SECTION VIII GENERIC QUESTIONS FOR THE TECHNICAL COMPETENCIES

Transcription

1 Competencies for Canada s Substance Abuse Workforce SECTION VIII GENERIC QUESTIONS FOR THE TECHNICAL COMPETENCIES

2 This package was published by the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (CCSA). Suggested citation: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (2014). Competencies for Canada s substance abuse workforce. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. This is a living document, which CCSA may revise and update to reflect the latest evidence and research. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, 2014 For additional copies, contact CCSA, 75 Albert St., Suite 500 Ottawa, ON K1P 5E7 Tel.: competencies@ccsa.ca ISBN

3 SECTION VIII GENERIC QUESTIONS FOR THE TECHNICAL COMPETENCIES TABLE OF CONTENTS DEFINITIONS OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCIES VIII 1 GENERIC QUESTIONS FOR TECHNICAL COMPETENCIES VIII 3

4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (CCSA) gratefully acknowledges the significant contributions and support received from people working in the field who participated in focus groups across Canada. CCSA especially thanks all its partners who so graciously allowed and encouraged staff to participate in the focus groups. The research means nothing if the end result is not meaningful to the people for whom it is intended and CCSA could not produce a meaningful report without the input from the focus groups. CCSA also thanks members of the National Advisory Group on Workforce Development (comprised of representatives from key national organizations and provincial/territorial governments) and other experienced directors and managers who participated in reviews of both sets of competencies. These documents can also be downloaded as a PDF at Ce document est également disponible en français sous le titre : Compétences pour les intervenants canadiens en toxicomanie

5 Competencies for Canada s Substance Abuse Workforce GENERIC QUESTIONS FOR THE TECHNICAL COMPETENCIES VIII 1 DEFINITIONS OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCIES The questions provided in this document are generic interview questions, based on the second version of the Technical Competencies, for each proficiency level of each of the competencies. Use these questions as a foundation for developing jobspecific interview questions that are relevant to the proficiency levels you have identified for the position. The definitions for each Technical Competency are provided here for your reference. Competency Title Understanding Substance Use Understanding Concurrent Disorders Case Management Client Referral Community Development Counselling Crisis Intervention Family and Social Support Group Facilitation Medications Outreach Definition Background or contextual knowledge of substance use, as defined in the Competencies, required to properly inform more specific aspects of a professional s work with clients and their families. Knowledge and skills required to properly inform more specific aspects of a professional s work with clients with co-occurring substance use and mental illness or substance use and mental health issues. Facilitating substance use client s movement within and between service providers. It includes maintaining accurate documentation, sharing client information appropriately and collaborating with other services providers. Collaborating with substance use clients, services and supports to identify and access the best available resources to meet clients needs. Working together to identify community needs and resources, and to plan and support or guide collective action. Applying a comprehensive range of evidence-informed counselling styles, techniques and methodologies aimed at improving the overall well-being of substance use and concurrent disorders clients. Recognizing and responding effectively when a substance use or concurrent disorders client or associated group or community is in an unstable, risky, dangerous or potentially dangerous situation. Working with clients and individuals and groups most affected by the client s substance use and who are most able to either support or undermine the client s treatment goals. Using evidence-informed approaches to work effectively with substance use and concurrent disorders clients in group settings. The knowledge and skills required to understand and use medications in the treatment of clients with substance use or concurrent disorders and to respond to the impact that medications could have on the client. Designing and delivering substance use and concurrent disorders services in the community to a broad range of clients, including those who might otherwise not seek or have access to those services.

6 Generic s for the Technical Competencies DEFINITIONS OF TECHNICAL COMPETENCIES VIII 2 6 Competency Title Prevention and Health Promotion (prevention of substance use) Program Development, Implementation and Evaluation Record Keeping and Documentation Screening and Assessment Trauma-specific Care Treatment Planning Definition Engaging with substance use and concurrent disorders clients, their families and their communities to encourage the adoption of knowledge, behaviours, values and attitudes that promote personal and community well-being. Developing and implementing new substance use programs, modifying existing programs to respond to identified needs and evaluating the outcomes of new or revised programs. Creating and maintaining accurate, up-to-date, comprehensive client records able to withstand legal scrutiny. Selecting, administering and interpreting the results of evidence-informed tools and methods to measure a client s substance use and related concerns, and inform the care and treatment plan. Interacting with substance use clients to identify and consider the impact that overwhelmingly negative events have on functioning and the ability to cope, and then developing and delivering interventions that emphasize safety, choice and personal control. Collaboratively developing a treatment plan based on screening and assessment findings, ensuring that activities and re-sources reflect the client s needs, strengths and goals. The process also includes monitoring, evaluating, planning for discharge and updating the treatment plan so that it reflects the client s evolving needs and goals. All components of Section III, Guide to Behavioural Competency-based Interviewing, apply to the Technical Competencies, except for Using Occupation-specific Interview Tools. The research on the Technical Competencies did not address occupations. However, the tools provided for the Behavioural Competencies in Section IV, Interview Tools for Common Job Clusters for the Behavioural Competencies, can easily be adapted for use with the Technical Competencies because the key points remain relevant: Determine which Technical Competencies and proficiency levels you need for the position; Remember that a job competency profile should only include the critical competencies required for the job, with no more than 12 competencies per profile; Determine which relevant Technical Competencies you will assess in the interview and which questions to ask; Modify any of the questions provided to meet your needs or use them as guides to create new questions that better meet your needs; Remember that a reasonable number of questions to ask in a one-hour interview is five to seven; do not expect to assess all competencies by interview; To determine which questions to ask, consider the relative importance of a competency to the position; and Ensure that all interviews are conducted in accordance with existing organizational policies and procedures.

7 Generic s for the Technical Competencies UNDERSTANDING SUBSTANCE USE VIII 3 7 Understanding Substance Use Describe a specific time when you had to explain to a client substance use and the factors that impact both the client and the client s family. What did you talk about? Did you discuss the relationship between substance use, mental illness and mental health issues? If so, how did you approach the subject and what did you talk about? If you had to have this discussion again with the same client, what would you do differently? Describe a specific time when you explained the relationship among social, biological and cultural factors and substance use to a client. What did you talk about? What difficulties did you have when presenting this information to the client and how did you handle them? If you were to have this discussion again with the same client, what would you do differently? Describe a recent situation when you had to explain substance use to a client with a complex or sensitive case. Why was this a complex or sensitive case? What approach did you take in explaining substance use to this client? What were the most important messages you wanted to convey to the client? (Sample probes: physiological and mental health factors; how to mitigate risk; information drawn on current research; impact of concurrent disorders; cultural context) If you were to have this discussion again with the same client, what would you do differently? Describe one way in which you have contributed to increasing staff members knowledge of substance use. What was the situation or the information? How did you ensure this information was transferred to others? How did you personally contribute to the professional development of others? In what ways does working with new knowledge contribute to better client support?

8 Generic s for the Technical Competencies UNDERSTANDING CONCURRENT DISORDERS VIII 4 8 Understanding Concurrent Disorders Describe a specific time when you had to explain concurrent disorders to a client. What key points did you discuss? How did you explain the relationship between mental illness and mental health issues? Provide an example of a time when you used your knowledge of co-occurring substance use and mental illness or substance use and mental health issues to collaborate with a client to develop an integrated approach. What approach did you take to collaborate with the client to discuss and identify concurrent disorders? How did you draw from your knowledge and information from the client to develop an integrated plan? Describe a situation when you developed and implemented an evidenced-informed strategy for a client with concurrent disorders. What were the concurrent disorders? What approach did you take to develop a strategy that addressed the full range of the client s challenges? With which other colleagues, professionals and agencies did you engage or consult? What did you learn during this process? Describe the ways in which you have actively taken a leadership role developing and implementing a seamless, evidence-informed approach across sectors and disciplines. Describe specific activities you have initiated or been involved in as part of your leadership role. How have you promoted opportunities for cross training? How have you promoted opportunities for collaboration between professionals? How have you contributed to professional excellence in working with clients with concurrent disorders?

9 Generic s for the Technical Competencies CASE MANAGEMENT VIII 5 9 Case Management Describe three key activities related to case management. These can be activities for which you were responsible or activities where you were assisting others. Describe how you link case management to screening, assessment and treatment planning. What general points about the referral process did you explain to the client? How do you ensure that you are aware of and adhering to all legislation, guidelines, procedures and protocols for your case management activities? Describe your most important case management activities, using a recent case as an example. How did you establish and maintain constructive working relationships with the client and their family? With internal and external colleagues? How did you ensure that you were working with the most current information and resources available? Did you use a tele-health site or any online tools to facilitate case management activities? If so, how did that enhance case management with this client? Describe a specific time when you were proactive in building rapport with a client to facilitate his or her commitment to adhering to his or her treatment plans. What did you do to maintain rapport with the client and gain his or her commitment to his or her treatment plan? How did you involve other professionals in this case, either directly or indirectly, if anyone? How did you monitor the client s progress and what adjustments did you make to the treatment plan? What would you do differently another time, if anything? Describe an experience where you coached others in handling a particularly challenging case management situation. Why was this situation challenging? What did you do? How were your actions and advice supportive to those you were coaching? What would you do differently another time, if anything?

10 Generic s for the Technical Competencies CLIENT REFERRAL VIII 6 10 Client Referral Describe a specific time when you collaborated with a client about referral options. What referral options did you discuss and why did you choose those? What approach did you use to increase the client s potential receptiveness to discussing referrals? Describe a particularly successful time when you collaborated with a referral source about a specific client. With whom did you collaborate? Elaborate on how this collaboration unfolded. How did this collaboration enhance the client s treatment plan? Describe a specific time when it was particularly challenging to motivate a client to engage in and follow-up on the referral process. Why was this a particularly challenging situation? How did you encourage the client to take responsibility for following-up with referrals? What did you do to maintain contact and follow-up with the client to facilitate successful treatment? Provide an example of a time when you had to investigate a report of inappropriate, unsatisfactory or incomplete referrals. What did you do? What did you do to monitor the situation? What would you do differently if you were in a similar situation again, if anything?

11 Generic s for the Technical Competencies COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT VIII 7 11 Community Development Describe the ways in which you have been a contact point for, and engaged with, community members and stakeholders. Tell us about a time when you were a first-line point of contact. What was the nature of the information exchange? How did you keep abreast of the available resources and referral sources in that community? In what ways have you engaged with community members and community groups with the goal of community development? Describe two or three of the most important ways in which you established and maintained contacts and networks to further community involvement in developing and delivering services to enhance community well-being. What were some of the obstacles in generating collaborative solutions to community issues? How did you support the community in overcoming these challenges? What positive outcomes did you see because you used a community development approach to treating clients? Describe a time you mobilized or supported community members or took a proactive role in advancing an issue that would support community development (for example, promoting particular practices, reducing stigma, identifying needs or conducting research). Describe the situation. What was your individual contribution? In what ways did this contribute to community development? In the past year, how have you taken a leadership role in increasing best practices in community development? How did you approach providing this leadership role? What challenges did you face and how did you overcome them? How did you collaborate with others? Why is this a good example of community development?

12 Generic s for the Technical Competencies COUNSELLING VIII 8 12 Counselling In thinking about counselling services, what are some key considerations? What key factors or approaches have been important for clients when they ranked a counselling experience as successful? (Sample probes: motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioural therapy, building rapport, relapse mitigation, collaborative treatment, life skills) How have you addressed relapse, risk and protective factors with clients? How have you created a safe environment for clients? How has use of plain language increased your success in counselling clients? Describe a particularly successful experience where you established and maintained a successful counselling relationship with a client. What approach or approaches did you use to develop this relationship? How did you tailor the counselling process to the client s unique needs? How did you involve the client in this process? Why do you consider this to be a particularly successful experience? Describe a particularly challenging experience where you had to respond constructively to significant counselling challenges, like aggression or thoughts of suicide. Why was it challenging? What did you do? Which evidence-informed counselling approaches did you use? What was the result? How did you convey to the client that his or her behaviour was inconsistent with recovery? What changes did you make to the original counselling approach, if any? What would you do differently if you were in a similar situation again, if anything? We are interested in hearing about your mastery of counselling techniques. Describe a time when you were able to use an innovative approach with a client; to successfully integrate technology into counselling approaches; or to gain a new insight into alternative approaches to counselling. How were you able to apply this new technique or insight? What were the results? What have you done to promote this new knowledge with your colleagues and other professionals?

13 Generic s for the Technical Competencies CRISIS INTERVENTION VIII 9 Crisis Intervention This question has to do with crisis intervention. Describe a time when you had to explain the risk factors and symptoms associated with suicide or other harms related to substance use to a client. * If they do not have an example, see below. How did you explain the risk factors? How did you approach this intervention so that it would be well received by the client? What would you do differently another time, if anything? *If they do not have an example: What are the key principles of evidence-informed crisis intervention? What have you done to develop and maintain a network of resources and supports for clients in crisis? Describe a specific time you worked with a client who required crisis intervention or a crisis intervention plan. How did you ensure a physically and emotionally safe environment for the client? (Sample probes: Where did you meet? Why was this a good choice?) Did you have to intervene to calm or de-escalate the situation? If so what did you do? How did you include the client and his or her family in developing a plan for crisis prevention and intervention? What did you do to monitor this situation? What would you do differently if you were in a similar situation again, if anything? Describe a recent specific time when you had to assess and monitor a client who was at risk of suicide or other harm related to substance use. What was the situation and what did you do? What factors did you consider when responding to this situation? How did you monitor this client s progress? What difference did your efforts make to the client? Describe a specific time when you made a significant contribution to a client s intervention strategy. What was your contribution? What range of intervention strategies did you consider in this case? What did you do to coach others to better support the client? How did you ensure that you were applying the most current evidence-informed crisis management approaches and techniques?

14 Generic s for the Technical Competencies FAMILY AND SOCIAL SUPPORT VIII Family and Social Support Describe a specific time when you talked with a client about family support. What issues did you discuss with the client? How did you identify whom the client considers family? How did you communicate the importance of family and social support to the client? Provide specific example of a time when you collaborated with a client and the client s family to discuss the dynamics and importance of family and social support to the success of their treatment. What was your approach to discussing these issues with the client and his or her family? How did you tailor this discussion so it would be well received by the client and his or her family? How did you identify possible risks? Describe a time when you worked with a client and his or her family to identify and implement actions that would lead to improved family relationships. Which family members were involved? How did you assess the health of the family as a system? How did you identify family-related risks for substance use or concurrent disorders? How did you use this information in developing or adjusting the client s treatment plan? How did you involve the client and the family in developing or adjusting the treatment plan? Describe a particularly complex case involving family support issues. Why was this situation particularly complex or challenging from a family and social support perspective? What did you do to intervene? What would you do differently another time, if anything?

15 Generic s for the Technical Competencies GROUP FACILITATION VIII Group Facilitation What has been your experience with group sessions? What types of group sessions have you observed or participated in? If the latter, what was your participation? What are the important factors or approaches important for clients to have a successful group experience? What have you learned from your experiences with groups that will affect how you work with groups in the future? Describe a recent time when you led an information session or other similar psycho-educational group. What was the group? What techniques did you use to develop rapport with the group? How did you maintain a safe, productive session? What would you do differently another time in a similar situation, if anything? Describe the most recent time when you were leading a group session and changed your approach to respond to a difficult or challenging dynamic. What was the group? Why was this a challenging situation? What did you do to address the situation? What other techniques have you used in other situations to manage challenging groups? Describe how you have provided leadership and innovation in group facilitation practices. What specific leadership activities have you engaged in? How have you ensured that group materials and exercises are evidence-informed? What innovative and best practices have you encouraged colleagues and employees to adopt in their work with groups?

16 Generic s for the Technical Competencies MEDICATIONS VIII Medications What information is important to cover when explaining medication to clients? The interviewee should cover points such as: When it is used (substance use, concurrent disorders, mood, behaviour, cognitive processes, pain) Signs and symptoms of adverse drug reactions How to use them correctly and safely (e.g., common effects of over-the-counter drugs, safe storage) The effects of some over-the-counter drugs on the prescribed medication In the most recent situation where you discussed medications with a client, what topics did you cover and why those? State points in Level 1 response, plus: Likely impacts of combining medication with other licit and illicit substances Impact of abrupt stop in using the medication Impact of misusing the medication How did the client respond? What was the short-term impact of this conversation and what was the long-term impact on the client s behaviour? *If interviewee is unable to respond, ask alternate question: What information should you know so you can discuss medications in an informed manner with a client? Alternate question probes: Does the interviewee cover most of the points in Level 1 and: How medication is categorized and administered The likely impact of combining medication with other substances Misuse and the likely impact of misuse of the medication Reliable journals and other publications used to monitor research about medication Describe the most recent time when you modified a client s treatment approach to respond to effects of their medication. How did you determine the best approach? With whom did you collaborate, if anyone? How did you monitor the impact of the change in medication? What would you do differently another time in a similar situation, if anything? Describe the recent ways in which you have contributed to enhancing the level of knowledge of others about medication in working with the treatment of clients. What were the specific things that you initiated? How did you personally contribute to the continuing education and professional development of others? In what ways have you been involved in initiating, leading or facilitating the development of evidence-informed practices and policies that support the innovative use of medications in treating substance use and concurrent disorders?

17 Generic s for the Technical Competencies OUTREACH VIII Outreach Provide an example of when outreach played a positive role in prevention, early intervention or treatment. The example could be something you did or be an example of someone else s work that you learned from. Why was outreach important? What types of outreach activities were tried? To what extent were they successful? What were some typical substance use issues experienced by the population being served? Provide an example of a situation where you were involved in outreach with a client or client group, and explain how you increased the client s receptiveness to your services. What evidence-based practices did you use? How did you create rapport with the clients? How did you respond to specific individual client or group needs? Describe a time when you developed and used a particular approach to respond to your understanding of a specific issue with a target population. What did you do to learn about the community or population? Who else did you involve, if anyone? What approach did you adopt? What was the result of your effort? What would you do differently another time, if anything? Describe the most recent time you provided leadership and collaborated with others to bridge gaps in available services in the community. What specifically did you do to promote outreach? With which other organizations did you collaborate, if any? Why do you consider this a good example of leadership? What would you do differently next time, if anything?

18 Generic s for the Technical Competencies PREVENTION AND HEALTH PROMOTION VIII Prevention and Health Promotion Provide an example of a time when you explained the important concepts of prevention and health promotion to a specific client. What information did you cover? What approach did you use so that this information would be well received by the client? How was it received? If you had to have this discussion again with the same client, what would you do differently? Describe how you have incorporated best practices in your prevention work. What are the best practices you ve incorporated? How did you determine these were actually best practices? How did you apply them? Describe how you have recently mobilized and supported community member involvement in the prevention and health promotion activities that address key determinants of health. What specific activities did you initiate? Who else was involved from inside and outside your organization? What challenges did you face, if any? How did you address them? How did this example demonstrate your commitment as an advocate for prevention and health promotion services? Describe a time when you provided leadership for prevention and health promotion. What did you lead or facilitate? With whom did you engage and collaborate, both inside and outside your organization? How did you facilitate stakeholder engagement? In what ways did your leadership contribute to enhanced community well-being?

19 Generic s for the Technical Competencies PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT, IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION VIII Program Development, Implementation and Evaluation What has been your experience with program development (including needs assessment), implementation and evaluation, either on your own or in supporting others? What were your activities? Describe the key differences between each of the four distinct phases: 1) needs assessment; 2) program development; 3) program implementation; and 4) program evaluation. What are some of the types of information or data that are usually collected when conducting a program evaluation? (Sample probes: data base reports; interviews; surveys) Describe a recent situation where you contributed to program development. How did you separate key program development activities from key implementation activities? What were your goals as you contributed to developing this program? How did you incorporate program evaluation into your planning? What was the result of this program development? Describe a specific program evaluation that you led or where you were a key player. What was the program? What were the evaluation objectives? What key methodologies were used? What data collection tools were used? What was your involvement in their development and use? What obstacles did you encounter and how did you address them? How were the evaluation findings used? How did this program evaluation contribute to or improve the program s success? If you had the opportunity to participate in this program evaluation again, what would you do differently? Describe a recent or significant time when you assumed a leadership role in the area of program development, implementation and evaluation. What did you initiate, lead or facilitate? How did you creatively apply evidence-informed approaches to the program development, implementation and evaluation? What did you do to initiate knowledge-exchange opportunities to leverage and promote the use of best practices in program development, implementation or evaluation?

20 Generic s for the Technical Competencies RECORD KEEPING AND DOCUMENTATION VIII Record Keeping and Documentation Describe your activities in day-to-day record keeping and documentation. What techniques do you use to stay organized? How do you manage the workload and paper flow so you do not fall behind? How do you know you are meeting all legal requirements, as well as guidelines, procedures, protocols and so on? What are the most important elements for you in day-to-day record keeping and documentation? What techniques do you use to stay organized? How do you ensure your recording and documentation are accurate? How do you ensure your recording and documentation are objective? Describe your activities in day-to-day record keeping and documentation. (Sample probes: obtains informed consent, documentation required for exchange of information, client records, prepares discharge summaries, responds to casesensitive requests) What techniques have helped to keep you organized and timely? How have you ensured your recording and documentation is accurate and complete? How have you ensured your recording and documentation is objective? How have you ensured sensitive material is handled in a confidential way? What have you done in the past year to ensure a high level of quality, accuracy and consistency in record keeping and documentation? How have you ensured that confidential material is handled appropriately? What do you do to stay current with legislative changes that could have an impact on client records? Tell us about a specific example when you coached others in their documentation practices and handling of records. What processes did you use in the past year to monitor the documentation and record keeping of client records?

21 Generic s for the Technical Competencies SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT VIII Screening and Assessment Describe a recent time when you explained the screening and assessment process to a client. How did you explain the screening process to them? And the assessment process? How did you describe the relationship between screening and assessment? What would you do or say differently in a similar situation in the future, if anything? Give a specific example of conducting screening and assessment with a client. Which evidence-informed tools did you use? What types of questioning techniques did you use and how successful were they? What information did you obtain and how did it inform the next steps? If you were to have this discussion again with the same client, what would you do differently? Describe a specific time when you employed evidence-informed health screening and assessment tools to identify health problems that might influence the client s treatment plan. What did you do to identify mental and physical signs and symptoms that mimic substance use behaviours, if appropriate to this situation? How did you assess the client for risk of suicide, self-harm or harming others? If you were to have the opportunity to do this screening and assessment again with the same client, what would you do differently? Describe the recent ways in which you have actively taken a leadership role in ensuring and promoting the quality and integrity of screening and assessment tools. How did you identify which areas particularly needed your leadership? Why did you consider these important areas in which to focus your efforts? How did you coach others to enhance their interviewing and other clinical skills? Give an example of how you initiated, collaborated on or conducted research on aspects of screening and assessment to enhance the existing efforts in your organization.

22 Generic s for the Technical Competencies TRAUMA-SPECIFIC CARE VIII Trauma-specific Care Describe a specific time when you spoke with a client about his or her trauma. What were the most important messages you wanted to convey to the client about his or her trauma? What did you say to reassure the client that you had a good understanding of his or her particular type of trauma? Describe a recent time when you helped a client to manage the impact of trauma on his or her life. Given that these can be sensitive discussions, how did you create a safe environment and build rapport with the client? What information did you seek from the client? What referrals did you make in this situation, if any? Why? Describe a situation when you were particularly successful in working with a client who was experiencing the impact of trauma. What did you do to ensure the client had an integrated treatment plan and that the relationship between trauma, substance use, mental illness or mental health issues was addressed? What strategies did you develop with the client to help him or her? Why do you consider this a particularly successful situation? Describe one or two recent things you have done to create and promote programs to support client and staff-self-care. What obstacles did you face and how did you overcome them? How did you ensure that a staff member improved his or her self-care?

23 Generic s for the Technical Competencies TREATMENT PLANNING VIII Treatment Planning Describe a specific time when you described the treatment planning process to a client. What were the most important messages to convey to the client when describing this process? What questions did you ask to find out if the client had faced any challenges in carrying out treatment? What was the outcome of this discussion with the client? Walk us through a recent meeting with a client to jointly develop a treatment plan. What were the most important messages you conveyed to the client about his or her treatment plan? What approach and techniques did you use to deliver these messages? What did you say to manage client expectations about his or her treatment plan? What points did the client bring to the discussion? What was the outcome of this discussion with the client? As you know, one of the challenges in treatment planning is to keep clients motivated and committed to their plans. Describe a specific situation where you were particularly successful in using client-centred techniques to engage a client in his or her treatment. What were the particular challenges in engaging this client in his or her treatment plan? What kinds of evidence-informed and client-centred techniques and approaches did you use to gain client commitment? How successful were they? What did you do to monitor progress and adjust plans to meet client needs? What would you do differently, if anything, if you could go back to that situation? Describe a time when you led others in carrying out a complex treatment plan. What did you do to coach and support staff involved in implementing the treatment plan? What challenges did you encounter and how did you overcome these challenges? How did you involve other professionals or stakeholders in designing a treatment plan that would best meet the needs of this particular client? What did you do to monitor progress and adjust plans to meet this client s needs? How did your efforts affect your staff in the longer term?