Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory

Transcription

1 TIME AND MODALITY

2 Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory VOLUME 75 Managing Editors Marcel den Dikken, City University of New York Liliane Haegeman, University of Lille Joan Maling, Brandeis University Editorial Board Guglielmo Cinque, University of Venice Carol Georgopoulos, University of Utah Jane Grimshaw, Rutgers University Michael Kenstowicz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Hilda Koopman, University of California, Los Angeles Howard Lasnik, University of Maryland Alec Marantz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology John J. McCarthy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Ian Roberts, University of Cambridge For other titles published in this series, go to

3 TIME AND MODALITY Edited by Jacqueline Guéron Université Paris 3, France and Jacqueline Lecarme CNRS - Université Paris 7, France

4 Jacqueline Guéron Université Paris 3 - Sorbonne Nouvelle France Jacqueline Lecarme Laboratoire de Linguistique Formelle CNRS - Universit é Paris 7 France ISBN e-isbn Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Science + Business Media, B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper springer.com

5 The contributors to this book dedicate it to Carlota Smith.... O fearful meditation: where, alack, Shall Time s best jewel from time s chest lie hid? Or what strong hand can hold his swift foot back, Or who his spoil of beauty can forbid? O, none, unless this miracle have might, That in black ink my love may still shine bright. William Shakespeare, Sonnet LXV

6 Preface The papers in this volume were first presented at the International Round Table Time and Modality held in Paris in December of 2005 and organized by the Jeune Équipe B 368 Syntaxe anglaise et syntaxe comparative (Université Paris3-Sorbonne Nouvelle) and by the Laboratoire de Linguistique Formelle (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and UniversitéParis 7). We wish to thank the institutions that provided financial support for the Round Table: the CNRS, the Laboratoire de Linguistique Formelle, theconseil Scientifique(Universités Paris3and Paris 7) and the Bureaudes Relations Internationales (UniversitéParis3). vii

7 Contents Preface... Contributors... vii xv Introduction Tense Aspect Perfectand Perfectivity Eventuality Type Modals and Modal Verbs Subject/SpeakerOrientation The Temporal Location of Modal Verbs The Temporal/Causal Function of Modal Verbs The Temporal Syntax of Non-Root Modals Weak Necessity Modals The Role of Past Morphology in Modal Contexts The Subjunctive Genericity Copular Clauses Conclusions and Open Problems References Patterns in the Semantics of Generic Sentences Greg Carlson 1 The Setting TheIssues Induction and Stipulation Rules and Induction What do Generic Sentencesdo? Inductive Generalizations Again ix

8 x Contents 4 Patterns Patterns and Non-Patterns Generic Sentences Restriction Review of Issues Weak and Really Strong Generalizations Conclusion References Intensional Subjects and Indirect Contextual Anchoring Ileana Comorovski 1 Introduction Specificational Copular Clauses Higgins s (1973)TaxonomyofCopular Clauses The SubjectofSpecificational Clauses The Copula of Specification Romanian Questions of the Form Care Copula DP? Two Types of Discourse-Linking Semantic Restrictions on the PostcopularDP Remarks on the Syntax of Romanian Questions of the Form Care Copula DP? Conclusion Indefinite Subjects, Topichood,and PointofView Indefinite Subjects and Topichood in Constituent Questions Topichood, Point of View, and the Conditional Mood Conclusions References Temporal Orientation in Conditionals (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love UFO s) Bridget Copley 1 UFOs and Other Oddities Away from an Explanation Towards an Explanation No Real Epistemic Eventives Antecedents Have Their Own Modal Flavors Conclusion References On the Temporal Syntax of Non-Root Modals HamidaDemirdache and Myriam Uribe-Etxebarria 1 Crosslinguistic Asymmetries in the Temporal Construals of Non-Root Modals TheGrammar of Temporal Relations Tenses and Aspects as Spatiotemporal Predicates Anaphora Condoravdi (2002): PerfectModals... 87

9 Contents xi 4 TheTemporal PhraseStructure of Non-Root Modals Setting the Modal-Time Ordering the Modal-Time The Temporal Interpretation of English Non-Root Modals Present/Future Oriented Epistemic Modals Aspectually Complex Modals: Progressive and Perfect Modals TheTemporal Interpretation of Spanish Non-Root Modals Modals Inflected for the Past Modals Inflected for the Present Modals Inflected for the Future Conclusions References How to Say Ought in Foreign: The Composition of Weak Necessity Modals Kai von Fintel and Sabine Iatridou 1 A Basic Contrast Weakness The Crosslinguistic Picture Flavors Epistemic Modality Goal-Oriented Modality Deontic Modality Counterfactuality? A Consolation and aprecedent Scope Confusion? Ordering SourcePromotion Why Counterfactual Marking? Conclusion References On the Temporal Function of Modal Verbs Jacqueline Guéron 1 Modal Verbs Part I: Grammatical Properties The Tense ofmodals Absence of Agreement Morphology The Temporal/Causal Function of Modal Verbs Causality in Grammar Two Syntactic Levels ofinterpretation PointofView The Instrument Two Types of Causality Metaphysical Causality on Higher vp Levels On the Syntactic Determination of Causality Metaphysical Intentionality...167

10 xii Contents 3 Modal Verbs Part II: Causality Conclusion References The English Perfect and the Metaphysics of Events James Higginbotham 1 Introduction Metaphysical Issues Interactions with SequenceofTense Shifted Perfects Conclusion References Tense and Modality in Nominals Jacqueline Lecarme 1 Tense innominals SpaceandTime TheD-TRelation Timeandthe Noun Interim Discussion Modality TimeandWorlds Generics and Habituals AttitudeVerbs Free Relatives Interim Discussion Evidentiality Visual Evidentiality Approaches to (Sentential) Evidentiality Extending Kratzer s Theory Conclusions References Time With and Without Tense Carlota S. Smith 1 Background and Principles Background Pragmatic Principles for TemporalInterpretation Temporal Information in Language: A Classification Tensed Languages Tenseless Languages and Mixed-Temporal Languages Mandarin Chinese Inferred Temporal Location Sentences With Overt Aspectual Viewpoints Other Tenseless Languages Mixed-Temporal Languages...240

11 Contents xiii 4 Zero-Marked Sentences:TheNeutralViewpoint Formalizing the Analysis Conclusion References The English Konjunktiv II Tim Stowell 1 TheSyntactic DistributionofK A Sociolinguistic Interlude Subjunctive and Indicative Conditionals Counterfactual Subjunctives Versus Other Types of Subjunctives Further Aspects of English Counterfactual Subjunctives and SequenceofTense Inversion in Conditionals A VariantForm of the Subjunctive Conclusion References Phasing in Modals: Phases and the Epistemic/Root Distinction Karen Zagona 1 Introduction Epistemic and Root Modals SubjectVersus Non-SubjectOrientation Modal Evaluation Time Aspectand Veridicality oftheevent Modals and Phases Toward a Phase-Based Analysis:Lexical Features of Modals Modals as Tense Morphemes Perfectivity and Root Modals Conclusion References Index...293

12 Contributors Greg Carlson Linguistics Department,University of Rochester, Rochester,NY ,USA Ileana Comorovski Departement desciencesdulangage, Université denancy 2, Nancy, France Bridget Copley Structures Formelles dulangage, CNRS-Université Paris 8, 2 rue de la Liberté, Saint-DenisFrance, bridget.copley@sfl.cnrs.fr HamidaDemirdache University of Nantes, LLING (EA 3827), Chemin de la Censive du Tertre BP 81227, Nantes Cedex3, France, hamida.demirdache@univ-nantes.fr Kai von Fintel Department of Linguistics and Philosophy,MIT,77Massachusetts Avenue 32-D808, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, fintel@mit.edu Jacqueline Guéron Institut du Monde Anglophone, Université Paris 3-Sorbonne Nouvelle, 5 rue de I Ecole demédecine, Paris, France, gueron@ext.jussieu.fr James Higginbotham Department of Linguistics,University of Southern California, 3601 Watt Way, Los Angeles, CA ,USA,higgy@usc.edu Sabine Iatridou Department of Linguistics and Philosophy,MIT,77Massachusetts Avenue 32-D808, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, iatridou@mit.edu xv

13 xvi Contributors Jacqueline Lecarme Laboratoire de Linguistique Formelle, CNRS-Université Paris 7, Case Postale , placejussieu Paris Cedex 05, France, Carlota Smith Department of Linguistics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA Timothy Stowell UCLA College of Letters and Science, 2300 Murphy Hall, Los Angeles CA , USA, Myriam Uribe-Etxebarria University of the Basque Country, Filologia eta Geografia-Historia Fakultatea, Hizkuntzalaritza eta Euskal Ikasketak Saila, Unibertsitateen Ibilbidea 5, Vitoria- Gasteiz 01006, Spain, Karen Zagona Department of Linguistics, University of Washington, A210 Padelford Hall, Box , Seattle, WA , USA,