Language Planning in the Post-Communist Era

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1 Language Planning in the Post-Communist Era

2 Ernest Andrews Editor Language Planning in the Post- Communist Era The Struggles for Language Control in the New Order in Eastern Europe, Eurasia and China

3 Editor Ernest Andrews Department of Linguistics Indiana University Bloomington Bloomington, IN, USA ISBN ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

4 To the Memory of Professor Cosmina Tanasoiu ( )

5 Contents 1 Introduction 1 Ernest Andrews 2 Language Planning: Theoretical Background 37 Ernest Andrews 3 Language Planning and Policy in China: Unity, Diversity and Social Control 67 Fengyuan Ji 4 Language Policy in Russia: Nation, Nationalism, and Language 93 Joan F. Chevalier 5 Language Policy and Power Politics in Post-Soviet Tatarstan 119 Teresa Wigglesworth-Baker 6 Language Policy and Hegemony in the Turkic Republics 145 Ayse Dietrich vii

6 viii Contents 7 Language Policy in Independent Ukraine: A Battle for National and Linguistic Empowerment 169 Vladislava Reznik 8 Lithuanian Language Planning: A Battle for Language and Power 193 Loreta Vaicekauskienė and Nerijus Šepetys 9 Language Planning in Latvia as a Struggle for National Sovereignty 219 Andrejs Veisbergs 10 The Polish Language Act: Legislating a Complicated Linguistic-Political Landscape 241 Magda Stroińska and Ernest Andrews 11 Language Planning in Slovakia: Nation- Building in the Context of European Integration 261 Marián Sloboda, Lucia Molnár Satinská, and Mira Nábělková 12 Forms of Language Planning and Policy in the Czech Republic 287 Hana Srpova Index 309

7 Notes on Contributors Ernest Andrews has a PhD in Germanic Studies (dissertation title: The Aesthetics of the Early Nietzsche), Boston College, He taught German and Russian in the 1970s at Eisenhower College, and worked as Consulting Editor with independent Russian and East European émigré publishers in the West throughout most of the 1980s. Current position: Visiting Scholar, Department of Linguistics, Indiana University. Relevant publications: Linguistic Changes in Post- Communist Eastern Europe and Eurasia (Editor), and Legacies of Totalitarian Language in the Discourse Culture of the Post-Totalitarian Era: The Case of Eastern Europe. Russia and China (Editor). Joan Chevalier has a PhD in Slavic Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, Current position: Associate Professor, Department of Languages and Cultures, United States Naval Academy. Relevant publications: Language Policy in the Russian Federation, Russian Language as the National Language of the Russian Federation, and Local Language Education in South Siberia: the Republics of Tyva and Altai. Ayse Dietrich has a PhD in Slavic Linguistics, Cornell University. Current position: Professor (Emeritus), Eurasian Studies (part-time), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. Relevant publications: Language Policy and the Status of Russian in the Soviet Union and in the Successor States outside the Russian Federation, and Soviet and Post-Soviet Language Policies: The Status of Russian and its Role in Central Asian Republics. ix

8 x Notes on Contributors Fengyuan Ji has a PhD in Linguistics, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, Current position: Senior Lecturer, Department of East Asian Studies, Australian National University. Relevant publications: Linguistic Engineering: Language and Politics in Mao s China; and Language, State and Society in Post- Mao China: Continuity and Change. Mira Nábělková has a PhD in Slovak Linguistics (dissertation title: Slovak and Czech in Contact), Charles University, Prague, Current position: Associate Professor of Slovak Linguistics, Charles University, Prague. Relevant publications: The Case of Czech-Slovak language contact and contact-induced phenomena, and Closely related languages in contact: Czech, Slovak, Czechoslovak. Vladislava Reznik has a PhD in Russian Studies (dissertation title: From Saussure to Sociolinguistics: The Evolution of Soviet Sociology of Language in the 1920s and 1930s), University of Strathclyde/University of Exeter, UK. Current academic position (2014-present): Lecturer in Translation (distance learning), Donetsk National University in Vinnytsia, Ukraine. Relevant publications: A Broken Promise: One Hundred Years of Language Policy in Kalmykia, and Bibliography of Ukrainian Travel Writing with an introductory essay on travel literature in Ukrainian. Lucia Satinská has a PhD in Slovak Linguistics (Dissertation title: Language Situation and Language Policy in Slovakia: The Case of Bratislava), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Current position: Researcher, Slovak Academy of Sciences. Relevant publications: Myth of a trilingual city from statistical point of view, and Multilingual landscape of today s Bratislava. Nerijus Šepetys has a PhD in history (dissertation title: Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Lithuania: historical, historiographical and theoretical problems), Vilnius University, Current position: Associate Professor, Department for Theory of History and Culture History at Faculty of History, Vilnius University. Relevant publications: Lithuanian Language Ideology: A History of Ideas, Power and Standardization and Soviet Authorities, Linguists, and the Standardization of the Lithuanian Language. Marián Sloboda has a PhD in Slavic Linguistics (dissertation title: Bilingualism Management in the Situation of Language Shift: Discourses, Problems and the Landscape of Belarus), Charles University, Prague, Current position: Assistant Professor of Linguistics, Charles University, Prague. Relevant publications: Sociolinguistic Transition in Former Eastern Bloc Countries (Ed.), and State

9 Notes on Contributors xi ideology and linguistic landscape: A comparative analysis of post-communist Belarus, Czech Republic and Slovakia. Hana Srpova has a PhD in Linguistics from Brno University, Czech Republic. Current position: Associate Professor of Czech, University of Ostrava. Relevant Publications: The Czech Language in the Post-Velvet Revolution Period, and Impact of Social Factors on Colloquial Czech since the End of the 20th Century (in Czech). Magda Stroińska has a PhD in German Studies. Current position: Professor of German and Linguistics & Chair, Department of Linguistics and Languages, McMaster University, Canada. Relevant Publications: The Linguistic Legacy of the Communist Propaganda in Post-Communist Thought Patterns: The Case of Poland, and Relative Points of View: Linguistic Representations of Culture (Editor). Loreta Vaicekauskienė has a PhD in Linguistics, Vilnius University, Current academic position: Chair, Department of Sociolinguistics; Associate Professor, Centre for Scandinavian Studies, Vilnius University. Relevant publications: Language nationalization : One hundred years of Standard Lithuanian, and Transformation of social values of language, and stagnation of language policy in Post-Soviet Lithuania. Andrejs Veisbergs has a PhD in Linguistics (dissertation title: Borrowed Phraseology in Latvian), University of Latvia, Current academic position: Professor and Chair, Department of Translation and Interpreting, University of Latvia. Relevant publications: The Swings and Turns in the Latvian Translation Scene, Phraseological Borrowing, and Latvian Language Policy and Translation Impact on the Language Development. Teresa Wigglesworth-Baker has a PhD in Russian and Slavonic Studies (dissertation title: Titular Bilingualism in Post-Soviet Tatarstan), Department of Russian and Slavonic Studies, University of Sheffield, Relevant publications: Language Policy and Post-Soviet identities in Tatarstan, and Russian- Titular Language Use in Post-Soviet Society: Effects of Language Policy in the Republic of Tatarstan.

10 List of Tables Table 12.1 Mother tongue in the 2011 census (Czech Statistical Office, Tab. No. 153) 299 Table 12.2a Elementary education 301 Table 12.2b Secondary education 301 xiii

International Series in Operations Research & Management Science

International Series in Operations Research & Management Science Volume 240 Series Editor Camille C. Price Stephen F. Austin State University, TX, USA Associate Series Editor Joe Zhu Worcester Polytechnic