Lecture 7 More on phonology. Ling 240, Summer 2, 2007

Transcription

1 Lecture 7 More on phonology Ling 240, Summer 2, 2007

2 Quiz and homework Make sure you review these & ask me questions if you haven t understood them well

3 Today s agenda Quick review of yesterday Natural class Different kinds of phonological rules Exercises

4 Review of yesterday

5 Is the pronunciation predictable? [t h ] [ ] [ ] time top table (cf. notation) water little butter notable button kitten carton

6 Patterns [t h ] occurs at the beginning of stressed syllables. [ ] occurs between two vowels [ ] occurs in the middle of words before a syllabic nasal.

7 Articulatory Processes Sounds are pronounced differently in different environments These are RULES in mental grammar

8 Different pronunciations of /t/ in English [t h ] [t] /t/ [ ] [ ]

9 Rules the sound /t/ changes to [ ] before a syllabic nasal /t/ _ [ ] / _ \n

10 Rules the sound /t/ changes to [ ] between two vowels /t/ _ [ ] / V _ V

11 environment = the phonological context of a sound position in the word neighboring sounds

12 Different pronunciations of /t/ in English [t h ] [t] /t/ [ ] Allophones Phoneme [ ]

13 The way words are stored in the Mental Lexicon time tree pot stop water button /tåim/ /tri/ /påt/ /ståp/ /wåt\r/ /b t\n/

14 Lexicon /wåt\r/ Rules /t/ -> [ ] / V_ V Output [wå \r]

15 What is stored: Building a Grammar What we hear: Lexicon Output /tåim/ /tri/ /påt/ /ståp/ /wåt\r/ /b t\n/ RULES [t h åim] [tßri] [p h åt ] [ståp] [wå \r] [b\ \n]

16 [mæp] vs. [næp] Minimal pairs If a sound is used contrastively to create different meanings, then that sound is a phoneme of that language. [p h åt] vs. [påt] [p h ] and [p] are in complementary distribution (cf. free variation leap)

17 analogies /p/ [p h ] [p] a) Superman and Clark Kent How do we know that they are actually the same person? They can NEVER occur in the same environment at the same time. b) Ice, water, steam: Are all H 2 O but have a different manifestation depending on the environment they occur in: < 0 C occurs as ice > 0 C and < 100 C occurs as water > 100 C occurs as steam

18 Example If we find a Minimal Pair, then the phones that differentiate them are phonemes in the language under investigation. a) iglumut (to a house) h) pinna (that one up there) b) ukiaq (late fall) i) ani (female s brother) c) aiviq (walrus) j) iglu (snow house) d) aniguvit (if you leave) k) panna (that place up there) e) aglu (seal s breathing hole) l) aivuq (she goes home) f) iglumit (from a house) m) ini (place, spot) g) anigavit (because you leave) n) ukiuq (winter)

19 Inuktitut Minimal Pairs: iglumut - iglumit ukiaq - ukiuq aiviq - aivuq aniguvit - anigavit aglu - iglu pinna - panna ani - ini So what can we conclude about phonemes in Inuktitut?

20 Inuktitut Minimal Pairs: iglumut - iglumit ukiaq - ukiuq aiviq - aivuq aniguvit - anigavit aglu - iglu pinna - panna ani - ini So what can we conclude about phonemes in Inuktitut? [u] [i] [a] [u] form contrastive pairs [a] [i]

21 Inuktitut Minimal Pairs: iglumut - iglumit ukiaq - ukiuq aiviq - aivuq aniguvit - anigavit aglu - iglu pinna - panna ani - ini So what can we conclude about phonemes in Inuktitut? [u] [i] [a] [u] form contrastive pairs [a] [i] these are phonemes in Inuktitut

22 Exercise on stating generalization

23 Natural class

24 Exercise: making generalizations about the environments can /k(æ)n/ I can ask I can see I can bake I can play I can go I can gather [åi kn æsk] [åi kn si] [åi km beik] [åi km plei] [åi k go ] [åi k gæ \ ]

25 Generalizations [m] occurs before a bilabial consonant [ ] occurs before a velar consonant [n] occurs everywhere else (elsewhere)

26 Generalizations => Rules /n/ becomes [m] before a bilabial consonant /n/ becomes [ ] before a velar consonant elsewhere /n/ is pronounced [n]

27 Generalizations => Rules /n/ becomes [m] before a bilabial consonant /n/ [m] / (bi)labial consonant /n/ becomes [ ] before a velar consonant /n/ [ ] / velar consonant elsewhere /n/ is pronounced [n] /n/ [n] / elsewhere

28 More data hat trick hit batsman night class [hætt Ik] [hip bætsmən] [nåik klæs] bad dream head band bad guy [bæd d im] [h b bænd] [bæg gåi]

29 Generalizations on /n/ => Rules /n/ [m] / (bi)labial consonant /n/ [ ] / velar consonant /n/ [n] / elsewhere These rules apply to /t/ and /d/! Can you write the rules?

30 rules /n/ [m] / (bi)labial consonant /n/ [ ] / velar consonant /n/ [n] / elsewhere /t/ [p] / (bi)labial consonant /t/ [k] / velar consonant /t/ [t] / elsewhere /d/ [b] / (bi)labial consonant /d/ [g] / velar consonant /d/ [d] / elsewhere

31 Back to features /n/ = voiced, alveolar nasal (stop) /t/ = voiceless, alveolar stop /d/ = voiced, alveolar stop

32 Back to features /n/ = voiced, alveolar nasal (stop) /t/ = voiceless, alveolar stop /d/ = voiced, alveolar stop Are there any other alveolar stops in English?

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34 /n/, /t/ and /d/ form a Natural Class of alveolar stop.

35 Exercise Which phones belong to the following natural classes? High vowels back vowels voiceless fricatives voiced bilabial

36 New classes obstruents produced with an obstruction of the airflow stop, fricative, affricates sonorants produced with a relatively open passage nasals, liquids, glides, and vowels labial obstruents [p, f, b, v] labial sonorants [m, w]

37 So, what kind of rules are there?

38 Assimilation /n/ [m] / (bi)labial consonant /n/ [ ] / velar consonant /n/ [n] / elsewhere What feature assimilates?

39 Dissimilation Greek /epta/ [efta] /ktizma/ [xtizma] What dissimilates here?

40 Insertion Schwa insertion in English Plural forms of fox, ditch, bush, orange, maze

41 Insertion Vowel insertion in loan words in Japanese e.g. McDonald s (cf. phonotactic constraints)

42 Deletion /h/ - deletion He handed her his hat.

43 Exercises

44 For tomorrow Start doing the homework! Start reading Werker 1995