Discovering Syntax. Clause Structures of English, German and Romance. Joseph E. Emonds. Mouton de Gruyter Berlin New York

Transcription

1 Discovering Syntax Clause Structures of English, German and Romance by Joseph E. Emonds Mouton de Gruyter Berlin New York

2 Contents Acknowledgments and dedication v Prologue to Discovering Syntax 1 Part I: Structures in lexical projections i Chapter 1 Types of syntactic categories and features 9 Appendix The status of the small clause category Secondary Predication and Small Clauses Binary Branching and "Learnability" Small Clauses: irrelevant or defective syntactic arguments An Aristotelian legacy 22 Chapter 2 The restricted complement space of lexical frames The range of single phrase complements to verbs Variations on the frames D, A and P The predicate nominal frame + N Variations on the frames V and I Extrinsic features in single frames Limitations on multiple complements The puzzling descriptive generalizations The role of Abstract Case in Logical Form Confirmation of the LF Case Filter from triple complement structures The Case of predicate attributes The restrictive Syntactic Lexicon confronts open-ended Conceptual Space 62 Chapter 3 The autonomy of the (syntactic) lexicon and syntax The problem of "neutralized" phrases The uses of ing Derived Nominals ^ Derived Adjectives Gerunds Present Participles 76

3 viii Contents 3.3 A generalized and autonomous lexical entry for ing From Midde to Modern English Selection through lexical heads Defining the lexical head Lexical selection of non-finite clause types The choice between Participles and Gerunds Why Infinitives and not Gerunds? Conclusion: all uses of ing result from a single entry.. 95 Chapter 4 Secondary predication, stationary particles, and silent prepositions...\ Lexical representations of Intransitive Prepositions Case Transparency and Word Order of Intransitive Prepositions Stationary Particles and Secondary Predication Stacked PPs, Silent Ps, and the Revised Theta Criterion 106 Chapter 5 Projecting indirect objects 115 Introduction: a path not followed The surface structure of the prepositionless dative English double objects Some non-indo-european prepositionless datives The deep structure of indirect object constructions Prepositionless datives: theoretical issues Structure-preserving derivations and the Projection Principle The interpretation of indirect objects and further predictions The passivizability and abstract Case of NPs in P-less datives Accounting for P-less datives The licensing of the empty P in P-less datives Phrasal antecedents for empty heads Accounting for crosslinguistic variation Applicative suffixes Accounting for crosslinguistic variation: The English gambit Conclusion: syntax rules OK 148

4 Contents ix Part II: Minimal structures for functional categories Chapter 6 The flat structure economy of semi-lexical heads Van Riemsdijk's Categorial Identity Thesis Expected properties of phrasal XP complements Defining semi-lexical heads Flat structures when X = Preposition Flat structures when X = Adjective/Adverb Flat structures when X = Noun ^ Flat structures when X = Verb Romance restructuring Romance causative structures Concluding remarks on flat V-V structures 192 Chapter 7 How clitics license null phrases: A theory of the lexical interface The apparent non-local character of clitic placement Five contexts for long distance licensing Problems with the Movement approach Right dislocation as the key to en/ne Distribution of the genitive clitics The relation of en/ne to subject position Free right dislocations without en/ne Alternative realisation: Minimising covert syntax The host of clitic placement In situ representations of clitics in trees Realising syntactic features in different positions The "absolute transparency" of phrases allowing clitic climbing Rizzi's paradigms for restructuring verbs Lexical theory: Late insertion Lexical theory: Satisfying subcategorisation Clitic climbing, dual insertion levels, and the Phrase Mate Hypothesis Causative and perception verbs Restrictions on cliticisation in causative/perception, complements Clitics corresponding to complements of adjectives Two lexical projections for French adjectives 244

5 x Contents Two lexical projections for English adjectives Unresolved issues in the in situ framework Nominative clitics and finite agreement Enclisis Clitic ordering Choice of host V within restructured VPs The historical persistence of clitic case Economy of Derivation 255 Chapter 8 English indirect passives Characteristics and scope of structures called "Passive" Indirect Passives: a needed concept in English grammar Genesis of the term "Indirect Passive" The English candidates for Indirect Passive status The theoretical components of the Indirect Passive Characterizing the "Grammatical V" that trigger the Passive Properties of the Grammatical Lexicon The lexical entries for the participial suffixes The relation of the Syntacticon to levels of Lexical Insertion Countering possible objections Objection: grouping Japanese and English Indirect Passives Objection: the structures examined aren't really Passives Objection: The structures examined are Passives in Small Clauses Conclusion: English Indirect Passives confirm Late Insertion 289 Part III: Landing sites of phrasal movements Chapter 9 A theory of phrase structure based on Extended Projections Lexical Projections The Subject as a special phrase: I and IP 298

6 Contents xi 9.3 The DP Hypothesis and generalizing the definition of Subject The EPP: explaining the "strong D feature on Tense" Transformational derivations 305 Chapter 10 The lower operator position with parasitic gaps Subjacency effects on parasitic gaps The location of the parasitic operator Oj No operator Oj in finite clauses No operator Oj in infinitives with overt subjects No operataor O; in bare adverbial participles No operator O ; in absolute constructions Puzzle: the lower operator Oj is not in SPEC(CP) The lower operator is in SPEC(IP) or SPEC(DP) Why parasitic gaps must be DPs The sequence of T-model operations on a cyclic domain A generalized definition of subject Extending the analysis to long distance movement Chapter 11 Unspecified categories as the key to root constructions Root vs. embedded clause asymmetry Variation in root domains across languages Variation across clausal types An inventory of root transformational operations Leftward movements without commas The domains of root movements: "Discourse Projections" The landing sites of root movements: "Discourse Shells" Cross-linguistic variation in Discourse Projections? Extending Structure Preservation Deriving local and root operations from structure preservation Unique landing sites for frontings without comma intonation Exclusion or rarity of French frontings without verb inversion 3, Licensing the root X position: English 0 vs. German V Lexical entries for Complementisers A grammatical moral based on Germanic Verb Second 357

7 xii Contents "Residual" English verb inversions in root and root-like clauses Left dislocations with commas Iterative a-categorial root clauses Parentheticals in apparently final position Clausal remnants in apparently final position Summary of proposed hypotheses 369 References 381