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1 REFERENCES Abraham, W. (1988) 'Unaccusatives in German', Groninger Arbeiten zur germanistichen Linguistik 28. Abraham, W. (1990) 'A note on the aspect-syntax interlace'. In M. Mascaro and M. Nespov (eds.), Progress in Linguistics, Dordrecht. Abusch, D. (1986) 'Verbs of Change, Causation, and Time', Center for the Study of Language and Information at Stanford University, Reprint CSLI Anderson, M. (1979) 'Noun Phrase Structure', Ph.D dissertation, University of Connecticut. Anderson, S. (1977) 'Comments on the Paper by Wasow'. In P. Culicover, T. Was ow, and A. Akmajian (eds.), Formal Syntax, Academic Press, New York, Aristotle, Metaphysics, Books I-IX, translated by H. Tredennick, (1933) Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Bach, E. (1981) 'On Time, Tense, and Aspect: An Essay in English Metaphysics', in Peter Cole (ed.), Radical Pragmatic, Academic Press, New York. Bach, E. (1983) 'On Time, Tense, and Aspect: An Essay in English Metaphysics', in R. Bauerle, C. Schwarze and A. von Stechow (eds.), Meaning, Use and Interpretation, de Gruyter, New York. Bach, E. (1986) 'The Algebra of Events', in Linguistics and Philosophy, 9-1, Reidel, Dordrecht, Baker, M. (1988) Incorporation: A Theory of Grammatical Function Changing, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Baker, M. (1989) 'Object Sharing and Projection in Serial Verb Constructions', Linguistic Inquiry 20, Barss, A. and Lasnick, H. (1986) 'A Note on Anaphora and Double Objects', Linguistic Inquiry 17, Belletti, A., and Rizzi, L. (1988) 'Psych-verbs and Theta-theory', Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 6, Bittner, M. (1987) 'On the Semantics of the Greenlandic Antipassive and Related Constructions', International Journal of American Linguistics 53:2. 222

2 REFERENCES 223 Bolinger, D. (1971) The Phrasal Verb in English, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Brecht, R. (1984) 'The Form and Function of Aspect in Russian', in Flier, M. and Brecht, R. (eds.), Issues in Russian Morphosyntax, (1985) Slavica Publishers, Inc., Columbus, Ohio, Bresnan, J. (1982) The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Bresnan, J. and Kanerva, J.M. (1989) 'Locative Inversion in Chichewa: A Case Study of Factorization in Grammar', Linguistic Inquiry Browne, W. (1981) 'Verbs and Unspecified NP Deletion', Linguistic Inquiry 12-2, Burzio, L. (1986) Italian Syntax, A Government and Binding Approach, Reidel, Dordrecht. Carlson, G. (1977) 'A Unified Analysis of the English Bare Plural', Linguistics and Philosophy 1, Reidel, Dordrecht, Carrier, J., and Randall, J. (1989) 'From Conceptual Structure to Syntax: Projecting from Resultatives', Harvard University and Northeastern University, ms. Carrier-Duncan, J. and Randall, J. (1987) 'Lexical Rules and Lexical Representations: Evidence from Resultatives', Harvard University and Northeastern University, ms. Carrier-Duncan, J. (1985) 'Linking of Thematic Roles in Derivational Word Formation', Linguistic Inquiry 16, Carstens, V. and Kinyalolo, Kasangati K. W. (1988) 'Compound Tenses in Bantu: A Case for T" and ASP" in UG', ms., UCLA. Carter, R. 1. (1976a) 'Some Constraints on Possible Words', Semantikos 1, Carter, R. 1. (1976b) 'Some Linking Regularities'. In B. Levin and C. Tenny (eds.) (1988) On Linking: Papers by Richard Carter, Lexicon Project Working Papers 25, MIT Center for Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA, Carter, R. J. (1984a) 'Compositionality and Polysemy'. In B. Levin and C. Tenny (eds.), On Linking: Papers by Richard Carter, Lexicon Project Working Papers 25, MIT Center for Cognitive Science, Cambridge MA,

3 224 REFERENCES Carter, R. J. (1984b) 'On Movement'. In B. Levin and C. Tenny (eds.), On Linking: Papers by Richard Carter, Lexicon Project Working Papers 25, MIT Center for Cognitive Science, Cambridge MA, Carter, R. J. (1988) On Linking: Papers by Richard Carter, edited by B. Levin and C. Tenny, Lexicon Project Working Papers 25, MIT Center for Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA. Cheng, L. L-S (1986) 'Clause Structures in Mandarin Chinese', M.A Thesis, University of Toronto. Cheng, L. L-C (1988) 'Aspects of the Ba- construction'. In C. Tenny (ed.), (1988) 'Studies in Generative Approaches to Aspect', Lexicon Project Working Papers 24, MIT Center for Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA. Chomsky, N. (1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Chomsky, N. (1975) The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Chomsky, N. (1981) Lectures on Government and Binding, Dordrecht: Foris. Comrie, B. (1976) Aspect, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Cresswell, M.J. (1976) 'The Semantics of Degree'. In B. Partee (ed.), (1976), Montague Grammar, Academic Press, New York. Culicover, P. (1982) Syntax, Academic Press, New York. Davidson, D. (1967), 'The Logical Form of Action Sentences', in N. Rescher (ed.), The Logic of Decision and Action, University of Pittsburgh Press, Reprinted in Davidson (1980), Essays on Actions and Events, Clarendon Press, Oxford. De Groot, C. (1984) 'Totally affected. Aspect and three-place predicates in Hungarian'. In C. de Groot and H. Tommola, eds., Aspect Bound. A voyage into the realm of Germanic, Slavonic and Finno-Ugrian aspectology, Foris, Dordrecht, Dik C. (1980) Studies in Functional Grammar, Academic Press, New York. Dowty, D. (1979) Word Meaning and Montague Grammar, Reidel, Dordrecht.

4 REFERENCES 225 Dowty, D. (1991) 'Thematic Roles and Argument Selection', Language, Emonds, J. (1972) 'Evidence that Indirect Object Movement is a Structure-Preserving Rule', Foundations of Language 8, Reprinted in M. Gross, M. Halle and M.P. Schutzenberger (eds.), (1973)The Formal Analysis of Natural Languages, Mouton, The Hague. Fellbaum, C. (1987) 'On Nominals with Preposed Themes', Paper presented at CLS 23, published in proceedings of NELS 17, U Mass GLSA, Amherst. Fillmore, C. (1965) Indirect object constructions in English and the ordering of transformations, Mouton, The Hague. Fillmore, C. (1968) 'The Case for Case'. In Bach, E. and Harms, R., eds., Universals in Linguistic Theory, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, Foley, W. and R. Van Valin (1984) Functional Syntax and Universal Grammar, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Frei, H. (1956) 'The Ergative Construction in Chinese: Theory of Pekinese PA', Gengo Kenkyu 31, Fraser, B. (1971) 'A Note on the Spray Paint Cases', Linguistic Inquiry 2, Fraser, B. (1976) The Verb-Particle Combination in English, Academic Press, New York. Fukui N., Miyagawa S., and Tenny C. (1985) 'Verb Classes in English and Japanese: A Case Study in the Interaction of Syntax, Morphology and Semantics', Lexicon Project Working Papers 3, MIT Center for Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA. Giorgi, A. ( ) 'Toward a Theory of Long-Distance Anaphors: A GB approach', Linguistic Review 3, Givon, T. (1984) Syntax: A Functional-Typological Introduction, Benjamins, Amsterdam. Goodall, G. (1986) 'On argument structure and L-marking with Mandarin Chinese ba', Paper presented at NELS 17. Green, G. (1973) 'A Syntactic Syncretism in English and French', in B. Kachru et ai., eds., Issues in Linguistics, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL, Green G. (1974) Semantics and Syntactic Regularity, Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

5 226 REFERENCES Grimshaw, J. (1987) 'Unaccusatives -- An Overview', Paper presented at NELS 17, published in Proceedings of NELS 17, Amherst: U Mass GLSA. Grimshaw, J. (1990) Argument Structure. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Gropen, J. (1989) 'Learning Locative Verbs: How Universal Linking Rules Constrain Productivity', Ph.D. dissertation, MIT. Gropen, J., Pinker, S., and Goldberg, R. (1987) 'Constrained Productivity in the Acquisition of Locative Forms', paper presented at the Twelfth Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development. Gruber, J.S. (1965) 'Studies in Lexical Relations', Ph.D. dissertation, MIT. In Gruber, 1.S. (1976), Lexical Structures in Syntax and Semantics, 'North Holland, Amsterdam. Guerssel, M. (1986) 'On Berber Verbs of Change: A Study of Transitivity Alternations', Lexicon Project Working Papers 9, MIT Center for Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA. Guerssel, M., K. Hale, M. Laughren, B. Levin and J. White Eagle (1985) 'A Cross-linguistic Study of Transitivity Alternations'. In W. H. Eilfort, P. D. Kroeber and K. L. Peterson (eds.) (1985), Hale, K. and Keyser, 1. (1986) 'Some Transitivity Alternations in English', Lexicon Project Working Papers 7, MIT Center for Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA. Hale, K. and Keyser, J. (1987) 'A View from the Middle', Lexicon Project Working Papers 10, MIT Center for Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA. Hale, K. and Keyser, 1. (1989a) 'The Syntactic Character of Thematic Structure', ms., MIT. Hale, K. and Keyser, J. (1989b) 'On Some Problems of Method and the Determination of Lexical Relational Structures', ms., MIT. Hale, K. and Laughren, M. (1983) 'The Structure of Verbal Entries: Preface to Dictionary Entries of Verbs', Warlpiri Lexicon Project, MIT. Halliday, M. (1966-8) 'Note on transitivity and theme', Journal of Linguistics, (1966), (1967), (1968). Heinamaki, O. (1983), 'Aspect in Finnish', in de Groot, C. and Tommola, H. (eds.), Aspect Bound. A voyage into the realm

6 REFERENCES 227 of Germanic, Slavonic and Finno-Ugrian aspectology, Foris, Dordrecht, Higginbotham, J. (1985) 'On Semantics', Linguistic Inquiry 16, No.4, Higginbotham, J. (1987) 'Elucidations of Meaning', Lexicon Project Working Papers 19, MIT Center for Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA. Hinrichs, E. (1985) 'A Compositional Semantics for Aktionsarten and NP Reference in English', Ph.D dissertation, Ohio State University. Hoekstra, T. (1988) 'Small Clause Results', Lingua 74, Hoekstra, T. (1988) 'Psych-Verbs, Unaccusativity, and the Binding Theory', Groningen Papers in Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Groningen. Hopper, P. and Thompson, S. (1980) 'Transitivity in Grammar and Discourse', Language 56, Huang, J. C-T. (1982) 'Logical Relations in Chinese and the Theory of Grammar', Ph.D dissertation, MIT. Ikegami, Y. (1985) 'Activity' - 'Accomplishment' - 'Achievement'-- A Language that Can't Say 'I Burned It, but It Didn't Burn' and One that Can', in A. Makkai and A. K. Melby (eds.), Linguistics and Philosophy, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, Jackendoff, R. (1972) Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Jackendoff, R. (1976) 'Toward an Explanatory Semantic Representation', Linguistic Inquiry 7, Jackendoff, R. (1983) Semantics and Cognition, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Jackendoff, R. (1987) 'The Status of Thematic Relations in Linguistic Theory', in Linguistic Inquiry 18 3, Jackendoff, R. (1990a) Semantic Structures, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Jackendoff, R. (1990b) 'On Larson's Treatment of the Double Object Construction', Linguistic Inquiry 21 3, Jackendoff, R. (1993) 'The Proper Treatment of Measuring Out, Telicity, and Perhaps Even Quantification in English', ms., Brandeis University.

7 228 REFERENCES Jeffries, L. and Willis, P. (1984) 'A Return to the Spray Paint Issue', Journal of Pragmatics 8, Kayne, R. (1981) 'On Certain Differences between French and English', Linguistic Inquiry 2, Foris, Dordrecht. Kenny, A. (1963) Action, Emotion and Will, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Kiparsky, P. (1987) Morphology and Grammatical Relations, ms., Stanford University. Kratzer, A. (1988) 'Stage-Level and Individual Level Predicates', University of Massachusetts at Amherst, ms. Krifka, M. (1987) 'Nominal Reference and Temporal Constitution: Towards a Semantics of Quantity', ms., UniversiHit Tiibingen. Krifka, M (1992) 'Thematic Relations as Links between Nominal Reference and Temporal Constitution'. In 1. Sag and A. Szabolsci (eds.), Lexical Matters, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford. Lakoff, G. (1971) 'On Generative Semantics', in D. Steinberg and L.A. Jakobovits, (eds.), Semantics: An Interdisciplinary Reader in Philosophy, Linguistics, and Psychology, Cambridge University Press. Larson, R. (1988) 'On the Double Object Construction', Linguistic Inquiry 19, Larson, R. (1990) 'Double Objects Revisited: Reply to Jackendoff, Linguistic Inquiry 21, Lefebvre, C. (1989) 'Event, Aspect and Predicate Cleft Interpretation: The Case of Haitian Creole'. In Lexicon Project Working Papers 29, MIT Center for Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA. Lehrer, A. (1970) 'Verbs and Deletable Objects', Lingua 25, Levin, B. (1985) 'Lexical Semantics in Review: An Introduction', in B. Levin, (ed.), Lexical Semantics in Review, Lexicon Project Working Papers 1, MIT Center for Cognitive Science, Cambridge: MA. Levin, B. (1989) 'English Verbal Diathesis', Lexicon Project Working Papers 32, MIT Center for Cognitive Science, Cambridge: MA. Levin, B. (1993) English Verb Classes and Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation, University of Chicago Press.

8 REFERENCES 229 Levin, B. and Rapoport, T (1988) 'Lexical Subordination', Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistics Society, 24. Levin, L. (1985) 'Operations on Lexical Forms: Unaccusative Rules in Germanic Languages', Ph.D dissertation, MIT. Levin, L. (1987) 'Towards a Linking Theory of Relation Changing Rules in LFG', Report CSLI , CSLI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Li, A. (1985) 'On Abstract Case in Chinese', Ph.D dissertation, University of Southern California. Marantz, A. (1984) On the Nature of Grammatical Relations, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Martin, S. (1976) A Reference Grammar of Japanese,Yale University Press, New Haven. Massam, D. (1990) 'Cognate Objects as Thematic Objects', Canadian Journal of Linguistics, June 1990, McCawley, J. (1971) 'Prelexical syntax', in R. O'Brien (ed.), Linguistic Developments of the Sixties -- Viewpoints for the Seventies, Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics, Georgetown University 24, Mei, K. (1978) 'The BA-construction', Bulletin of the College of Arts, , National Taiwan University. Merlan, F. (1985) 'Split intransitivity: functional oppositions in intransitive inflection', in J. Nichols and A. Woodbury, eds., Grammar inside and outside the clause; Some approaches to theory from the field, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Mithun, M. (1984) 'The Evolution of Noun Incorporation', Language 60, Mittwoch, A. (1981) 'Idioms and Unspecified NP Deletion', Linguistic Inquiry 12-2, Mittwoch, A. (1982) 'On the Difference between Eating and Eating something: Activities versus Accomplishments', Linguistic Inquiry 13-1, Miyagawa, S. (1987) 'On 'Theme' Subjects in Japanese', talk delivered at MIT Lexicon Seminar, ms. MIT. Miyagawa, S. (1988) 'Theme Subjects and Numeral Quantifiers', in W. Tawa and M. Nakayama, eds., Proceedings of Japanese Syntax Workshop, Connecticut College, New London. Miyagawa, S. (1989) 'Light Verbs and the Ergative Hypothesis', Linguistic Inquiry 20-4,

9 230 REFERENCES Moens, M. and Steedman, M. (1988) 'Temporal Ontology and Temporal Reference', in Computational Linguistics, 14-2, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, Mourelatos, A. (1981) 'Events, Processes, and States', in P. Tedeschi and A. Zaenen (eds.), Syntax and Semantics Vol. 14, Tense and Aspect, Academic Press, New York, Mufwene, S. (1984) 'The Count/Mass Distinction in the English Lexicon'. In Testen et al (eds.), Papers on Lexical Semantics, , Chicago Linguistics Society. Nedjalkov, V. P. (1988) Typology of Resultative Constructions, John Benjamins, Amsterdam. Nikanne, U. (1990) Zones and Tiers. A Study of Thematic Structure. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki. Nirenburg, S. and Levin, L. (1991) 'Syntax-Driven and Ontology Driven Lexical Semantics', Center for Machine Translation, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, ms. Nishigauchi, T. (1984) 'Control and the Thematic Domain', Language 60, Nwachukwu P. A. (1987) 'The Argument Structure of Igbo Verbs', Lexicon Project Working Papers 18, MIT Center for Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA. Oerhle, R. (1975) 'The Grammatical Status of the English Dative Alternation', Ph.D. dissertation, MIT. Ostler, N. (1979) 'Case Linking: A Theory of Case and Verb Diathesis Applied to Classical Sanskrit', Ph.D. dissertation Parsons, T. (1985) 'Underlying Events in the Logical Analysis of English'. In E. LePore and B. McLaughlin (eds.), Actions and Events. Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, Blackwell, Oxford. Parsons, T. (1989) 'The Progressive in English: Events, States and Processes', Linguistics and Philosophy 12, Perlmutter, D. (1983) Studies in Relational Grammar 1, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Perlmutter, D. and Postal, P. (1984) 'The I-Advancement Exclusiveness Law'. In D. Perlmutter and C. Rosen (eds.), Studies in Relational Grammar 2, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Perlmutter, D., and Rosen, C. (1984) Studies in Relational Grammar 2, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

10 REFERENCES 231 Pesetsky, D. (1988) 'Psych Predicates, Universal Alignment, and Lexical Decomposition', ms., Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, MIT. Pinker, S. (1989) Learnability and Cognition: The Aquisition of Argument Structure, MIT Press, Cambridge MA. Platzack, C. (1979) The Semantic Interpretation of Aspect and Aktionsarten, Foris, Dordrecht. Postal, P. (1970) 'On the Surface Verb Remind', Linguistic Inquiry 1, Postal, P., and Joseph, B. (1990) Studies in Relational Grammar 3, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Pustejovsky, J. (1988) 'The Geometry of Events', in C. Tenny (ed.), 'Studies in Generative Approaches to Aspect', Lexicon Project Working Papers 24, Center for Cognitive Science at MIT, Cambridge, MA. Pustejovsky, J. (1991), 'The Syntax of Event Structure', Cognition. Rapoport, T. (1987) 'Copular, Nominal and Small Clauses: A Study of Israeli Hebrew', PhD. dissertation, MIT. Rappaport, M. and Levin, B. (1985) 'A case study in lexical analysis: The locative alternation', ms., MIT Center for Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA. Rappaport, M. and Levin, B. (1988) 'What to do with Theta Roles'. In W. Wilkins (ed.), (1988) Thematic Relations, Syntax and Semantics 21, Academic Press, New York, Rappaport, M., Levin, B. and Laughren, M. (1988) 'Levels of Lexical Representation', Lexicon Project Working Papers 20, MIT Center for Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA. Reichenbach H. (1947) Elements of Symbolic Logic, New York: Macmillan. Reinhart, T. and Reuland, E. (1991) 'Anaphors and logophors: an argument structure perspective', in Koster and Reuland (1991), eds., Long-Distance Anaphora, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Ritter, E. and Rosen, R. (1993) 'Deriving Causation', Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 11, Roberts, 1. (1985) 'The Representation of Implicit and Dethematized Subjects', Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern California.

11 232 REFERENCES Rochette, A. (1988) 'Semantic and Syntactic Aspects of Romance Sentential Complementation', Ph.D dissertation, MIT. Rosen, C. (1984) 'The Interface between Semantic Roles and Initial Grammatical Relations', in Perlmutter D. and Rosen, C. (eds.), Studies in Relational Grammar 2, University of Chicago Press, Rosen, S. (1989) 'Argument Structure and Complex Predicates', Ph.D dissertation, Brandeis. Rothstein, S. (1979) 'The Syntactic Forms of Predication', PhD. dissertation, MIT. Ryle, G. (1949) The Concept of Mind, Hutchinson's University Library, London. Saito, M. (1985) 'Some Asymmetries in Japanese and their Theoretical Implications', PhD. dissertation, MIT. Schwartz-Norman, L. (1976) 'The Grammar of 'Content' and 'Container", Journal of Linguistics 12, Simpson, J. (1982) 'Secondary Predicates in English, Icelandic and Finnish', ms. MIT. Simpson, J. (1983) 'Aspects of Warlpiri Morphology and Syntax', PhD. dissertation, MIT. Simpson, 1. (1983) 'Resultatives'. In L. Levin, M. Rappaport and A. Zaenan (eds.), Papers in Lexical Functional Grammar, Indiana University Linguistics Club. Smith, C. (1991) The Parameter of Aspect, Kluwer, Dordrecht. Stowell, T. (1981) 'Origins of Phrase Structure', PhD. dissertation, MIT. Szeto, Y-K (1988) 'A Semantic Description of Aspectual and Temporal Reference in Chinese', Ph.D. dissertation, University of Ottawa. Talmy, L. (1975) 'Semantics and Syntax of Motion'. In J. Kimball, (ed.), Syntax and Semantics 4, Academic Press, New York, Talmy, L. (1985) 'Lexicalization patterns: semantic structure in lexical forms'. In T. Shopen (ed.), Language Typology and Description 3: Grammatical categories and the lexicon, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Taylor, B. (1977) 'Tense and Continuity', Linguistics and Philosophy 1, Reidel, Dordrecht, Tenny, C. (1987) 'Grammaticalizing Aspect and Affectedness', Ph.D. dissertation, MIT.

12 REFERENCES 233 Tenny, C. (1989) 'The Aspectual Interface Hypothesis', in Sag, I. and Szabolsci, A. (eds.), Lexical Matters, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford. Tenny, C. (1992) 'Aspectual Roles, Modularity, and Acquisition; with a discussion of contact locatives', ms., University of Pittsburgh. Tenny, C. (l993a) 'Expletive paths', ms., University of Pittsburgh. Tenny, C. and Heny, F (l993b) 'Core Event Structure and the Scope of Adverbs', ms., University of Pittsburgh. Tenny, C. (1993c) 'How Motion Verbs are Special; the interaction of linguistic and pragmatic information in aspectual verb meanings', ms., University of Pittsburgh. Tenny, C. (1993d) 'Modularity in Thematic versus Aspectual Licensing; paths and moved objects in motion verbs', ms., University of Pittsburgh. Thompson, S. A. (1973) 'Transitivity and some problems with the ba construction in Mandarin Chinese', Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1.2, Timberlake, A. and Chung, S. (1985) 'Tense, aspect, and mood'. In Shopen, T. (ed.), Language typology and syntactic description, Vol III, Grammatical categories and the lexicon, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Van Valin, R. (1987) 'The Unaccusative Hypothesis vs. Lexical Semantics: Syntactic vs. Semantics Approaches to Verb Classification' in Proceedings of NELS 17, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Voorst, I. van (1986) 'Event Structure', Ph.D dissertation, University of Ottawa. Voorst, J. van (1988) Event Structure, Benjamins, Amsterdam. Vendler, Z. (1967) 'Verbs and Times'. In Z. Vendler, Linguistics in Philosophy, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, New York. Verkuyl, H.J. (1972) On the Compositional Nature of the Aspects, Reidel, Dordrecht. Verkuyl, H.I. (1987) 'Nondurative Closure of Events'. In I.A.G. Groenendijk, D. de Iongh, and M.I.B Stokhof (eds.), Studies in Discourse Representation Theory and the Theory of Generalized Quantifiers, Proceedings of the 5th Amsterdam Colloquium (1984) Foris, Dordrecht.

13 234 REFERENCES Verkuyl, H.J. (1989) 'Aspectual Classes and Aspectual Composition', Linguistics and Philosophy 12, Vestergaard, T. (1973) 'A Note on Objective, Instrumental, and Affected in English' Studia Linguistica 27, Wechsler, S. (1991) 'Argument Structure and Linking', Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University. Williams, E., (1981) 'Argument Structure and Morphology', Linguistic Review 1, Yoneyama, M. (1986) 'Motion Verbs in Conceptual Semantics', Bulletin of the Faculty of Humanities No. 22, 1-15, Seikei University, Tokyo. Zaenen, A. (1988) 'Unaccusative Verbs in Dutch and the Syntax Semantics Interface', CSLI Report No. CSLI , Stanford. Zubizarreta, M.L. (1985) 'The Relation between Morphophonology and Morphosyntax: The Case of Romance Causatives', Linguistic Inquiry 16, Zubizarreta, M.L. (1987) Levels of Representation in the Lexicon and in the Syntax, Foris, Dordrecht.

14 NAME INDEX Abraham 116 Abusch 33, 34 Anderson, M. 156, 157, 159 Anderson, S. 49, 55 Aristotle 4, 25 Bach 5, 7, 13, 131 Baker 119, 207 Barss and Lasnick 119 Belletti and Rizzi 64, 115, 118 Bittner 47 Bolinger 145, 148 Brecht 141 Bresnan 7 Bresnan and Kanerva 2, 10, 118, 119, 182 Browne 43 Burzio 58, 120, 183 Carlson 30 Canier and Randall 151 Carrier-Duncan 1, 118, 119, 182 Carrier-Duncan and Randall 83, 155 Carter 1,22, 49, 182, 183, 191, 195 Cheng 165, 166 Chomsky 7, 82, 175, 182 Comrie 3 Culicover 83 Davidson 29, 131 De Groot 50, 54, 55 Dik50 Dowty 1, 2, 5, 14, 15, 22, 24, 29, 63, 101, 102, 103, 105, 115, 131, 135, 182, 183 Emonds 82 Fellbaum 158 Fillmore 1, 82, 104, 113, 182 Foley and Van Valin 118, 119 Fraser 49, 145 Frei

15 236 NAME INDEX Fukui, Miyagawa and Tenny 50 Giorgi 118 Givon 118, 119 Goodall 165 Green 83, 151 Grimshaw 1, 2, 8, 58, 64, 65, 115, 118, 119, 120, 132, 172, 182 Gropen 49, 217 Gropen, Pinker, and Goldberg 49 Gruber 78, 92, 100, 182 Guerssel 45, 51 Hale 135 Hale and Keyser 132, 135, 151, 153, 154, 157, 158, 183, 184, 188, 190, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212 Hale and Laughren 183 Halliday 151 Heinamrud 74, 142 Higginbotham 131 Hinrichs 14, 22, 24, 25, 30, 131 Hoekstra 64, 151 Hopper and Thompson 164 Huang 165 Ikegami 45 Jackendoff 1, 2, 5,8,31,40,49,82, 105, 118, 119, 131, 132, 172, 173, 182, 183, 186, 188, 191, 192, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199,201,206,208,209,217 Jacubowicz 172 Jeffries and Willis 49 Kayne 82 Kenny 4, 131, 164, 165 Kiparsky 118, 119 Kratzer 152 Krifka 24, 25, 30, 31 Lakoff 184 Larson 82, 119,207 Lefebvre 168 Lehrer 43 Levin and Rapoport 188, 191, 197, 198, 199,200,201, 202 Levin, B. 46, 50, 55, 61, 85, 88, 122, 197, 201 Levin, L. 1, 45, 118, 182 Li 165

16 NAME INDEX 237 Manfredi 172 Marantz 9, 40, 135 Martin 163 Massam 38, 39, 194 McCawley 184 Mei 166 Merlan 61, 62, 63 Mithun 207 Mittwoch 43, 44 Miyagawa 161, 162, 163 Moens and Steedman 5, 132, 135 Mourelatos 5, 7, 13,25 Mufwene24 Nedjalkov 163 Nirenburg and Levin 185 Nishigauchi 118, 183 Nwachukwu 51 Oerhle 82 Ostler 1, 182 Parsons 22, 29, 131 Partee 34 Perlmutter 10, 59, 61, 62 Perlmutter and Postal 58, 117 Perlmutter and Rosen 10 Pesetsky 64, 65 Pinker 49, 122, 123, 124, 202 Platzack 131 Postal 64 Postal and Joseph 10 Pustejovsky 30, 132 Rappaport and Levin 8, 9, 49, 105, 115, 120, 124, 183 Rappaport, Levin, and Laughren 49 Reichenbach 131 Reinhart and Reuland 172 Ritter and Rosen 136 Roberts 157, 158 Rochette 11 Rosen 11, 59, 61 Rothstein 151, 152, 153, 154 Ryle 4, 131

17 238 NAME INDEX Schwartz-Norman 49 Simpson 42, 48, 57, 151, 154 Smith 3 Stowell 7, 82 Szeto 165 Talmy 22, 183, 195, 197,201 Taylor 25 Tenny 69, 96, 115, 157 Thompson 165 Timberlake and Chung 3 Van Valin 58, 62, 63, 116 Van Voorst 116, 132 Vendler4,5, 13, 14, 16,22, 131 Verkuyl14, 22, 24, 30, 131 Vestergaard 49 Wechsler 1 Williams 9, 183 Y oneyama 195 Zaenen 58 Zubizarreta 8, 9, 120, 183

18 LANGUAGE INDEX Berber 51 Choctaw 61 Danish 172 Dutch 50 English 9, 40, 45,123,145, 151, 154, 156, 157, 161, 164, 171, 177, 178, 185, 195, 196, 197, 198,200,201,203,213,215 Finnish 74, 142, 145, 171 French 195, 196, 198 Gelman 81 Haitian Creole 168, 170, 172 Hungarian 54, 55 Igbo 51 Italian 61 Japanese 50,133,157,161,163,164,171,195,196 Mandarin 157, 165, 167, 171 Russian 141, 142, 171 Spanish 195, 196 West Greenlandic Eskimo 47,

19 SUBJECT INDEX A-movement 171 absolutive/ergative case 47 accomplishments 5, 16, 22,25, 32,48, 135 accusative case 47, 74, 81, 142, 144, 145 achievements 5, 7, 16,22,25, 32, 33, 39 activities 4, 25, 33 adjectival passive 183 adjuncts 9,174,175,177 adverbs of comparison 20,21 affected arguments 20, 39, 54, 55, 90, 103, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 210 affectedness 103, 157, 158, 159, 161, 163, 164 agency 62 agent 8, 62, 84, 86, 87, 92, 96, 99, 101, 104, 105, 118, 119, 136, 137, 165 anaphora 118, 172, 183 animacy 62, 63, 101 antipassive 47 artificial intelligence 185 aspect phrase 140 aspectual heirarchy 120 Aspectual Interface Hypothesis 2, 102, 113, 115, 116, 118, 120, 121, 216 aspectuallicensing 96, 176, 178 aspectual role grids 95, 98, 106, 110, 113, 190, 200, 202, 211 aspectual structure 3, 96, 115, 120, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 171, 172,174, 176, 186, 189, 190, 191,192, 193, 194, 195, 198,200,201,202,203,205,206,210,215,216,219,220 autonomy of syntax 1 ba construction 165,167,171 bare plurals 24, 26 benefactive 28, 70, 71,99, 119, 176,210 bounded/non-bounded distinction 5 broad-range rules 123, 124, 192, 203 by phrase 71, 72 causatives 65, 66, 67, 123, 136, 138,

20 SUBJECf INDEX 241 cause 84, 87, 89, 101, 136, 184, 190, 199,200 change of state 5, 27,30,32,65,66,67,80,89,93, 100, 103, 104, 142, 152, 158, 163, 166, 167, 188, 199, 201, 211, 212, 215,216,218 change-of-state verbs 15, 16, 17, 18,20,21, 22, 28, 30, 31, 33, 35,37,42,46,57,94,103, 107,112, 137,218 closure of reference 25 cognate objects 38, 39, 110, 138, 193, 194, 201 conative 45, 46, 47, 111, 112, 215, 216 Conceptual Structure 31, 183, 186, 187, 189, 193, 195 conflation 197, 198, 199,201,210 contact 122,123,135,184,190,191,214,215 container 52, 53, 54, 217, 218 control 183 countnouns24,27, 28,29 culminated/non-culminated distinction 5 cumulative reference 25 dative alternation 123 dative case 81 degree modifiers 20,35,75, 76 delimitedness 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 14, 15, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 63, 140, 141, 142, 145, 148, 153, 158, 160, 169, 170, 219, 220 denominal verbs 208, 209,210, 211, 212, 213 depictives 151, 152, 153, 154, 155 direct argument 9, 17, 19, 20, 26, 35, 38,40,45, 46, 48, 49, 53, 54,55,56,57,63,73,85,164,194,214,216,217,219 direct internal argument 10, 12, 18,27, 29, 36, 41,43,49, 58, 59, 63, 66, 75, 77, 80, 81, 97, 120, 134, 140, 164, 165, 194 distributive reading 217,218 distributive reference 25 double object construction 81,82 duration 3, 5, 6, 16, 25, 33, 62, 63 endstate 23, 29, 30, 37, 46, 66, 81, 195, 202, 211, 212, 213, 219 energeia verbs 25 entailments 22, 23, 29, 30, 46, 65, 66, 136 event nucleus 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 172, 173, 174, 177 experiencer64, 66,67, 84, 86, 87,88,119 expletive body parts 42,81,110,111

21 242 SUBJECf INDEX external argument 9, 10, 19, 26, 27,45, 56, 58, 59, 62, 66, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89, 91, 92, 120, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 164,184,203 fake reflexives 42, 43, 81,110,111 focus 169, 170, 172 generative semantics 184 goai8,28,51,52,69, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79,81,85,91,92,93,94, 100, 105, 108, 118, 119, 170, 206, 208, 210 Government and Binding Theory 10, 171 Heavy NP Shift 147, 156 his/her way construction 40, 41, 110, 193, 194,200 holistic interpretation 55, 57 homomorphism 30,31 imperfective 48 inalienable possession 213, 215 inchoatives 33, 35, 60, 166, 188,218 incorporation 206,207,209,210 incremental theme 15, 17,21,27,32,36,44,52,100,103,152, 217,218,219,220 incremental-theme verbs 15, 17, 18, 19,20,21,23,24,27,30, 31,33,36,42,57,94,103,107 indirect argument 9,45,53,56,57,85,164,176,215,216 indirect internal argument 10,26,27,28,29,49,68,69, 75, 81, 82,97, 120, 134, 140, 177, 178 instrument 70,71, 84, 86, 87, 88,96,99, 101, 105, 119, 176, 198, 210 instrumental case 47 internal argument 9, 14, 15, 19, 30, 45, 47, 51, 53, 56, 84, 135, 137,138,139,177,184,216,219 intransitive verbs 47, 163, 194 intransitivizing resultative 163 iterative readings 6, 26, 27, 41 kinesis verbs 25 leamability 192 Lexical Conceptual Structure 3, 8, 105, 122, 125, 135, 158, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 193, 195, 198, 202, 203, 204, 206, 212, 213 Lexical Functional Grammar 7, 10, 171 lexical subordination 191, 198, 199,202

22 SUBJECf INDEX 243 location 8, 70, 71, 75, 78, 85, 86, 87, 88, 99, 100, 101, 118, 119, 148, 185, 202, 213, 216, 217, 218 locative 49,50,51,52, 119, 123,170, 176, 178, 185,207,217, 218,219,220 malefactive 70, 71,99 manner 190, 198,201,203,205,210 mass nouns 24, 26, 27, 28, 29 mass/count distinction 19,24,26,27,30 material 51, 52, 53, 71, 72, 85,89,90, 101,105, 185,216,217, 218,220 MEASURE 94, 95, 96, 98, 100, 101, 103, 106, 107, 109, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 137, 138, 139, 143, 149, 150, 151, 154, 156, 158,161, 168,169, 170,171, 172, 177, 178, 188, 189, 194,200,201,202,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217, 218, 219 Measuring-Out Constraint 2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 35, 40, 53, 62, 63, 66, 79, 83, 85, 97, 103, 114, 116, 134, 164, 165 middle construction 157, 158, 188,212 modularity 116, 190, 192,206,220 moved object 100,208,211,212,213 narrow-range rules 123, 124, 192, 202, 203 natural force 84, 86, 87, 88 nominal passives 156, 160, 161, 164, 171 Non-Measuring Constraint 2,62, 83, 86, 91, 94, 97, 103, 114, 116, 134 NP-movement 171 numeral quantifiers 161, 162, 163, 164, 171 partitive case 143, 145 passivization 58,118,156,171,174,183 PATH 69,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,106, 107, 108, 110, 115, 116, 139, 140, 144, 150, 194, 196, 197, 200, 202, 204, 205,210,211 path objects 17, 18,21,27,32,36,40,41,52,73,75, 100, 194, 201 path-object verbs (or route verbs) 17, 18, 19,21,23,26, 27, 30, 31,33,36,57,72,73,95, 107, 193, 194 patient 60, 63, 96, 105, 119, 165 perfective 54 possessor raising 214, 215, 216 predicate cleft 168, 172

23 244 SUBJECT INDEX Predicate-Argument Structure 8 predication 9 preverbs 54 Projection Principle 7 protagonist control 62, 63 proto-roles 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 psych verbs 64, 65, 66, 67, 118 rate adverbials 21, 66, 75, 76, 91, 92 raw material 85 recipient 119 reflexive objects 40, 41, 42, 110, 173 Relational Grammar 10,59, 117 resultatives 36, 37, 38,42,43,45,48,57,69,80,81,109,148, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 163, 167, 168, 171, 188, 199, 200,201,202 route verbs (see path-object verbs) scope ambiguities 140 secondary predicates 36, 43, 76, 77, 151, 152, 154, 156 semelfactive 35 sentience 102, 103 Single Delimiting Constraint 79, 80, 81, 114 source 78, 85, 91, 92, 93, 118 stage-level predicates 152 statives 4,5, 13, 14,25,29,65,66,70, 106, 134, 163, 171, 173 subcategorization 7, 96, 175, 182 surface 49, 52, 53, 54, 121, 217, 218 telicity 5, 74 tense 3 TERMINUS 69, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 106, 107, 108, 110, 115, 116, 139, 140, 144, 150, 170, 172, 177, 178, 188, 194,196,197,200,202,204,205,206,210,211,212 Terminus Constraint 2,68, 69, 70, 79, 83, 85, 97, 114, 116, 134 thematic roles 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 28, 63, 65, 73, 84, 85, 87, 89, 93, 96, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121, 175, 182, 183, 190, 193, 202 theme 8, 51, 63, 64, 66, 67, 89, 100, 105, 118, 119, 158, 208, 210 Theta Criterion 7, 105 transitive verbs 42, 47, 106, 107, 135, 137, 163, 164, 199 Unaccusative Hypothesis 58

24 SUBJECf INDEX 245 unaccusative verbs 56, 58, 61, 62, 63, 87, 107, 120, 137, 139 unergative verbs 38, 40, 41, 42, 58, 61, 62, 100, 106, 110, 137, 138, 139, 194, 199 Universal Alignment Hypothesis 117, 118 Universal Theta Assignment Hypothesis 117, 118 Unspecified NP Deletion 44, 111, 112 verb particles 36, 45, 48, 49, 80, 81, 109, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 155, 156, 171, 199 verbs of change-of-location 76, 78,92, 108, 177 verbs of change-of-possession 79,92 verbs of consumption 15 verbs of contact 113, 123, 191,213,215 verbs of creation 15, 159 verbs of imparting-motion 75, 76, 77 verbs of manner-of-motion 195, 197, 198,202 verbs of motion 69, 77, 96,100,197,217 verbs of putting 76, 177 volition 59, 62, 63, 101, 102, 103 Wh-movement 173,174

25 Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 35. U. Reyle and C. Rohrer (eds.): Natural Language Parsing and Linguistic Theories ISBN ; Pb: M. J. Cresswell: Semantical Essays. Possible Worlds and Their Rivals ISBN T. Nishigauchi: Quantification in the Theory of Grammar ISBN ; Pb: G. Chierchia, RH. Partee and R Turner (eds.): Properties, Types and Meaning. Volume I: Foundational Issues ISBN ; Pb: G. Chierchia, B.H. Partee and R Turner (eds.): Properties, Types and Meaning. Volume II: Semantic Issues ISBN ; Pb: Set ISBN (Vol. I + II) ; Pb: C.TJ. Huang and R May (eds.): Logical Structure and Linguistic Structure. Cross-Linguistic Perspectives ISBN ; Pb: MJ. Cresswell: Entities and Indices ISBN ; Pb: H. Kamp and U. Reyle: From Discourse to Logic. Introduction to Modeltheoretic Semantics of Natural Language, Formal Logic and Discourse Representation Theory ISBN X; Student edition: C.S. Smith: The Parameter of Aspect ISBN ; Pb X 44. RC. Berwick (ed.): Principle-Based Parsing. Computation and Psycholinguistics ISBN ; Pb: F. Landman: StructuresforSemantics ISBN ; Pb: M. Siderits: Indian Philosophy of Language ISBN C. Jones: Purpose Clauses ISBN X 48. RK. Larson, S. Iatridou, U. Lahiri and 1. Higginbotham (eds.): Control and Grammar ISBN Pustejovsky (ed.): Semantics and the Lexicon ISBN X; Pb: N. Asher: Reference to Abstract Objects in Discourse ISBN A. Zucchi: The Language of Propositions and Events. Issues in the Syntax and the Semantics of Nominalization ISBN c.l. Tenny: Aspectual Roles and the Syntax-Semantics Interface ISBN ; Pb: Previous volumes are still available Further information about our publications on Linguistics are available on request. Kluwer Academic Publishers - Dordrecht / Boston / London

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