Booklist. 1 Variety, change, and the idea of correct English

Transcription

1 Booklist Glossary: Teachers and lecturers are recommended to refer to David Crystal's A First Dictionary oflinguisticand Phonetics (Deutsch, 1980), or to the index of any descriptive grammar or introductory study of language, for definitions of linguistic terminology used in this book. The following list contains a selection of books which are mainly intended for reference by teachers and lecturers, though some are written for non-specialists and may be suitable for classroom use. Books with accompanying cassette tapes of spoken data are marked with an asterisk *. 1 Variety, change, and the idea of correct English D. Crystal, Who Caresabout English Usage? (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984) W.H. Mittins et al, Attitudes to English Usage (Oxford University Press, 1970) W.R.O'Donnell and L. Todd, Variety in Contemporary English (London: Allen & Unwin, 1980) Randolph Quirk, The UseofEnglish, 2ndedn. (London: Longman, 1968) E. Ryan and H. Giles, Attitudes towards Language Variation (London: Edward Arnold, 1982) P. Trudgill, Accent, Dialect and the School (London: Edward Arnold, 1975) P. Trudgill, Sociolinguistics: an introduction (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974) 212

2 BOOKLIST 2 Dialects and Standard English - the past 213 C. Barber, Early Modem English (London: Andre Deutsch, 1976) A.C. Baugh and T. Cable,A History ofthe English Language (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978) G.L. Brook, A History ofthe English Language(London: Andre Deutsch, 1963) D. Leith, A Social History of English (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983) S. Potter, Our Language (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1950) 3 Dialects and Standard English - the present G.L. Brook, English Dialects (London: Andre Deutsch, 1963) A. Hughes and P. Trudgill, *English Accents & Dialects (London: Edward Arnold, 1979) D. Sutcliffe, British Black English (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982) L. Todd, Modem Englishes: Pidgins and Creoles(Oxford: BasilBlackwell, 1984) L. Todd, 'SomeDay BeenDey ': WestAfrican Pidgin Folk Tales (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) P. Trudgill and J. Hannah, *Intemational English (London: Edward Arnold, 1982) M. Wakelin, Discovering English Dialects, 2nd edn. (princes Risborough: Shire Publications, 1979) 4 Regional accents and Received Pronunciation G. Brown, Listening to Spoken English (London: Longman, 1977) A.C. Gimson, An Introduction to the PronunciationofEnglish, 3rd edn. (London: Edward Arnold, 1980) (standard reference text) J.C. Wells, *Accents of English: 1, Introduction; 2. The British Isles; 3. Beyond the British Isles (Cambridge University Press, 1982)

3 214 VARIETIES OF ENGLISH 5 Spoken English and written English D. Crystal and D. Davy, *Advanced Conversational English (London: Longman, 1975) M. Stubbs, Language and Literacy (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980) J. P. French, *Spoken English (London: Macmillan, 1987) R. Wardhaugh,How Conversation Works (Blackwell, 1987) 6 Learning to talk J. and P. de Villiers, Early Language (London: Fontana, 1979) M. Fletcher and P. Garman, Language Acquisition: studies in first language development (Cambridge University Press, 1979) 7 Variety and style in spoken English D. Crystal and D. Davy, Investigating English Style (London: Longman, 1969) M. Stubbs, Discourse Analysis (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983) 8 Reporting the news D. Bolinger, Language the Loaded Weapon: the use and abuse of language today (London: Longman, 1980) R. Fowler et al., Language and Control (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) G. Kress and R. Hodge, Language as Ideology (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors we live by (University ofchicago Press, 1980) (In chapter 8, the analysis of newspaper reporting derives from R. Fowler et al., Languageand Control, chapters 6-8.)

4 9 The lal18uage of literature BOOKLIST 215 D. Attridge, The Rhythms ofenglish Poetry (London: Longman, 1983) N.F. Blake, Non-standard Language in English Literature (London: Andre Deutsch, 1981) N.F. Blake, Shakespeare's Language: an Introduction (London: Macmillan, 1983) R. Carter (ed.), Language and Literature (London: Allen & Unwin, 1982) R. Chapman, The Language of English Literature (London: Edward Arnold, 1982) G. Leech, A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry (London: Longman, 1969) G. Leech and A. Short, Style in Fiction (London: Longman, 1981) H. Widdowson, Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature (London: Longman, 1975) (In chapter 9, section 9.5, the distinction between spoken stress and metrical beat comes from D. Attridge, The Rhythms ofenglish Poetry.) General language study and linguistics Jean Aitchison, Language Change: Progress or Decay? (London: Fontana, 1981) Anthony Burgess, Language Made Plain (London: Fontana, 1975) R. Carter (ed.), Linguistics and the Teacher (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982) D. Crystal, What is Linguistics? (London: Edward Arnold, 1968) V. Fromkin and R. Rodman, An Introduction to Language, 3rd edn. (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1983) R. Hudson, Invitation to Linguistics (Oxford: Robertson, 1984) English grammar D. Freeborn, A Course Book in English Grammar (London: Macmillan, 1987) G. Leech, M. Deuchar and R. Hoogenraad, English Grammar for Today (London: Macmillan, 1982) R. Quirk et ale,a Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (London: Longman 1985) (standard reference grammar)

5 216 VARIETIES OF ENGLISH G. Leech and J. Svartvik, A Communicative Grammar of English (London:Lon~an,1975) R. Quirk and S. Greenbaum, University Grammar of English (London: Longman, 1973) (both the last two entries derived from the preceding grammar)

6 Index abbreviating 193 abstract noun 184 accent 16,19,64,66,208; variation 72 acceptable/acceptability 11, 93, 152; see also appropriate action 174-5, active: see voice actor address 124 adjective 14,116,184,193,202 adjunct 138 adverb 6,14,48,192-3 adverbial 7, 110, 129, 132, 138, 142-3, 163, 190, 204; - clause 118 affected 174-5, agent 154, agentive phrase agreement 33, 36, 209 Alfred, King 27 alliteration 206 alphabet 26, 67 analogy 48 answer apposition 142, 163 appropriate 126, 138;see also acceptable archaism 36 aspect, perfective 111, 132, 191 ; progressive 63, 111, 117, 132, 191 associa tive meaning: see connotative assonance 206 auxiliary verb 37, 117, 141, 191 base form (of verb) 44,46-7,58 basic pattern/structure (of clause) beat Bede 24-5 Bible 32-40, Bislama (pidgin) 61-3 catenative 132, 192 Caxton 30-1,54 Celtic 22-3 Chaucer 29,41 choice: see grammatical and lexical choice clause/ -- analysis/,..., structure 92-4, ,138-43,204; see also adverbial, declarative, main, qualifying, relative, reported, subordinate clause clause-complex 94, 128, 131 cliche 185 Cockney: see London dialect cognate 6 coherence collective noun 173 collocation 36, 137 colloquial 159, 161, 163, 185 comparative 13,48, 118 complement ,138 complex sentence 131 compound word 193 concord: see agreement concrete noun 184 conjunct 131 conjunction 37,99, 193;seealso coordinating --;subordinating-- 217

7 218 INDEX connotation/connotative meaning 83, 155-7, 165, 172, 178, 187, 190 consonance 206 consonant 36,67-70,75-6, 79-81,105-8,205,209 contact language 56 context of situation 95 continuer 94, 122-3, 131 contracted negative 12 contrastive stress 44,101,146 convenation 118, conversation skills conversational analysis coordinated/coordination 13, 93, 142 coordinating conjunction 94, 129 count noun 116 counterpoint 196 creole 56 Danelaw 27-8 declarative clause 138 declarative mood 110, 117 deixis/deictic 123-4, 130 deletion (ellipsis) 94, , 143, demonstrative pronoun 53 demoted syllable 196 descriptive grammar 9 determiner 117, 193 deviance/deviate 182, diacritic 74 dialect Chs 2-4 passim, 10, 17, 23,64, dialect in literature dialect boundary 74 dialogue Ch. 5 sections 5.3, 5.4; Ch. 6 section 6.4; Ch. 7 sections 7.1,7.3 diphthong 68, 75 direct object 5, 50 discourse 86, 88, 187, 191 discourse skills disjunct 5, 15, 192 double negative 14, 43, 59, 192 double off-beat 197 duple rhythm 198, Early Modern English 33-7, edited text 87 ellipsis: see deletion etymology 30,38 evaluation (of dialects and accents) 81-5 existential there 140 eye-dialect 209 falling rhythm 184, 198, 203 feedback 86 feminine gender 59 filled pause/filler 87 final: see word final finite 118 foot 196 foregrounded/foregrounding 182, 194,196,204 formal 95, 99, 192 free verse 196, 202 French 29 function 86,108;"'" word 138, 140, 193 gap (in turn-taking) 120 gender (grammatical) 58-9 gender (male/female speech) 84 glottal stop 81, 83 grammar 2, 66, 109, 200, 202 grammatical 93, 126, 128, 175;,..., choice/feature 42-56, 138, 187, 190-3;,..., patterns 184; :: role 110, 116;"'" skills grammatical word: see function word h-dropping 83-4 head word 142 headlines , heightening 196, 204 homophone 70, 84 hypothesis 102 ideology Ch. 8 passim, 152, 161 imitation 103 imperative mood 37, 110, 117 indirect object 50

8 Indo-European 45 infinitive 58; ~ infinitive complement 14 inflection 26, 28, 32-3, 35, 52, 111,118 informal 53,95, 99, 185, 190 informant IS, 82 informational needs 124 initial: see word initial initiator intensifier 14 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 74-6 interrogative mood 37, 110, II 7 intonation 44,67,87,94,101 intransitive 52, 161, 174 inversion 163 irregular verb 44 isochronous/isochrony isogloss 74 isophone 70-3 John of Trevisa 23, 30-1,41 Johnson, Samuel 32 Kentish dialect (Old English) 23 Langland, William 41 language 86; ~ learning Ch. 6 passim language/linguistic level 33, 66, 126,204 Latin 22, 24, 38, 184 lexical choice 188, 192-3; '" item 137; ~ set 187; ~ word 193 lexis (see also vocabulary) 2, 66 line (of verse) lingua franca 61 linguistics 126 linguistic community: see speech community linkage/linker/linking word 92, 131 linking verb 191 literary language Ch. 9 passim location 117 INDEX 219 London dialect (Middle and Early Modem English) 31-2,41; modern Cockney 81, 83; early nineteenth-century Cockney 209 loudness 67,77,101,146 main clause 93, 204; '" stress 199; ~ verb 37,141 Malory, Sir Thomas 54 marked 143 marker 12 masculine gender 59 medial: see word medial Mercian dialect (Old English) 23 metaphor 173, 185 metre Middle English 23-6, 29, 33, 38-9,43 minor sentence 190 modal auxiliary 141,159 modifier 110, 142 monitoring 87, 120 monosyllable 108 mood: see declarative ~, interrogative"', imperative '" morphology 2 mother tongue 56 multiple negative 14, 43 negative 12, 53, 111, 117 neuter gender 59 newspaper style nominalisation 159 non-count noun 116 non-finite verb 38, 118 non-fluency feature 87, 99, 128, 142 non-standard 42-61, 128, 130, Norman Conquest 28-9 Northern dialect (Middle English) 41 Northumberland dialect (modem) Northumbrian dialect (Old English) 23

9 220 noun 58,116,159,184,193, 202; see also: abstract, collective, concrete, count, non-count, proper -- noun phrase (NP) 52, 111, 117, 138,142,163,190-1,202 number 111 object 32,110-11,116,138, 159, 174-5, 202, 204; see also direct --, indirect -- object pronoun 48 'observer's paradox' off-beat Old English 23-9, 32-3, 43, 45-6, 49, 51-3 Old Norse 27-8 Old Northern French 28 order: see word order orthography 87 overlap (in turn-taking) overline 155-6, 158, 160 paralinguistic 95 parallelism 184, 206 pararhyme 206 parody part of speech: see word-class participant 158, 165, 174, 178 participle: see present, past - particle 5 passive: see voice past tense 32-3, 44, 51, 58, 141; -- participle 44; -- perfect tense 44 pastiche pause 77, ~7, 94, 131, 145, 147 perfective: see aspect person 32-3, 191 personal pronoun 47 phonemic 61 phonetic symbols 75-8 phonology/phonological 66 phrasal verb 13 pidgin 56, 61-3 pitch/pitch movement 67-8, 77, 101, 108-9, 146 plot 191 INDEX plural 32, 52, 58, 116, 173 poetic licence 203 politeness 125 polysyllable 108, 184 possessive plural (Old English) 52; -- pronoun 48, 191 post-modifier 163 predicate 63, 110; -- marker 63 predicator ,132,138, 174-5,190,202,204 prefix 33, 44, 209 pre-modifier 163, 185 preposition 13,14,52-3,119, 193,202 prepositional phrase (PrepP) 50, ,190,202 prescriptive grammar 9, 14, 16 present tense 12, 36-7,46, 58, 140, 191; -- progressive tense 141 ; -- participle 202, 209; - perfect tense 44, 141 prestige accent 17, 19, 82 primary stress 4, 68; see also main stress productive use 13 1 programmed 103 progressive aspect: see aspect promoted syllable 196 pronoun 12, 47, 123-4: see also demonstrative --, object --, personal --, possessive --, reflexive --, relative -- pronunciation 4, 74; -- skills proper noun 142 proposition 13 1 prosodic features 67, 87, 101, 128, 143;see also suprasegmental pro-word 193 punctuation 94,202 punning 155 Puttenham, George 31 qualifying clause 163 Queen's English 16 question 88, 108 question-answer routine 122-3

10 INDEX 221 realisation 80, 86 Received Pronunciation (RP) 2, 17, 19, 38, 64-85, 208 receptive.use 131 reduced vowel 12 reflexive pronoun 48 regional, "J accent 64-85; "J dialect 41 regular past tense 32, 44 relative clause 38, 191;,..., pronoun 47,209 repair (of a break in conversation) 145 repetition 123 reported clause 163 request 109, 145 response rhotic/rhoticity 68, 70, 82 rhyme 204, 206 rhythm 67-8,77,101,184, , 202; rising "J 198, Roman alphabet 61, 74 RP: see Received Pronunciation scansion 196 secondary stress 199 segment/segmental features 67-8,75-8,87,105-6 semantic features 128 sentence 2, 89, 93, 126; "J adverbial 5, 15, 192; "J structure type 110 sequence: see word order signing 86 silence (in conversation) 145 silent stress 196 simple past tense: see past tense simple present tense: see present tense simple vowel 75 single off-beat 197 slang 185 social class dialect/accent 84-5 social prejudice 84 solecism 51 sonnet 205 sound sequence South Midland dialect (Middle English) 33, 41 South-Western dialect (Middle English) 23, 41, 82 speech: see spoken English; "J community 46, 72; "J rhythm 195-6,200-1 spelling 2,29-30,76, split infinitive 13 spoken English Ch. 5 passim StandardEnglish Chs 2 and 3 passim; 2, 9, 19-21, 23, 28, 30-1,37-8,41-61,82,138, 140, 208 standard spelling 37 stanza 199 statement 138 strapline: see overline ~re~ 67,87,94,108-9,146, 195-7; see also main "J, primary "J, secondary "J, silent stressed syllable 68, 195, 206 strong verb 45 structure 92, 116, style Chs 7-9 passim subject ,116, 132, 138, , 174-5, 177, 190, 204 subordinate clause 118,131,142, 160, 204 subordinating conjunction 129, 131 substance 86 suffix 14,26,28,33,36,44,48, 61,63 supra-segmental 67, 77-8, 87-91; see also prosodic surface structure syllable 4 syntax 2; see also grammar system 126 "J tag question 13, 124 tempo 67-8,77,101,146 tense 58, Ill, 140; see also past perfect, past, present progressive, present perfect, present, regular "J

11 222 INDEX theme/thematic 129, 131-2, 138: 142-3, 158, 160-1, 163, 175 tone 77-8, 101 tone-unit 68, 77-8, 88 tonic syllable 77-8: 101 transform/transformation 177 transitive 5, 52, 63, Trevisa: see John of,.., triple off-beat 197 triple rhythm 197, 203 turn-taking , Tyndale, William 40 underlying structure 177 universal features 103 unmarked 143, 204 unscripted commentary Vanuatu 61 verb 5, 132, 155, 159, 193; see also auxiliary, base form, irregular, linking, main, nonfinite, phrasal, strong, weak,.., verb phrase (VP) 37, 111, 118, 132, 138, 190 verbal,,.., interaction 88;,.., process verse Vikings 26-8 vocabulary 2, 126, 172-3, 178, 187 voice, active"" 14, 174-5, 177; passive"" 14,154,174-7 vowel 32,36,75-7,79-81, 105-8, 205 weak verb 45 West Germanic 6, 22 West Midland dialect (Middle English) 41 West Saxon dialect (Old English) 23,25,29,32-3 word 2, 94;,.., final 83, 106, 206;,.., initial 83, 206, 209;,.., medial 83, 206;,.., order/ sequence 27,36-7,52,110, 116, 13 1, 174, 204 word-class 110 word-form 111 writing 86 written English Ch. 5 passim zero plural 58