Pearson Education Test Prep Series for. Fred W. Holtzclaw Theresa Knapp Holtzclaw. To accompany:

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1 Pearson Education Test Prep Series for AP BIOLOGY Fred W. Holtzclaw Theresa Knapp Holtzclaw To accompany: Pearson s CAMPBELL BIOLOGY Programs Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

2 Vice President/Editor-in-Chief: Beth Wilbur Senior Acquisitions Editor: Josh Frost Senior Editorial Manager: Ginnie Simione Jutson Editorial Project Editor: Katie Cook Executive Marketing Manager: Lauren Harp Managing Editor, Production: Michael Early Production Project Manager: Jane Brundage Photo Editor: Donna Kalal Image & Text Permissions Coordinators: Alison Bruckner, Tom Wilcox Manufacturing Buyer: Jeffrey Sargent Production Management and Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Cover Design Production: Seventeenth Street Studios Text and Cover Printer: Edwards Brothers Malloy Cover Photo Credits: (Left): Martin Turner / Getty Images; (Right): Chris Hellier / Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright 2014, 2013, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL For information regarding permissions, call (847) Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product EBM PearsonSchool.com/Advanced ISBN 10: ISBN 13:

3 Brief Contents Part I: Introduction to the AP Biology Examination 1 Part II: A Review of Topics with Sample Questions 27 topic 1 The Chemistry of Life 29 topic 2 The Cell 43 topic 3 The Energy of Life 71 topic 4 Mendelian Genetics 99 topic 5 Molecular Genetics 121 topic 7 The Evolutionary History of Life 179 topic 8 Plant Form and Function 203 topic 9 Animal Form and Function 223 topic 10 Ecology 269 Part III: The Laboratory 293 Part IV: Sample Test 349 Part V: Answers and Explanations 373 Index 441 topic 6 Mechanisms of Evolution 155 iii

4 Photo credits: Figure 2.10: Biophoto/Science Source Figure 4.1: CNRI/Science Source Figure 4.6a: Getty Images Figure 4.6b: Anthony Loveday/Pearson Science Figure 5.11: Charles Duguet/Science Source Figure 5.15: Repligen Corporation

5 About Your Pearson AP Guide Pearson Education is the leading education solution provider worldwide. With operations on every continent, we make it our business to understand the changing needs of students at every level, from kindergarten to college. We think that makes us especially qualified to offer this series of Test Prep Workbooks for AP, tied to some of our best-selling programs. Our reasoning is that as you study for your course, you re preparing along the way for the AP exam. If you can connect the material in the book directly to the exam, it makes the material that much more relevant and enables you to focus your time most efficiently. And that s a good thing! The AP exam is an important milestone in your education. A high score means you re in a better position for college acceptance and possibly puts you a step ahead with college credits. Our goal is to provide you with the tools you need to succeed. Good luck! v

6 Revisions to This Edition Part I: Introduction to the AP Biology Examination The introduction aligns with the new Curriculum Framework (CF) launched in the academic year. The new CF outline is thoroughly explained. The seven science practices are introduced. The description of the exam and the testing hints are revised to reflect the changes in the course, beginning with the 2013 exam. Part II: A Review of Topics with Sample Questions You Must Know boxes are edited to reflect the new CF s change in emphasis. What s Important to Know? boxes are used for material that is no longer explicitly in the CF but may be used for illustrative examples and explanations. New boxes titled Connect with the Curriculum Framework target specific information about the new CF. Although information about the science practices is woven throughout the book, special boxes titled Science Practices: Can You...? give students the opportunity to zoom in, make connections, and apply the science practices. Many new test questions that reflect the new exam are added to each topic, including questions that require interpretation of data and application of knowledge. Grid-in questions are included for each topic as well as revised free-response questions that align with released sample exams. Over 330 sample questions with explanations are included. Part III: The Laboratory This section is heavily revised to reflect the new investigations released by the College Board. All 13 investigations are discussed, with hints, explanations, and sample questions. This section includes a strong link to inquiry and science practices. The CF expects students to be able to apply mathematics to a variety of topics. The formula sheet, provided at the time of the exam, is included in this edition, along with a number of tutorials and problems that take students through sample mathematical applications. More than 40 practice questions over lab topics with answers and explanations are included. Part IV: Sample Test The sample test has been completely rewritten. Most items are new or significantly revised to accurately reflect the types of questions students may encounter at exam time. Grid-in questions are included in the sample test. Students will be expected to have a calculator for the new exam and provide numerical responses with a grid-in system. Free-response questions will be of varying lengths. The sample test follows this new format. Part V: Answers and Explanations The format of this section remains similar to past editions, but some explanations stress connections to the curriculum the student must make, along with a description of pertinent knowledge. Many explanations describe the relevant science practice and its required application to correctly answer. vi