To the Teacher xi 1: Review of Verb Tenses 2 Discover the Grammar 2 Grammar Lesson: Simple Present Tense of Verbs: Affirmative 4 Simple Present Tense: Negative 6 Simple Present Tense: Making a Question 7 Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs: Affirmative 12 Simple Past Tense of Irregular Verbs: Affirmative 14 Simple Past Tense: Negative 15 Simple Past Tense: Making a Question 17 Editing 19 Grammar Lesson: Present Progressive Tense: Affirmative 20 Present Progressive Tense: Negative 22 Present Progressive Tense: Making a Question 23 Grammar Lesson: Be Going To 26 Mini-Conversations 28 Editing 29 Grammar Lesson: Present Perfect Tense: An Introduction 30 Sentence Study for Critical Reading 34 Speaking Practice 35 Review Test 1 36 Review Test 2 37 Reading Practice 38 Vocabulary Practice: Word Knowledge 40 Vocabulary Practice: Collocations 41 Writing Practice 42 2: Articles 44 Discover the Grammar 44 Grammar Lesson: Indefinite Articles a and an 46 Mini-Conversations 52 Speaking Practice 53 Grammar Lesson: Definite Article the 54 Meaning 1: Using the to Talk about a Specific Noun 54 Meaning 2: Talking about a Noun Again (Second Reference) 58 Meaning 3: Talking about a Noun that Both the Speaker and 60 Listener Know v
vi Meaning 4: Talking about a Noun with Only One Example 62 Meaning 5: Talking about the Names of Places 66 Speaking Practice 69 Mini-Conversations 71 Grammar Lesson: No Article (Ø) 72 Speaking Practice 73 Editing 74 Sentence Study for Critical Reading 75 Speaking Practice 76 Review Test 1 77 Review Test 2 78 Reading Practice 79 Vocabulary Practice: Word Knowledge 81 Vocabulary Practice: Collocations 82 Writing Practice 83 3: Irregular Past Tense Verbs 84 Discover the Grammar 84 Grammar Lesson: Irregular Past Tense Verbs 87 Simple Past Tense of Irregular Verbs: Affirmative 87 Speaking Practice 91 Editing 94 Speaking Practice 96 Sentence Study for Critical Reading 97 Review Test 1 98 Review Test 2 99 Reading Practice 101 Vocabulary Practice: Word Knowledge 104 Vocabulary Practice: Collocations 105 Writing Practice 106 4: Present Perfect Tense 108 Discover the Grammar 108 Grammar Lesson: Present Perfect Tense 110 Past Participles 112 Speaking Practice 119 Grammar Lesson: Present Perfect Grammar Usage 1 120 Present Perfect Grammar Usage 2 123 Present Perfect Grammar Usage 3 125 Speaking Practice 127 Editing 134
vii Mini-Conversations 135 Sentence Study for Critical Reading 136 Speaking Practice 137 Review Test 1 139 Review Test 2 140 Reading Practice 142 Vocabulary Practice: Word Knowledge 144 Vocabulary Practice: Collocations 145 Writing Practice 146 5: Adverbs of Frequency 148 Discover the Grammar 148 Grammar Lesson: Adverbs of Frequency 151 Speaking Practice 156 Editing 158 Mini-Conversations 160 Sentence Study for Critical Reading 161 Speaking Practice 162 Review Test 1 163 Review Test 2 164 Reading Practice 165 Vocabulary Practice: Word Knowledge 167 Vocabulary Practice: Collocations 168 Writing Practice 169 6: Nouns Used as Adjectives 170 Discover the Grammar 170 Grammar Lesson: Nouns Used as Adjectives 172 Possible Meanings of Nouns Used as Adjectives 172 Speaking Practice 179 Editing 180 Mini-Conversations 181 Sentence Study for Critical Reading 182 Speaking Practice 184 Review Test 1 185 Review Test 2 186 Reading Practice 188 Vocabulary Practice: Word Knowledge 189 Vocabulary Practice: Collocations 190 Writing Practice 191
viii 7: Object Pronouns 192 Discover the Grammar 192 Grammar Lesson: Object Pronouns after Verbs 194 Object Pronouns after Prepositions 194 Reviewing Subject Pronouns, Possessive Adjectives, and 198 Object Pronouns Editing 200 Mini-Conversations 201 Sentence Study for Critical Reading 202 Speaking Practice 204 Review Test 1 205 Review Test 2 206 Reading Practice 207 Vocabulary Practice: Word Knowledge 209 Vocabulary Practice: Collocations 210 Writing Practice 211 8: Past Progressive Tense 212 Discover the Grammar 212 Grammar Lesson: Past Progressive Tense 214 Past Progressive Tense: Negative 220 Past Progressive Tense: Making a Question 222 Editing 224 Mini-Conversations 225 Sentence Study for Critical Reading 226 Speaking Practice 228 Review Test 1 229 Review Test 2 230 Reading Practice 231 Vocabulary Practice: Word Knowledge 232 Vocabulary Practice: Collocations 233 Writing Practice 234 9: One and Other 236 Discover the Grammar 236 Grammar Lesson: Pronouns one and it 238 Pronouns another, other(s), and the other(s) 242 Editing 248 Mini-Conversations 249
ix Sentence Study for Critical Reading 250 Speaking Practice 252 Review Test 1 253 Review Test 2 254 Reading Practice 256 Vocabulary Practice: Word Knowledge 258 Vocabulary Practice: Collocations 259 Writing Practice 260 10: Possessive 262 Discover the Grammar 262 Grammar Lesson: Possessive 264 Possessive Pronouns 270 Editing 272 Mini-Conversations 273 Sentence Study for Critical Reading 274 Speaking Practice 275 Review Test 1 277 Review Test 2 278 Reading Practice 279 Vocabulary Practice: Word Knowledge 280 Vocabulary Practice: Collocations 281 Writing Practice 282 11: Comparatives and Superlatives of Adjectives 284 Discover the Grammar 284 Grammar Lesson: Comparative of Adjectives 288 Superlatives of Adjectives 291 Editing 296 Mini-Conversations 297 Sentence Study for Critical Reading 298 Speaking Practice 300 Review Test 1 301 Review Test 2 302 Reading Practice 304 Vocabulary Practice: Word Knowledge 306 Vocabulary Practice: Collocations 307 Writing Practice 308
x 12: Modals 310 Discover the Grammar 310 Grammar Lesson: Modals 312 Using Might 317 Using May 319 Using Can 322 Speaking Practice 323 Using Could 325 Speaking Practice 329 Using Will 330 Using Would 332 Speaking Practice 334 Using Should and Ought To 335 Using Must and Have To 338 Speaking Practice 340 Using Had Better 342 Editing 344 Mini-Conversations 345 Sentence Study for Critical Reading 346 Review Test 1 348 Review Test 2 349 Reading Practice 350 Vocabulary Practice: Word Knowledge 352 Vocabulary Practice: Collocations 353 Writing Practice 354 Appendixes: A: Parts of Speech 356 B: Verb Tenses 357 C: 60 Irregular Verbs 358 D: Modals and Meanings 360 E: Meanings with Modals 361