СТРАТЕГИЯ ПЕРЕВОДА КАК УНИВЕРСАЛЬНАЯ КАТЕГОРИЯ ПЕРЕВОДОВЕДЕНИЯ: К ПОСТАНОВКЕ ВОПРОСА. T.A. Volkova
|
|
- Debra Eaton
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 242 DC (УДК) LBC (ББК) 81.0 Т.А. Волкова СТРАТЕГИЯ ПЕРЕВОДА КАК УНИВЕРСАЛЬНАЯ КАТЕГОРИЯ ПЕРЕВОДОВЕДЕНИЯ: К ПОСТАНОВКЕ ВОПРОСА В статье предпринимается попытка рассмотреть стратегию перевода как универсальную категорию переводоведения. Описаны концепции, связанные с понятием «стратегия перевода», основные термины и определения, подходы к типологизации стратегий перевода. Предлагается краткий обзор операций, осуществляемых в процессе перевода, отдельно рассматриваются вопросы выбора и применения стратегий перевода. Описана дискурсивно-коммуникативная модель перевода, формирующая стратегию перевода. Ключевые слова: стратегия перевода; метод перевода; модель перевода; дискурсивнокоммуникативная модель перевода; тактика перевода; переводческая операция; универсальная категория T.A. Volkova ON TRANSLATION STRATEGY AS A UNIVERSAL CATEGORY IN TRANSLATION STUDIES In the paper an attempt is made to approach translation strategy as a universal category in translation studies. Related terms, concepts, key definitions and typologies are outlined, followed by a brief review of operations involved in the process of translation with a specific focus on translation strategies selection and application. The paper also describes the discourse and communication translation model as a tool for working out a translation strategy. Key words: translation strategy; translation method; translation model; discourse and communication translation model; translation tactic; translation operation; universal category 1. Translation Process Analysis * : Introductory Remarks. Selecting linguistic means, methods, strategies, and techniques during the process of translation is one of the key issues of translation theory. Meeting the challenge brings up a number of issues caused by different approaches to translation strategies research, terminological variety and variety of translation strategies typologies, as well as difficulties related to cognitive translation processes research. Science of translation provides a range of notions defining the translator s actions and regular patterns of translator s decision-making: translation method, translation procedures, translation techniques, translation tactics, and translation operations, to name a few. * Публикация осуществляется при финансовой поддержке РГНФ, грант а2 (целевой конкурс под-держки молодых ученых 2012 года, проект «Моделирование процесса перевода: интеграция подходов в совре-менной лингвистике»). Financial support for this research has been provided by the Russian Foundation for Humanities ( а2, Translation Modelling: Integrating Approaches in Modern Linguistics). Вестник ИГЛУ, 2013 In this paper an attempt will be made to approach translation strategy as a universal category in translation studies. In broader terms this would require the following steps: (i) outline the scope of the term «translation strategy»; (ii) analyze concepts related to translation strategy (e.g. translation model and pre-translation analysis), as well as some universal concepts and categories in translation studies (e.g. translation as a secondary activity, translatability, adequacy, and equivalence), and set the parameters to recognize translation strategy as a universal category in translation studies; (iii) study and organize the main approaches to working out a translation strategy (discourse and communication, cognitive and textocentric approaches, linguistic personology, and integrated interdisciplinary paradigms); and (iv) study the principles of working out a translation strategy in translation and interpreting and specify the universal features of a translation strategy. I shall at this point look at various terms and concepts related to translation Волкова Т.А., 2013
2 243 strategy, describe some principles of working out a translation strategy, and focus on the discourse and communication translation model. Translation process comprises at least two stages: understanding the source text and selecting a translation variant. Translation theory tries to explore the transition from the source text to the target text and find out what regular patterns form the basis for translator s actions * [Komissarov, 1990]. Translation process is viewed in the framework of human cognitive activity in terms of cognitive translatology based on the concept of translation activity as an interaction of individual cognitive and linguistic structures (of a translator) in the broadest context of individual psychosemiotic characterology [Fesenko, 2002, p. 133]. Translation process is marked by conceptual, sociocultural, linguistic, textual, and communicative constants [Ibid. P. 129]. Comparing traditional (structural) and cognitive and activity-oriented (personally oriented) trends in translation studies, authors point out that a partial research object (translation units) is replaced by an integral research object (translation strategy) [Alekseeva, 2010, p. 50]. As T.A. Fesenko puts it, a translator is assigned to interpret a source text semantic code, and it is not the verbal forms, but the concepts behind them that are translated [Fesenko, 2002, p. 133]. A translator interprets the conceptual program of the source text (ST) and authors (co-authors) the conceptual program of the target text (TT) [Ibid. P. 125]. The projected ST is initially processed in the «uncontrolled workspace» with the help of schemata and frames serving as the long-term memory structural framework [Ibid. P. 138]. At the initial stage of the text perception a general pattern is formed, encompassing the widest range of translator s cognitive resources [Ibid. P. 152]. Data received during initial processing of the ST allow for the development of a macrostrategy, defining the translation framework and further mental processes that are then carried out in the «controlled workspace» [Ibid. P. 138]. A.G. Minchenkov suggests that understanding the ST and producing the TT are multistep processes operating in shuttle mode [Minchenkov, 2008, p. 9]. Producing the TT is parallel to un- * Where there were no official translations of the Russian quotations available in English, these have been translated by the author. derstanding the ST. In the process of ST understanding the text units activate the conventional concepts (notions) in a translator s consciousness that interact with background and contextual knowledge available to a translator. This interaction results in the actualization of subjective concepts shaping senses in a translator s consciousness. In a number of cases sense is shaped almost spontaneously, but it also often requires quite a long and complex cognitive search performed by a translator [Ibid]. Knowledge of meanings of the ST units and knowledge of the world determine the invariability of ST understanding by different translators. Differences in individual background knowledge and personal perception stipulate the variability of the ST understanding [Ibid]. A translator employs two kinds of search: a cognitive search for sense and a heuristic search for means of verbalization in the TL [Ibid. P. 41]. A translator s knowledge base is represented as a cognitive memory model based on the perception of reality through comparing frames available in the memory. Each frame is linked to information received from reality [Remkhe, 2011, p. 329]. According to I.N. Remkhe, at the stage of understanding a translator perceives and comprehends the source text, searching for source text knowledge frames corresponding to those of the translator. Target text development can also be anticipated through dynamic frames explication. At the stage of translation dynamic frames (situational and classifying frames) are mentally created basing on the ST and correlating with equivalent frame structures in the target language (TL). Prototypical frame structures determine prototypical correspondences; the issue of missing correspondences is tackled, and a necessary translation strategy is selected. At the final stage a translator produces the TT with regard to its syntagmatic and syntactic features [Ibid]. Gradual selection of most common and recognizable text segments requires the application of a prototypical strategy. For particular less recognizable text segments involving a certain difficulty in translation an adaptive strategy is employed [Remkhe, 2007, p. 7]. The gap caused by something unknown or unclear to a translator can be closed «internally» by using additional cognitive mechanisms, contextual analysis, and associative search, or «externally» by turning to external informational resources [Ibid. P. 20].
3 244 Describing a text as a hierarchy of frames allows a translator to see the information distribution in the ST and prioritize accordingly [Fedyuchenko, 2006, p. 166]. Using frames in pre-translation analysis, a translator can predict lexical compatibility of certain text components and grammatical form of lexical units, see how various text components are related in terms of their roles (semantics), and precisely determine translation dominants [Ibid. P. 167]. An intersection of linguistic personology and translation process modelling is marked by a ludic translation model (theory) put forward by E.Yu. Kunitsyna [Kunitsyna, 2010]. «Literary translation is a game» [Ibid. P. 67], and the process of overcoming differences between languages and cultures is marked by a cognitive dissonance. A translator s cognitive dissonance is based on doubt, an intentional state typical for a translator that does not mean the translator is not sure (should not or cannot be sure) whether the translation is equal to the ST. Being sure that a different translation is possible, the translator takes risks and suggests a translation, even though constant improvements might be made to the translation later on [Ibid. P. 71]. 2. Translation as a Strategic Activity. Given the notion of relative translatability, selecting a translation method, using a corresponding translation strategy, and defining translation units determine communication success to a great extent [Kazakova 2001, p. 11]. The translator selects a translation method to arrange information in the TT. At the first stage a complete or an abridged translation is selected. Abridged translation results in synopses, notes, summaries, abstracts, adaptations, and digests. Complete translation is aimed at a detailed reproduction of the ST information components with the TL units. Literal translation, semantic translation, and communicative translation are the most common complete translation methods (strategies * ) [Ibid. P ]. Semantic translation suggests rendering the contextual meaning of the ST components with the TL units to the largest extent possible. As T.A. Kazakova points out [Ibid. P. 14], the pro- * It should be noted at this point that the terminology remains quite ambiguous with regard to the meaning and scope of the notions both in Russian and Western research paradigms. E.g., complete and abridged translation might be qualified as translation methods and then further broken down into translation strategies. cess of semantic translation is a natural interaction of two strategies: a strategy focused on the accepted TL conventions (cf. domestication) and a strategy focused on retaining the SL (source language) form of expression (cf. foreignization). A strategy focused on the accepted TL conventions is applied to common lexical and grammatical components of the ST (standard syntactic structures, punctuation, sentence length, typical metaphors, conjunctions, syntactic forms, morphological structures, commonly used terms and expressions related to general culture and popular science). A strategy focused on retaining the SL form of expression is appropriate when translating unconventional, original forms and stylistic devices, as well as unusual vocabulary. In these cases semantic translation is normally focused on the specific features of the source sign to retain, to the extent of literal translation, as many peculiarities as possible [Ibid. P. 15]. Semantic translation is usually applied to texts of high social and cultural status, including important historical documents, works of classic literature and unique epos, as well as legal documents, singular documents with the so-called authentic translation, technical manuals, and scientific publications. Attention to the smallest linguistic detail of the ST often outbalances the considerations of the TT readability [Ibid]. Communicative translation suggests transferring the source information in such a manner that the TT effect is adequate to that of the ST. Communicative translation, appropriate for most works of imaginative literature and journalism, and partly for texts relating to theoretical and popular science, determines (programs) the receiver s pragmatics [Ibid. P ]. P. Newmark mentions the difference between translation methods and translation procedures: «while translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language» [Newmark, 1988, p. 81]. The following are the basic translation methods P. Newmark proposes: word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation, communicative translation [Ibid. P. 45]. A list of translation procedures includes transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, componential analysis, synonymy, Вестник ИГЛУ, 2013
4 245 through-translation, shifts or transpositions, modulation, recognized translation, translation label, compensation, componential analysis, reduction and expansion, paraphrase, couplets, and notes, additions, or glosses [Newmark, 1988, p. 45]. S. Viaggio points out that semantic translation and communicative translation are not different methods, but different choices at a specific stage of the translating process. «Until translatology develops any further, there is, that I know of, one and only one universally apt method of translating: identification of the translator s purpose; understanding of the SL text; inferring of sense (including any relevant formal features); re-expression of sense as a TL text (with as adequate a re-creation of the relevant formal features as possible); collation of original and translation for semantic and stylistic adequacy» [Viaggio, 1992, p. 6 7]. Analyzing procedures, strategies and methods of translation, M. Ordudari [Ordudari, 2007] gives an overview of where several authors stand, referring to technical and organizational procedures, global and local strategies, productrelated and process-related strategies, definitions of a translation strategy as a procedure, a series of competencies, a set of steps, processes, rules or principles. T.A. Fesenko describes translation strategies as cognitive and intuitive «linkages». Not only does intuition provide the source data in the process of translation, but it also associates the ST situations with the real background (interpretation context), and defines the semantic framework for translation and individual semantic conclusion [Fesenko, 2002, p. 130]. L.P. Tarnaeva points out that many decisions made by a translator lie at the intersection of formal logical algorithms and intuitive heuristic search. Translator s creativity is viewed as an intuitive reproduction and actualization of knowledge, as new knowledge production and management [Tarnaeva, 2011, p. 19]. Depending on the type of discourse either creative or logical and conceptual resources of language consciousness are used [Ibid. P. 67]. A combination of cognitive schemata of speech kinds included in translation as a receptive and productive speech activity, standard translation models encompassing knowledge that forms a theoretical basis for translation skills training, and adaptive translation models developed according to an individual style shapes a cognitive translation scheme [Gusev, 2003]. The more developed the cognitive translation scheme (i.e., the more situational and operational scenarios of verbal and cognitive strategies it encodes), the more developed the strategy, and the more opportunities for a translator to plan the translation process [Ibid]. The extent of creative freedom of a translator depends on the source text genre, translation purpose, translation brief, translator s values, and translator s aesthetic standards [Fesenko, 2002, p. 126]. Translation is approached as a translator s reflexive activity, a complex thinking activity, and a process completely dependent on a translator s competence as a translating personality [Alekseeva, 2010]. V.N. Komissarov proposes three groups of general principles of translation process that the translation strategy covers: some basic postulates; selecting general guidelines that a translator will follow when making particular decisions; and defining the nature and sequence of actions in the process of translation [Komissarov, 2002, p. 336]. I.S. Alekseeva divides the translation process into the following stages: (i) pre-translation analysis, (ii) analytical variative search, and (iii) analyzing the translation results [Alekseeva, 2001, p. 144]. V.N. Komissarov points out that the basic postulates of a translation strategy are determined to a large extent by the mediative role of a translator: translator s activity only makes sense when it meets the expectations of the interlinguistic communication actors. The basis for a general translation strategy is a translator s commitment to understand the ST as fully as possible and find its most accurate equivalent in the TL. The most important strategic principles of a translator include self-criticism and maximum effort applied to find the best translation variant possible [Komissarov, 2002, p ]. In his view, a translation strategy selection is determined by translation purpose, text type, characteristics of the presumed receiver [Ibid. P. 114], and translation setting [Ibid. P. 337]. Defining the nature and sequence of actions in the process of translation is an individual factor conditioned by a translator s level of proficiency. Many elements of a translation strategy are variable and employed differently by different translators in different translation settings; some components
5 246 of a strategic approach are universal. The general rules include, in particular, the precedence of understanding over translation and the necessity to divide the ST into sections as determined by the linear character of understanding and speech production [Komissarov, 2002, p. 337]. C. Nord suggests taking a prospective view of translation [Nord, 2006]: translators choose their translation strategies according to the text purpose or function, and select instrumental or documentary translation [Ibid. P. 131]. Following the principles of functionality and loyalty, the translation purpose, defined by the translation brief, determines the choice of translation method and strategy, and the acceptability of translation purposes is limited by the translator s responsibility with regard to their partners [Ibid. P. 142]. V.V. Sdobnikov defines translation strategy as «a general program of the translator s activity worked out on the basis of the general approach to translation in a specific communicative situation (CST) of bilingual communication, determined by the particular parameters of the situation and the translation goal and, in its turn, determining the character of the translator s professional behavior» [Sdobnikov 2011a, p. 172; 2011b, p. 1450]. A list of translation strategies used in different communicative situations of cross-cultural communication includes the strategy of communicatively equivalent translation, the strategy of tertiary translation, and the strategy of redirection [Sdobnikov, 2012, p. 862], and the levels of a translator s decision-making encompass analyzing the communicative situation, determining the translation goal, choosing a translation strategy, choosing translation tactics, and choosing translation operations [Ibid. P. 861]. The author gives two more definitions, describing tactics of translation as «a systematized set of translation operations performed to implement a chosen translation strategy and to achieve the translation goal», and a translation operation as «any action of a translator within the process of creating a text in the TL» [Ibid. P. 862]. V.N. Komissarov gives the following list of a translation strategy elements: familiarizing oneself with the text as a whole before starting the translation, using a rough draft (word-for-word translation) or finalizing a translation, and the predominant use of pre-translation analysis or posttranslation editing [Komissarov, 2002, p. 337]. V.V. Sdobnikov breaks a translation strategy into the following stages: (i) situation awareness; (ii) formulating the translation goal (technically coinciding with situation awareness, the translation goal is one of the primary parameters of a CST recognized by the translator only as a result of a relevant analysis); (iii) forecasting (working out the assumptions of how the CST can change in future and assumptions of how the communication actors would react to the translation); and (iv) planning (programming) [Sdobnikov 2011a, p ; 2011b, p. 1450]. Concepts of psycholinguistics describing the incremental structure of speech activity (a motive a goal and the commitment to achieve the goal to satisfy the motive through speech activity an internal program of an utterance shaping the utterance during internal speech verbalizing the utterance) are to a certain extent applicable to translation process [Komissarov, 2002, p ]. The structure of translation process generally corresponds to the stages of speech activity; a translator s «internal program» is the compressed content of the ST [Ibid. P. 158]. With regard to the role of intellectual and cognitive processes in translation mechanism it seems reasonable to suggest that conceptual components of a cognitive strategy can significantly add to the list of characteristic features of a translation strategy. Defining a cognitive strategy as a regular pattern of choosing ways to tackle cognitive tasks to achieve certain goals, D.N. Pavlov outlines the following key components of a cognitive strategy: a definite goal; relation to mental processes; innateness; subject dependency; deliberate use; flexibility; conditions dependency and context dependency; temporal orientation (perspective and situational strategies); efficiency; and awareness / unawareness [Pavlov, 2006, p. 63]. My suggestion is that the features of a cognitive strategy underlie the characteristics of a translation strategy, with one significant reservation: whereas a cognitive strategy is innate, translation strategies, as related to one s professional activity, are acquired. Relation to mental processes, subject dependency, and awareness / unawareness that characterize a translation strategy give the translator an individual repertoire of strategies, the list of which remains open. Context dependency and temporal orientation (perspective and situational Вестник ИГЛУ, 2013
6 247 strategies) determine the dynamic character of a translation strategy and confirm the necessity of a constant variative search in the process of translation (cf. a cognitive search for sense and a heuristic search for means of verbalization in the TL and an intuitive reproduction and actualization of knowledge). Self-criticism and maximum effort applied to find the best translation variant possible streamline translation strategies application and enable a constant search for translator s solutions. Interconnection and flexibility of professional techniques allow for the logical development and flexibility of a chosen translation strategy. Universality and variability of a translation strategy components, flexibility and efficiency of a strategy allow the translator to streamline familiar solutions with no limit on the number of new solutions learned or suggested by a translator. A translator s commitment to understand the ST as fully as possible and find its most accurate equivalent in the TL shapes a general strategy of a translator s professional activity and enables further steps aimed at solving translation problems (cf. «superintention» [Shevchenko, 2005] that forms the basis for a motivational level of a linguistic personality of a translator). Specifying the translation purpose with regard to a translation setting, text type, and characteristics of the presumed receiver loosely determines a range of necessary translator s decisions. The deliberate use and acquired character of a translation strategy confirm the strategic nature of translation process linked to the translator s level of proficiency, and give evidence of an unrestricted number of new decisions made by the translator. 3. Discourse and Communication Translation Model. Issues of translation strategies selection and application take us to the role of translation modelling in working out a translation strategy. Translation models in linguistic translation theory describe the translation process as a sequence of intellectual operations applied to language or speech units, i. e. as linguistic operations selected upon the linguistic features of the ST and the corresponding phenomena of the TL [Komissarov, 1990]. The tasks of a model lie in describing the sequence of actions that meet a given translation challenge under given conditions. Translation models reveal certain functional aspects of a linguistic mechanism of translation. Even though a translator can achieve the necessary result in some way other than suggested by any of the known translation models, understanding the functions of these models may help a translator complete the challenging translation tasks [ibid]. Describing the translation process with the help of translation models includes two interrelated aspects: a general description of a model defining the possible scope of its application (explanatory power of a model), and types of translation operations (transformations) carried out in the framework of a model. A translation model can be either primarily extralinguistic or based on some structural and semantic features of language units [Ibid]. Any translation model is hypothetical since there is no direct evidence that a translator acts exactly as the model suggests. However, when the translation result predicted in the model coincides with that produced by the translator, this proves the explanatory power of the model [Komissarov, 2002, p ]. I shall now look at the discourse and communication translation model [Volkova, 2010] (fig. 1) that forms the basis for applying translation strategies by a combination of the following interrelated components: textual level, discursive level, and communicative level. Linguistic (lexical and semantic, syntactic, stylistic, and pragmatic) peculiarities of ST, its discursive characteristics (text authorship, addressness, and narrative), discourse nodal points, discourse constitutive features (goals, values, chronotopos, linguistic expression, topic and participants of discourse, and interdiscursivity), communicative functions, typical features and strategies define decisions made by a translator and build up translation microstrategies on the textual level and translation macrostrategies on discursive and communicative levels [Ibid]. Translation strategies typology therefore includes a general translation strategy (the translator s commitment to understand the ST as fully as possible and find its most accurate equivalent in the TL; superintention); translation process stages (pre-translation analysis *, analytical variative search, and analyzing the translation results); translation macrostrategies (discursive and communicative levels); and translation microstrategies (textual level). * Elements of the discourse and communication translation model are in line with the pre-translation analysis components put forward in [Alekseeva, 2001; Petrova; 2007].
7 248 Fig. 1. Discourse and Communication Translation Model Analyzing linguistic features of a text and functions of communication allows us to determine information composition and density, text genre and function. A translator receives a translation brief from the client and/or determines it by analyzing lexical and semantic, pragmatic and other features of text, its discursive characteristics, discourse nodal points and constitutive features, typical features of communication, and communicative functions and strategies in order to get an idea of ST and TT purposes. Translation process stages equally cover communicative, discursive, and textual levels. Typical features and functions of communication, communicative strategies reflected in the ST, and the ST linguistic and discursive peculiarities can be analyzed at any stage of the translation process. The sequence and nature of the translator s strategic actions are shaped but not limited by the model. As far as the scope and sequence of translation microstrategies and macrostrategies, they can be applied liberally in accordance with the translation purpose, translation setting, text type, and characteristics of the presumed receiver. It should be noted that decisions made by a translator are divided into microstrategies and macrostrategies solely for research purposes, thus allowing the translator to analyze the source text in an integrated manner, specify the translation difficulties, and find possible solutions. General translation strategy equally covers communicative, discursive, and textual levels and determines both the translation process and the translation result. According to the definition of a translation strategy given in this paper, the strategies typology remains open. 4. Conclusions. A translation strategy can be defined as a non-terminal combination of professional, efficient, dynamic, successive, universal and individual techniques that are logically interrelated. These techniques are applied in translation activity in a bilingual situation to enhance ST understanding and find the ST most accurate equivalent in the TL through a flexible variative search with regard to a translation setting, text type, and characteristics of the presumed receiver. A translation strategy is systematic, related to individual mental processes, and marked by translator s self-criticism. The discourse and communication translation model is explanatory in character and gives a variety of parameters for working out a translation strategy. A translator analyzes the ST features at all levels to form a pool of translation difficulties and find the relevant translator s solutions. Further analysis of issues related to translation strategies selection and application should help overcome ambiguities in terminology. Follow- Вестник ИГЛУ, 2013
8 249 ing the guidelines tentatively set out in this paper and expanding the scope of research, we should be able to compare translation and interpreting strategies and specify the universal features of a translation strategy. Areas for further translation strategy research also include functional, communicative, and cultural literacy of a translator, linguistic creativity, and studies of professional linguistic personality of a translator. References 1. Alekseeva, I.S. Professional Translator Training : textbook of translation and interpreting for translators and trainers [Text] / I.S. Alekseeva. - St. Petersburg : Soyuz Publishing, p. (In Russian). 2. Alekseeva, L.M. Translation as a Reflexive Activity / L.M. Alekseeva // Vestnik of Perm University. Russian and Foreign Philology Issue 1. - P (In Russian). 3. Fedyuchenko, L.G. An Application of the Frame Theory to Pre-Translation Analysis of Newspaper Articles [Text] / L.G. Fedyuchenko // Vestnik of Tyumen State University Issue 4. - P (In Russian). 4. Fesenko, T.A. National Cultural Space Specifics as Reflected in Translation [Text] / T.A. Fesenko. - Tambov : Derzhavin Tambov State University Publishing House, p. (In Russian). 5. Gusev V.V. Empathetic Model in Working out a Translation Strategy [Text] / V.V. Gusev // Vestnik of Moscow State Linguistic University Issue 840 : Translation as Cognitive Activity. - P (In Russian). 6. Kazakova, T.A. Translation Techniques. English <=> Russian [Text] / T.A. Kazakova. - Learning Foreign Languages Series. - St. Petersburg : Soyuz Publishing, p. (In Russian). 7. Komissarov, V.N. Translation Theory (Linguistic Aspects) : textbook for institutes and faculties of foreign languages [Text] / V.N. Komissarov. - M. : Higher School Publishing House, p. (In Russian). 8. Komissarov, V.N. Modern Translation Studies : textbook [Text] / V.N. Komissarov. - M. : ETS, p. (In Russian). 9. Kunitsyna, E.Yu. New model of translation: the translator as ego playing eo ipso ego at risk [Text] / E.Yu. Kunitsyna // Izvestiya of St. Petersburg University of Economics and Finance Issue 6. P (In Russian). 10. Minchenkov, A.G. Cognitive and Heuristic Translation Model as Applied to English [Text] : doctoral dissertation abstract (Philology) : , / A.G. Minchenkov. St. Petersburg, p. (In Russian). 11. Newmark, P. A Textbook of Translation [Text] / P. Newmark. - Hemel Hempstead : Prentice Hall, p. 12. Nord, C. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: a Prospective Approach [Electronic resource] / C. Nord. TEFLIN Journal Vol. 17, No 2. P URL : viewfile/108/96 (дата обращения : ). 13. Ordudari, M. Translation procedures, strategies and methods [Electronic resource] / M. Ordudari. Translation Journal Vol. 11, No. 3. URL : translationjournal.net/journal/41culture.htm (retrieved ). 14. Pavlov, D.N. On Some Problems of Defining the Cognitive Strategy [Text] / D.N. Pavlov // Issues of Cognitive Linguistics Issue 2. - P (In Russian). 15. Petrova, O.V. Model of Pre-Translation Text Analysis / O.V. Petrova // Methodical Background for Translator Training: Nizhny Novgorod Experience : monograph. - Nizhny Novgorod : Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University, P (In Russian). 16. Remkhe, I.N. Cognitive Peculiarities of Scientific and Technical Translation as Applied to Texts Relating to Metallurgical Industry [Text] : PhD thesis abstract (Philology) : / I.N. Remkhe. - Chelyabinsk, p. (In Russian). 17. Remkhe, I.N. Role of a Translator in Terms of Cognitive Modelling of Translation Process [Text] / I.N. Remkhe // Linguistic Personality of a Translator : collective monograph / Executive Editor : L.A. Nefedova; Science Editor : M.V. Zagidullina. - Chelyabinsk : Chelyabinsk State University Publishing House, P (In Russian). 18. Sdobnikov, V.V. (b) Translation Strategy Revised : the Communicative-Functional Approach [Text] / V.V. Sdobnikov. Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences Vol. 4, Issue 10. P Sdobnikov, V.V. Strategy and Tactics of Translating Special Texts [Text] / V.V. Sdobnikov. Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences Vol. 5, Issue 6. P Sdobnikov, V.V. (a) Translation Strategy : General Definition [Text] / V.V. Sdobnikov // Vestnik of Irkutsk State Linguistic University Issue 1. - P (In Russian). 21. Shevchenko, O.N. Linguistic Personality of a Translator in B.V. Zakhoder s Discourse [Text] : PhD thesis abstract (Philology) : / O.N. Shevchenko. - Volgograd, p. (In Russian). 22. Tarnaeva, L.P. Linguistic Personality Concepts in Terms of Translation Studies Issues [Text] / L.P. Tarnaeva. Vestnik of Pushkin Leningrad State University Issue 2 (13). P (In Russian). 23. Tarnaeva, L.P. Teaching the Transfer of Culture- Specific Meanings of Institutional Discourse to Future Translators [Text] : doctoral dissertation abstract (Pedagogics) : / L.P. Tarnaeva. - St. Petersburg, p. (In Russian). 24. Viaggio, S. Contesting Peter Newmark [Electronic resource] / S. Viaggio URL : sergioviaggio. com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/contes2.doc (retrieved ). 25. Volkova, T.A. Discourse and Communication Translation Model : monograph / T.A. Volkova. - M. : Flinta : Nauka, p. (In Russian).
- «Crede Experto:,,,». 2 (09) (http://ce.if-mstuca.ru) '36
- «Crede Experto:,,,». 2 (09). 2016 (http://ce.if-mstuca.ru) 811.512.122'36 Ш163.24-2 505.. е е ы, Қ х Ц Ь ғ ғ ғ,,, ғ ғ ғ, ғ ғ,,, ғ че ые :,,,, -, ғ ғ ғ, 2016 D. A. Alkebaeva Almaty, Kazakhstan NOUTIONS
More informationAN INTRODUCTION (2 ND ED.) (LONDON, BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC PP. VI, 282)
B. PALTRIDGE, DISCOURSE ANALYSIS: AN INTRODUCTION (2 ND ED.) (LONDON, BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC. 2012. PP. VI, 282) Review by Glenda Shopen _ This book is a revised edition of the author s 2006 introductory
More informationThe Model of Forming Communicative Competence of Students in the Process of Teaching the English Language
International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 2016, 11(6), 1285-1294 The Model of Forming Communicative Competence of Students in the Process of Teaching the English Language Rezida A. Fahrutdinova
More informationArizona s English Language Arts Standards th Grade ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION HIGH ACADEMIC STANDARDS FOR STUDENTS
Arizona s English Language Arts Standards 11-12th Grade ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION HIGH ACADEMIC STANDARDS FOR STUDENTS 11 th -12 th Grade Overview Arizona s English Language Arts Standards work together
More informationThe College Board Redesigned SAT Grade 12
A Correlation of, 2017 To the Redesigned SAT Introduction This document demonstrates how myperspectives English Language Arts meets the Reading, Writing and Language and Essay Domains of Redesigned SAT.
More informationPAGE(S) WHERE TAUGHT If sub mission ins not a book, cite appropriate location(s))
Ohio Academic Content Standards Grade Level Indicators (Grade 11) A. ACQUISITION OF VOCABULARY Students acquire vocabulary through exposure to language-rich situations, such as reading books and other
More informationDialogue of Cultures of Teaching of Russian as a foreign Language in the Chinese Audience: Approaches and Solutions
IFTE 2016 : 2 nd International Forum on Teacher Education Dialogue of Cultures of Teaching of Russian as a foreign Language in the Chinese Audience: Approaches and Solutions Zulfiya F. Yusupova a * * Corresponding
More informationGrade 11 Language Arts (2 Semester Course) CURRICULUM. Course Description ENGLISH 11 (2 Semester Course) Duration: 2 Semesters Prerequisite: None
Grade 11 Language Arts (2 Semester Course) CURRICULUM Course Description ENGLISH 11 (2 Semester Course) Duration: 2 Semesters Prerequisite: None Through the integrated study of literature, composition,
More informationRubric for Scoring English 1 Unit 1, Rhetorical Analysis
FYE Program at Marquette University Rubric for Scoring English 1 Unit 1, Rhetorical Analysis Writing Conventions INTEGRATING SOURCE MATERIAL 3 Proficient Outcome Effectively expresses purpose in the introduction
More informationReading Grammar Section and Lesson Writing Chapter and Lesson Identify a purpose for reading W1-LO; W2- LO; W3- LO; W4- LO; W5-
New York Grade 7 Core Performance Indicators Grades 7 8: common to all four ELA standards Throughout grades 7 and 8, students demonstrate the following core performance indicators in the key ideas of reading,
More informationLinguistics. Undergraduate. Departmental Honors. Graduate. Faculty. Linguistics 1
Linguistics 1 Linguistics Matthew Gordon, Chair Interdepartmental Program in the College of Arts and Science 223 Tate Hall (573) 882-6421 gordonmj@missouri.edu Kibby Smith, Advisor Office of Multidisciplinary
More informationE-Teaching Materials as the Means to Improve Humanities Teaching Proficiency in the Context of Education Informatization
International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 2016, 11(4), 433-442 E-Teaching Materials as the Means to Improve Humanities Teaching Proficiency in the Context of Education Informatization
More informationSpecification and Evaluation of Machine Translation Toy Systems - Criteria for laboratory assignments
Specification and Evaluation of Machine Translation Toy Systems - Criteria for laboratory assignments Cristina Vertan, Walther v. Hahn University of Hamburg, Natural Language Systems Division Hamburg,
More informationTeachers Guide Chair Study
Certificate of Initial Mastery Task Booklet 2006-2007 School Year Teachers Guide Chair Study Dance Modified On-Demand Task Revised 4-19-07 Central Falls Johnston Middletown West Warwick Coventry Lincoln
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 154 ( 2014 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 154 ( 2014 ) 237 244 THE XXV ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE, LANGUAGE AND CULTURE, 20-22 October
More informationPrentice Hall Literature Common Core Edition Grade 10, 2012
A Correlation of Prentice Hall Literature Common Core Edition, 2012 To the New Jersey Model Curriculum A Correlation of Prentice Hall Literature Common Core Edition, 2012 Introduction This document demonstrates
More informationMathematics Program Assessment Plan
Mathematics Program Assessment Plan Introduction This assessment plan is tentative and will continue to be refined as needed to best fit the requirements of the Board of Regent s and UAS Program Review
More informationDocument number: 2013/ Programs Committee 6/2014 (July) Agenda Item 42.0 Bachelor of Engineering with Honours in Software Engineering
Document number: 2013/0006139 Programs Committee 6/2014 (July) Agenda Item 42.0 Bachelor of Engineering with Honours in Software Engineering Program Learning Outcomes Threshold Learning Outcomes for Engineering
More informationHDR Presentation of Thesis Procedures pro-030 Version: 2.01
HDR Presentation of Thesis Procedures pro-030 To be read in conjunction with: Research Practice Policy Version: 2.01 Last amendment: 02 April 2014 Next Review: Apr 2016 Approved By: Academic Board Date:
More informationProgram Matrix - Reading English 6-12 (DOE Code 398) University of Florida. Reading
Program Requirements Competency 1: Foundations of Instruction 60 In-service Hours Teachers will develop substantive understanding of six components of reading as a process: comprehension, oral language,
More informationEnglish Language and Applied Linguistics. Module Descriptions 2017/18
English Language and Applied Linguistics Module Descriptions 2017/18 Level I (i.e. 2 nd Yr.) Modules Please be aware that all modules are subject to availability. If you have any questions about the modules,
More informationPrentice Hall Literature: Timeless Voices, Timeless Themes, Platinum 2000 Correlated to Nebraska Reading/Writing Standards (Grade 10)
Prentice Hall Literature: Timeless Voices, Timeless Themes, Platinum 2000 Nebraska Reading/Writing Standards (Grade 10) 12.1 Reading The standards for grade 1 presume that basic skills in reading have
More informationELA/ELD Standards Correlation Matrix for ELD Materials Grade 1 Reading
ELA/ELD Correlation Matrix for ELD Materials Grade 1 Reading The English Language Arts (ELA) required for the one hour of English-Language Development (ELD) Materials are listed in Appendix 9-A, Matrix
More informationTimeline. Recommendations
Introduction Advanced Placement Course Credit Alignment Recommendations In 2007, the State of Ohio Legislature passed legislation mandating the Board of Regents to recommend and the Chancellor to adopt
More informationCandidates must achieve a grade of at least C2 level in each examination in order to achieve the overall qualification at C2 Level.
The Test of Interactive English, C2 Level Qualification Structure The Test of Interactive English consists of two units: Unit Name English English Each Unit is assessed via a separate examination, set,
More informationHighlighting and Annotation Tips Foundation Lesson
English Highlighting and Annotation Tips Foundation Lesson About this Lesson Annotating a text can be a permanent record of the reader s intellectual conversation with a text. Annotation can help a reader
More informationStudent Name: OSIS#: DOB: / / School: Grade:
Grade 6 ELA CCLS: Reading Standards for Literature Column : In preparation for the IEP meeting, check the standards the student has already met. Column : In preparation for the IEP meeting, check the standards
More informationDesigning a Rubric to Assess the Modelling Phase of Student Design Projects in Upper Year Engineering Courses
Designing a Rubric to Assess the Modelling Phase of Student Design Projects in Upper Year Engineering Courses Thomas F.C. Woodhall Masters Candidate in Civil Engineering Queen s University at Kingston,
More informationTEACHING QUALITY: SKILLS. Directive Teaching Quality Standard Applicable to the Provision of Basic Education in Alberta
Standards of Teaching Practice TEACHING QUALITY: SKILLS BASED ON: Policy, Regulations and Forms Manual Section 4 Ministerial Orders and Directives Directive 4.2.1 - Teaching Quality Standard Applicable
More informationReviewed by Florina Erbeli
reviews c e p s Journal Vol.2 N o 3 Year 2012 181 Kormos, J. and Smith, A. M. (2012). Teaching Languages to Students with Specific Learning Differences. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. 232 p., ISBN 978-1-84769-620-5.
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 154 ( 2014 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 154 ( 2014 ) 452 456 THE XXV ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE, LANGUAGE AND CULTURE, 20-22 October
More informationThink A F R I C A when assessing speaking. C.E.F.R. Oral Assessment Criteria. Think A F R I C A - 1 -
C.E.F.R. Oral Assessment Criteria Think A F R I C A - 1 - 1. The extracts in the left hand column are taken from the official descriptors of the CEFR levels. How would you grade them on a scale of low,
More informationLiterature and the Language Arts Experiencing Literature
Correlation of Literature and the Language Arts Experiencing Literature Grade 9 2 nd edition to the Nebraska Reading/Writing Standards EMC/Paradigm Publishing 875 Montreal Way St. Paul, Minnesota 55102
More information5. UPPER INTERMEDIATE
Triolearn General Programmes adapt the standards and the Qualifications of Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) and Cambridge ESOL. It is designed to be compatible to the local and the regional
More informationCommon Core State Standards for English Language Arts
Reading Standards for Literature 6-12 Grade 9-10 Students: 1. Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. 2.
More informationОТЕЧЕСТВЕННАЯ И ЗАРУБЕЖНАЯ ПЕДАГОГИКА
ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННАЯ И ЗАРУБЕЖНАЯ ПЕДАГОГИКА 2 2107 Olga S. Andreeva, PhD (Philology), Associate Professor, Consultant, "Fund of Enterprise Restructuring and Financial Institutions Development" E-mail: osandreeva@yandex.ru
More informationFlorida Reading Endorsement Alignment Matrix Competency 1
Florida Reading Endorsement Alignment Matrix Competency 1 Reading Endorsement Guiding Principle: Teachers will understand and teach reading as an ongoing strategic process resulting in students comprehending
More informationAbstractions and the Brain
Abstractions and the Brain Brian D. Josephson Department of Physics, University of Cambridge Cavendish Lab. Madingley Road Cambridge, UK. CB3 OHE bdj10@cam.ac.uk http://www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/~bdj10 ABSTRACT
More informationApplying Learn Team Coaching to an Introductory Programming Course
Applying Learn Team Coaching to an Introductory Programming Course C.B. Class, H. Diethelm, M. Jud, M. Klaper, P. Sollberger Hochschule für Technik + Architektur Luzern Technikumstr. 21, 6048 Horw, Switzerland
More informationAchievement Level Descriptors for American Literature and Composition
Achievement Level Descriptors for American Literature and Composition Georgia Department of Education September 2015 All Rights Reserved Achievement Levels and Achievement Level Descriptors With the implementation
More informationOntologies vs. classification systems
Ontologies vs. classification systems Bodil Nistrup Madsen Copenhagen Business School Copenhagen, Denmark bnm.isv@cbs.dk Hanne Erdman Thomsen Copenhagen Business School Copenhagen, Denmark het.isv@cbs.dk
More informationConcept Acquisition Without Representation William Dylan Sabo
Concept Acquisition Without Representation William Dylan Sabo Abstract: Contemporary debates in concept acquisition presuppose that cognizers can only acquire concepts on the basis of concepts they already
More informationA Case Study: News Classification Based on Term Frequency
A Case Study: News Classification Based on Term Frequency Petr Kroha Faculty of Computer Science University of Technology 09107 Chemnitz Germany kroha@informatik.tu-chemnitz.de Ricardo Baeza-Yates Center
More informationExplaining: a central discourse function in instruction. Christiane Dalton-Puffer University of Vienna
Explaining: a central discourse function in instruction Christiane Dalton-Puffer University of Vienna Learning as interaction. Locke Vygotsky (1930s; 1978) Tomasello (1999) language as a special instrument
More informationProblems of the Arabic OCR: New Attitudes
Problems of the Arabic OCR: New Attitudes Prof. O.Redkin, Dr. O.Bernikova Department of Asian and African Studies, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia Abstract - This paper reviews existing
More informationPrentice Hall Literature: Timeless Voices, Timeless Themes Gold 2000 Correlated to Nebraska Reading/Writing Standards, (Grade 9)
Nebraska Reading/Writing Standards, (Grade 9) 12.1 Reading The standards for grade 1 presume that basic skills in reading have been taught before grade 4 and that students are independent readers. For
More informationA Minimalist Approach to Code-Switching. In the field of linguistics, the topic of bilingualism is a broad one. There are many
Schmidt 1 Eric Schmidt Prof. Suzanne Flynn Linguistic Study of Bilingualism December 13, 2013 A Minimalist Approach to Code-Switching In the field of linguistics, the topic of bilingualism is a broad one.
More informationMaximizing Learning Through Course Alignment and Experience with Different Types of Knowledge
Innov High Educ (2009) 34:93 103 DOI 10.1007/s10755-009-9095-2 Maximizing Learning Through Course Alignment and Experience with Different Types of Knowledge Phyllis Blumberg Published online: 3 February
More informationMSW POLICY, PLANNING & ADMINISTRATION (PP&A) CONCENTRATION
MSW POLICY, PLANNING & ADMINISTRATION (PP&A) CONCENTRATION Overview of the Policy, Planning, and Administration Concentration Policy, Planning, and Administration Concentration Goals and Objectives Policy,
More informationUniversity of Toronto Mississauga Degree Level Expectations. Preamble
University of Toronto Mississauga Degree Level Expectations Preamble In December, 2005, the Council of Ontario Universities issued a set of degree level expectations (drafted by the Ontario Council of
More informationMYP Language A Course Outline Year 3
Course Description: The fundamental piece to learning, thinking, communicating, and reflecting is language. Language A seeks to further develop six key skill areas: listening, speaking, reading, writing,
More informationLEXICAL COHESION ANALYSIS OF THE ARTICLE WHAT IS A GOOD RESEARCH PROJECT? BY BRIAN PALTRIDGE A JOURNAL ARTICLE
LEXICAL COHESION ANALYSIS OF THE ARTICLE WHAT IS A GOOD RESEARCH PROJECT? BY BRIAN PALTRIDGE A JOURNAL ARTICLE Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S.)
More informationOakland Unified School District English/ Language Arts Course Syllabus
Oakland Unified School District English/ Language Arts Course Syllabus For Secondary Schools The attached course syllabus is a developmental and integrated approach to skill acquisition throughout the
More informationOhio s New Learning Standards: K-12 World Languages
COMMUNICATION STANDARD Communication: Communicate in languages other than English, both in person and via technology. A. Interpretive Communication (Reading, Listening/Viewing) Learners comprehend the
More informationNote: Principal version Modification Amendment Modification Amendment Modification Complete version from 1 October 2014
Note: The following curriculum is a consolidated version. It is legally non-binding and for informational purposes only. The legally binding versions are found in the University of Innsbruck Bulletins
More informationGrade 7. Prentice Hall. Literature, The Penguin Edition, Grade Oregon English/Language Arts Grade-Level Standards. Grade 7
Grade 7 Prentice Hall Literature, The Penguin Edition, Grade 7 2007 C O R R E L A T E D T O Grade 7 Read or demonstrate progress toward reading at an independent and instructional reading level appropriate
More informationPh.D. in Behavior Analysis Ph.d. i atferdsanalyse
Program Description Ph.D. in Behavior Analysis Ph.d. i atferdsanalyse 180 ECTS credits Approval Approved by the Norwegian Agency for Quality Assurance in Education (NOKUT) on the 23rd April 2010 Approved
More informationCEFR Overall Illustrative English Proficiency Scales
CEFR Overall Illustrative English Proficiency s CEFR CEFR OVERALL ORAL PRODUCTION Has a good command of idiomatic expressions and colloquialisms with awareness of connotative levels of meaning. Can convey
More informationSelf Study Report Computer Science
Computer Science undergraduate students have access to undergraduate teaching, and general computing facilities in three buildings. Two large classrooms are housed in the Davis Centre, which hold about
More informationP. Belsis, C. Sgouropoulou, K. Sfikas, G. Pantziou, C. Skourlas, J. Varnas
Exploiting Distance Learning Methods and Multimediaenhanced instructional content to support IT Curricula in Greek Technological Educational Institutes P. Belsis, C. Sgouropoulou, K. Sfikas, G. Pantziou,
More informationSpanish Users and Their Participation in College: The Case of Indiana
and Their Participation in College: The Case of Indiana CAROLINA PELAEZ-MORALES Purdue University Spanish has become a widely used second language in the U.S. As the number of Spanish users (SUs) continues
More informationGeneral syllabus for third-cycle courses and study programmes in
ÖREBRO UNIVERSITY This is a translation of a Swedish document. In the event of a discrepancy, the Swedishlanguage version shall prevail. General syllabus for third-cycle courses and study programmes in
More informationA Note on Structuring Employability Skills for Accounting Students
A Note on Structuring Employability Skills for Accounting Students Jon Warwick and Anna Howard School of Business, London South Bank University Correspondence Address Jon Warwick, School of Business, London
More informationNational Standards for Foreign Language Education
A Correlation of Prentice Hall Ecce Romani I To the ACTFL American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Language National Standards for Foreign Language Education A Correlation of Statement of Philosophy
More informationLanguage Arts: ( ) Instructional Syllabus. Teachers: T. Beard address
Renaissance Middle School 7155 Hall Road Fairburn, Georgia 30213 Phone: 770-306-4330 Fax: 770-306-4338 Dr. Sandra DeShazier, Principal Benzie Brinson, 7 th grade Administrator Language Arts: (2013-2014)
More informationNumber of students enrolled in the program in Fall, 2011: 20. Faculty member completing template: Molly Dugan (Date: 1/26/2012)
Program: Journalism Minor Department: Communication Studies Number of students enrolled in the program in Fall, 2011: 20 Faculty member completing template: Molly Dugan (Date: 1/26/2012) Period of reference
More informationPublisher Citations. Program Description. Primary Supporting Y N Universal Access: Teacher s Editions Adjust on the Fly all grades:
KEY: Editions (TE), Extra Support (EX), Amazing Words (AW), Think, Talk, and Write (TTW) SECTION 1: PROGRAM DESCRIPTION All instructional material submissions must meet the requirements of this program
More informationAn Interactive Intelligent Language Tutor Over The Internet
An Interactive Intelligent Language Tutor Over The Internet Trude Heift Linguistics Department and Language Learning Centre Simon Fraser University, B.C. Canada V5A1S6 E-mail: heift@sfu.ca Abstract: This
More informationOntological spine, localization and multilingual access
Start Ontological spine, localization and multilingual access Some reflections and a proposal New Perspectives on Subject Indexing and Classification in an International Context International Symposium
More informationGrade 5: Module 3A: Overview
Grade 5: Module 3A: Overview This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Exempt third-party content is indicated by the footer: (name of copyright
More informationEDIT 576 DL1 (2 credits) Mobile Learning and Applications Fall Semester 2014 August 25 October 12, 2014 Fully Online Course
GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT GRADUATE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM EDIT 576 DL1 (2 credits) Mobile Learning and Applications Fall
More informationThe Effect of Discourse Markers on the Speaking Production of EFL Students. Iman Moradimanesh
The Effect of Discourse Markers on the Speaking Production of EFL Students Iman Moradimanesh Abstract The research aimed at investigating the relationship between discourse markers (DMs) and a special
More informationAcademic literacies and student learning: how can we improve our understanding of student writing?
Academic literacies and student learning: how can we improve our understanding of student writing? Mary R. Lea Open University, UK Your challenges What are the problems that you face in supporting student
More informationA cautionary note is research still caught up in an implementer approach to the teacher?
A cautionary note is research still caught up in an implementer approach to the teacher? Jeppe Skott Växjö University, Sweden & the University of Aarhus, Denmark Abstract: In this paper I outline two historically
More informationProof Theory for Syntacticians
Department of Linguistics Ohio State University Syntax 2 (Linguistics 602.02) January 5, 2012 Logics for Linguistics Many different kinds of logic are directly applicable to formalizing theories in syntax
More informationEvaluation of Usage Patterns for Web-based Educational Systems using Web Mining
Evaluation of Usage Patterns for Web-based Educational Systems using Web Mining Dave Donnellan, School of Computer Applications Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland daviddonnellan@eircom.net Claus Pahl
More informationEvaluation of Usage Patterns for Web-based Educational Systems using Web Mining
Evaluation of Usage Patterns for Web-based Educational Systems using Web Mining Dave Donnellan, School of Computer Applications Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland daviddonnellan@eircom.net Claus Pahl
More informationDOES RETELLING TECHNIQUE IMPROVE SPEAKING FLUENCY?
DOES RETELLING TECHNIQUE IMPROVE SPEAKING FLUENCY? Noor Rachmawaty (itaw75123@yahoo.com) Istanti Hermagustiana (dulcemaria_81@yahoo.com) Universitas Mulawarman, Indonesia Abstract: This paper is based
More informationDIDACTIC MODEL BRIDGING A CONCEPT WITH PHENOMENA
DIDACTIC MODEL BRIDGING A CONCEPT WITH PHENOMENA Beba Shternberg, Center for Educational Technology, Israel Michal Yerushalmy University of Haifa, Israel The article focuses on a specific method of constructing
More informationOffice: Colson 228 Office Hours: By appointment
1 Welcome to English 101: Composition and Rhetoric Section: 300 CRN# 82076 Fall 2015 1:00 PM to 2:15 PM Tuesdays, we meet in in Clark 410 Thursdays, we meet in Clark 212 Instructor: Shaun Turner Phone:
More informationDeveloping an Assessment Plan to Learn About Student Learning
Developing an Assessment Plan to Learn About Student Learning By Peggy L. Maki, Senior Scholar, Assessing for Learning American Association for Higher Education (pre-publication version of article that
More informationCriterion Met? Primary Supporting Y N Reading Street Comprehensive. Publisher Citations
Program 2: / Arts English Development Basic Program, K-8 Grade Level(s): K 3 SECTIO 1: PROGRAM DESCRIPTIO All instructional material submissions must meet the requirements of this program description section,
More informationMethodological Basics of Blended Learning in Teaching English for Academic Purposes to Engineering Students
Asian Social Science; Vol. 10, No. 20; 2014 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Methodological Basics of Blended Learning in Teaching English for Academic
More informationGuidelines for Incorporating Publication into a Thesis. September, 2015
Guidelines for Incorporating Publication into a Thesis September, 2015 Contents 1 Executive Summary... 2 2 More information... 2 3 Guideline Provisions... 2 3.1 Background... 2 3.2 Key Principles... 3
More information2006 Mississippi Language Arts Framework-Revised Grade 12
A Correlation of Prentice Hall Literature Common Core Edition 2012 Grade 12 to the 2006 Mississippi Language Arts Framework-Revised Grade 12 Introduction This document demonstrates how Prentice Hall Literature
More informationSTA 225: Introductory Statistics (CT)
Marshall University College of Science Mathematics Department STA 225: Introductory Statistics (CT) Course catalog description A critical thinking course in applied statistical reasoning covering basic
More informationACCREDITATION STANDARDS
ACCREDITATION STANDARDS Description of the Profession Interpretation is the art and science of receiving a message from one language and rendering it into another. It involves the appropriate transfer
More informationLanguage Acquisition Chart
Language Acquisition Chart This chart was designed to help teachers better understand the process of second language acquisition. Please use this chart as a resource for learning more about the way people
More informationCorpus Linguistics (L615)
(L615) Basics of Markus Dickinson Department of, Indiana University Spring 2013 1 / 23 : the extent to which a sample includes the full range of variability in a population distinguishes corpora from archives
More informationEQuIP Review Feedback
EQuIP Review Feedback Lesson/Unit Name: On the Rainy River and The Red Convertible (Module 4, Unit 1) Content Area: English language arts Grade Level: 11 Dimension I Alignment to the Depth of the CCSS
More informationGuide to Teaching Computer Science
Guide to Teaching Computer Science Orit Hazzan Tami Lapidot Noa Ragonis Guide to Teaching Computer Science An Activity-Based Approach Dr. Orit Hazzan Associate Professor Technion - Israel Institute of
More informationA Correlation of. Grade 6, Arizona s College and Career Ready Standards English Language Arts and Literacy
A Correlation of, To A Correlation of myperspectives, to Introduction This document demonstrates how myperspectives English Language Arts meets the objectives of. Correlation page references are to the
More informationHow to analyze visual narratives: A tutorial in Visual Narrative Grammar
How to analyze visual narratives: A tutorial in Visual Narrative Grammar Neil Cohn 2015 neilcohn@visuallanguagelab.com www.visuallanguagelab.com Abstract Recent work has argued that narrative sequential
More informationEDIT 576 (2 credits) Mobile Learning and Applications Fall Semester 2015 August 31 October 18, 2015 Fully Online Course
GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM EDIT 576 (2 credits) Mobile Learning and Applications Fall Semester 2015 August 31 October
More informationPearson Longman Keystone Book F 2013
A Correlation of Keystone Book F 2013 To the Common Core Standards for English Language Arts and Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects Grades 6-12 Introduction This document
More informationGeneral study plan for third-cycle programmes in Sociology
Date of adoption: 07/06/2017 Ref. no: 2017/3223-4.1.1.2 Faculty of Social Sciences Third-cycle education at Linnaeus University is regulated by the Swedish Higher Education Act and Higher Education Ordinance
More informationGrade 4. Common Core Adoption Process. (Unpacked Standards)
Grade 4 Common Core Adoption Process (Unpacked Standards) Grade 4 Reading: Literature RL.4.1 Refer to details and examples in a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences
More informationRED 3313 Language and Literacy Development course syllabus Dr. Nancy Marshall Associate Professor Reading and Elementary Education
RED 3313 Language and Literacy Development course syllabus Dr. Nancy Marshall Associate Professor Reading and Elementary Education Table of Contents Curriculum Background...5 Catalog Description of Course...5
More informationApproaches to Teaching Second Language Writing Brian PALTRIDGE, The University of Sydney
Approaches to Teaching Second Language Writing Brian PALTRIDGE, The University of Sydney This paper presents a discussion of developments in the teaching of writing. This includes a discussion of genre-based
More informationDIGITAL GAMING & INTERACTIVE MEDIA BACHELOR S DEGREE. Junior Year. Summer (Bridge Quarter) Fall Winter Spring GAME Credits.
DIGITAL GAMING & INTERACTIVE MEDIA BACHELOR S DEGREE Sample 2-Year Academic Plan DRAFT Junior Year Summer (Bridge Quarter) Fall Winter Spring MMDP/GAME 124 GAME 310 GAME 318 GAME 330 Introduction to Maya
More information