): 91 102 Martin Haspelmath Escaping ethnocentrism in the study of word-class universals Martin Haspelmath: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary
More informationProceedings of the 19th COLING, , 2002.
Crosslinguistic Transfer in Automatic Verb Classication Vivian Tsang Computer Science University of Toronto vyctsang@cs.toronto.edu Suzanne Stevenson Computer Science University of Toronto suzanne@cs.toronto.edu
More informationChapter 4: Valence & Agreement CSLI Publications
Chapter 4: Valence & Agreement Reminder: Where We Are Simple CFG doesn t allow us to cross-classify categories, e.g., verbs can be grouped by transitivity (deny vs. disappear) or by number (deny vs. denies).
More informationBasic Parsing with Context-Free Grammars. Some slides adapted from Julia Hirschberg and Dan Jurafsky 1
Basic Parsing with Context-Free Grammars Some slides adapted from Julia Hirschberg and Dan Jurafsky 1 Announcements HW 2 to go out today. Next Tuesday most important for background to assignment Sign up
More informationType Theory and Universal Grammar
Type Theory and Universal Grammar Aarne Ranta Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology and Göteborg University Abstract. The paper takes a look at the history of
More informationCh VI- SENTENCE PATTERNS.
Ch VI- SENTENCE PATTERNS faizrisd@gmail.com www.pakfaizal.com It is a common fact that in the making of well-formed sentences we badly need several syntactic devices used to link together words by means
More informationEvaluation of Usage Patterns for Web-based Educational Systems using Web Mining
Evaluation of Usage Patterns for Web-based Educational Systems using Web Mining Dave Donnellan, School of Computer Applications Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland daviddonnellan@eircom.net Claus Pahl
More informationEvaluation of Usage Patterns for Web-based Educational Systems using Web Mining
Evaluation of Usage Patterns for Web-based Educational Systems using Web Mining Dave Donnellan, School of Computer Applications Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland daviddonnellan@eircom.net Claus Pahl
More informationNegation through reduplication and tone: implications for the LFG/PFM interface 1
J. Linguistics 00 (0000) doi:10.1017/s0000000000000000 Printed in the United Kingdom Negation through reduplication and tone: implications for the LFG/PFM interface 1 AUTHOR Affiliation (Received 24 July
More informationELA/ELD Standards Correlation Matrix for ELD Materials Grade 1 Reading
ELA/ELD Correlation Matrix for ELD Materials Grade 1 Reading The English Language Arts (ELA) required for the one hour of English-Language Development (ELD) Materials are listed in Appendix 9-A, Matrix
More informationPrediction of Maximal Projection for Semantic Role Labeling
Prediction of Maximal Projection for Semantic Role Labeling Weiwei Sun, Zhifang Sui Institute of Computational Linguistics Peking University Beijing, 100871, China {ws, szf}@pku.edu.cn Haifeng Wang Toshiba
More information5 Minimalism and Optimality Theory
5 Minimalism and Optimality Theory Hans Broekhuis and Ellen Woolford 5.1 Introduction This chapter discusses the relation between the Minimalist Program (MP) and Optimality Theory (OT) and will show that,
More information- «Crede Experto:,,,». 2 (09) (http://ce.if-mstuca.ru) '36
- «Crede Experto:,,,». 2 (09). 2016 (http://ce.if-mstuca.ru) 811.512.122'36 Ш163.24-2 505.. е е ы, Қ х Ц Ь ғ ғ ғ,,, ғ ғ ғ, ғ ғ,,, ғ че ые :,,,, -, ғ ғ ғ, 2016 D. A. Alkebaeva Almaty, Kazakhstan NOUTIONS
More informationHindi-Urdu Phrase Structure Annotation
Hindi-Urdu Phrase Structure Annotation Rajesh Bhatt and Owen Rambow January 12, 2009 1 Design Principle: Minimal Commitments Binary Branching Representations. Mostly lexical projections (P,, AP, AdvP)
More informationThe building blocks of HPSG grammars. Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) HPSG grammars from a linguistic perspective
Te building blocks of HPSG grammars Head-Driven Prase Structure Grammar (HPSG) In HPSG, sentences, s, prases, and multisentence discourses are all represented as signs = complexes of ponological, syntactic/semantic,
More informationOptimality Theory and the Minimalist Program
Optimality Theory and the Minimalist Program Vieri Samek-Lodovici Italian Department University College London 1 Introduction The Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995, 2000) and Optimality Theory (Prince and
More informationSecond Language Acquisition of Complex Structures: The Case of English Restrictive Relative Clauses
ISSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 1330-1340, July 2012 Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/tpls.2.7.1330-1340 Second Language Acquisition of Complex Structures:
More informationWriting a composition
A good composition has three elements: Writing a composition an introduction: A topic sentence which contains the main idea of the paragraph. a body : Supporting sentences that develop the main idea. a
More informationCitation for published version (APA): Veenstra, M. J. A. (1998). Formalizing the minimalist program Groningen: s.n.
University of Groningen Formalizing the minimalist program Veenstra, Mettina Jolanda Arnoldina IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF if you wish to cite from
More informationCEFR Overall Illustrative English Proficiency Scales
CEFR Overall Illustrative English Proficiency s CEFR CEFR OVERALL ORAL PRODUCTION Has a good command of idiomatic expressions and colloquialisms with awareness of connotative levels of meaning. Can convey
More informationThe subject of adjectives: Syntactic position and semantic interpretation
The subject of adjectives: Syntactic position and semantic interpretation Aya Meltzer-ASSCHER Abstract It is widely accepted that subjects of verbs are base-generated within the (extended) verbal projection.
More informationKorean ECM Constructions and Cyclic Linearization
Korean ECM Constructions and Cyclic Linearization DONGWOO PARK University of Maryland, College Park 1 Introduction One of the peculiar properties of the Korean Exceptional Case Marking (ECM) constructions
More informationFull text of O L O W Science As Inquiry conference. Science as Inquiry
Page 1 of 5 Full text of O L O W Science As Inquiry conference Reception Meeting Room Resources Oceanside Unifying Concepts and Processes Science As Inquiry Physical Science Life Science Earth & Space
More informationLoughton School s curriculum evening. 28 th February 2017
Loughton School s curriculum evening 28 th February 2017 Aims of this session Share our approach to teaching writing, reading, SPaG and maths. Share resources, ideas and strategies to support children's
More information