Curriculum reform: An education change perspective Beatriz Pont Policy Advice and Implementation Division Directorate for Education and Skills OECD Dublin, Ireland, February 19 2018 1
Curriculum reform: An education change perspective: today's main messages Why reform? Equity, quality and well being What? International trends in education change How? A focus on Implementation 2
Global trends shaping our education systems Fig II.3.3 International trade More diverse communities The digital society Greater accountability Focus on equity and quality Need to invest in education for better outcomes 3
A new narrative: Shifting from GDP per capita towards inclusive growth Inclusive growth economic growth that creates opportunities for all segments of the population and distributes the dividends of increased prosperity, both in monetary and non-monetary terms, fairly across society.
Aiming to move from growth to wellbeing: a multidimensional concept (Better Life Index) Better Life Index applied to children
OECD average Key 1: delivering excellence with equity in education, PISA 2015 Mean science score 600 Mean performance in science and strength of the socio-economic gradient Strength of the relationship between performance and socio-economic status is above the average Strength of the relationship between performance and socio-economic status is not statistically significantly different from the average Strength of the relationship between performance and socio-economic status is below the average Above-average science performance Above-average science performance Below-average equity in education Above-average equity in education 550 500 450 Czech Republic France Hungary Belgium Luxembourg Slovenia New Zealand Germany Switzerland Poland Austria Portugal Spain Slovak Republic Chile Japan Netherlands Estonia Finland Canada Australia Korea United Kingdom Ireland Denmark United States Norway Sweden Latvia Italy Lithuania Israel Greece Iceland OECD average Mexico Turkey 400 350 25 Below-average science performance Below-average equity in education 20 15 Percentage of variation in performance explained by socio-economic status 10 Below-average science performance Above-average equity in education 5 0 6
Key 1: Supporting student wellbeing Index of life satisfaction (0-10) and performance, 15 yr ols, PISA 2015
Key 2: Preparing for the future Education 2030
Turkey Mexico Portugal Brazil Spain Colombia Italy Iceland Chile New Zealand Belgium Denmark Norway OECD average Greece Netherlands France Australia Luxembourg United Kingdom Latvia Ireland Germany Hungary Estonia Austria United States Switzerland Israel Finland Sweden Canada Slovak Republic Poland Czech Republic Russian Federation Slovenia Korea Key 2: Ensuring that youth have the opportunity to complete their education Educational attainment among younger (25-34 year-olds) adults (2013) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Below upper secondary Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary Tertiary 15 22 25 29 26 23 22 27 25 31 41 40 41 43 41 40 37 30 29 47 43 44 41 46 44 48 48 45 43 45 40 37 45 42 51 58 57 25 67 23 45 31 40 50 54 24 33 39 39 41 43 47 60 56 64 36 42 41 40 46 38 38 44 36 45 47 46 51 64 65 47 52 57 52 52 35 37 39 39 35 34 31 27 27 23 21 18 18 18 17 16 15 15 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 12 11 11 10 9 9 9 7 6 6 6 6 6 2 Source: OECD (2015), (2014), Education at a Glance Interim 2014: OECD Report Indicators, : Update OECD of Employment Publishing, and Paris, Education Table A1.2a. Attainment Indicat ors, OECD Publishing, Paris, Table 1.4.
Colombia Mexico Israel Turkey United Kingdom Austria United States New Zealand Norway Italy Australia Canada Korea Hungary Switzerland Belgium Ireland Sweden Slovak Republic France OECD average Latvia Spain Estonia Greece Portugal Czech Republic Finland Poland Germany Netherlands Iceland Denmark Slovenia Luxembourg Key 2: Preparing for the future % 80 Employed Unemployed Inactive Distribution of 20-24 year-olds not in education, by work status (2013) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 15 20 12 7 11 27 5 9 49 47 54 33 9 6 10 5 12 10 7 7 6 4 46 52 49 43 45 17 9 7 5 6 17 45 44 26 5 8 19 13 8 5 5 6 5 9 7 8 7 6 7 8 6 8 11 8 6 14 16 13 6 10 4 11 13 8 16 8 8 4 4 0 25 12 5 8 26 4 5 2 46 10 6 42 35 37 30 33 33 35 36 34 33 29 36 34 37 36 32 28 26 21 19 19 22 0 Source: OECD (2015), Education at a Glance Interim Report : Update of Employment and Education Attainment Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, Table 3.3.
Iceland Ireland Finland Netherlands Denmark United Kingdom Belgium Norway Switzerland France Canada Slovenia New Zealand Austria Luxembourg Portugal Australia Sweden Italy Germany Japan Czech Republic Israel Hungary Slovakia Poland Estonia United States Mexico Korea Spain Turkey Chile Greece Building on existing public confidence in education system, 2005, 2013 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2013 2005 Source: World Gallup Poll 2013 11
What education policies for this new paradigm? LEARNING Equity with quality: all students learning -Curriculum: knowledge, competencies & values -Student agency PROFESSIONALS Professional capital: human, social & decisional Develop schools as learning organisations Wellbeing SUPPORT Governance beyond education, school organization, IT, evaluation, data, improvement capacity Families, Communities 12
Disadvantaged students Investing early on System-level policies that promote or hinder equity Quality of secondary Quality of tertiary Transition between school and work Vocational education and training Learning environments School leadership Teachers School evaluation Student assessment System evaluation Education priorities Organisation of decision making process Economic resources in education Use of resources Education policy in OECD 2008-2014: Teachers, equity and curriculum reform 16% Distribution of policies adopted by policy option, 2008-2014 14% 12% 13.9% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 8.8% 6.1% 1.9% 5.5% 8.1% 6.8% 8.0% 8.3% 2.8% 3.1% 4.3% 4.0% 5.4% 2.9% 2.8% 7.3% Equity and Quality Preparing Students for the Future School Improvement Evaluation and Assessment to Improve Student Outcomes Governance Funding
Estonia Iceland Korea Turkey Norway Canada Mexico United Kingdom Finland Italy Sweden Japan Netherlands United States Slovenia Greece Switzerland Ireland Australia OECD average Poland Spain Czech Republic Portugal Austria Denmark Chile Luxembourg Germany Belgium Israel France New Zealand Hungary Slovak Republic 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 14 Equity: policies to support students from disadvantaged or diverse backgrounds New Zealand: Increased likelihood of students in the bottom quarter of the ESCS index scoring in the bottom Policies to support Finland: quarter National of the Core mathematics Curriculum performance distribution Māori/Pasifika for Instruction Increased Preparing likelihood Immigrants of immigrant students scoring populations in the bottom quarter of the mathematics Ratio for performance Basic Education distribution (2009) (2008-13) 3.5 Chile: 3.0 Law on Preferential OECD average Subsidies (2008) UK England: Pupil premium Ireland: DEIS ECEC: Poland, Korea, Australia, Italy, Nordic Countries, Slovenia, United States. Germany: National Action Plan on Integration (2011) France/Portugal: Education Priority Zones Austria: New middle school reform Source: OECD, PISA 2012 Database, Table II.2.4a and Table II.3.4a.
Mexico Portugal Canada Iceland United States Chile Turkey United Kingdom Denmark Australia Switzerland New Zealand Sweden Israel Ireland OECD average Spain Hungary Luxembourg Estonia Finland Belgium Korea Greece Norway Austria Netherlands Italy Czech Republic Japan France Slovak Republic Germany Slovenia Poland Curricular reform: Making the content of learning more relevant Students reports of teacher student relations and classrooms conduciveness to learning, PISA 2012 Mean 0.8 index 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1-0.1 0-0.2-0.3-0.4-0.5 Index of teacher-student relations UK: Curriculum for Excellence (Scotland), and Welsh Curriculum for Life Sweden: New curriculum (2011) Denmark: National Common Objectives (2009) Index of disciplinary climate Netherlands: New curriculum Finland: (2015/16) Curriculum reform (2014) Japan: Course of Study France: Redistribution of learning time Italy: Curriculum guidelines (2012) Slovenia: Updated curricula (2012)
Australia: A broad vision for student learning
Estonia: knowledge, values, skills and competencies
Japan: knowledge, values, skills and competencies
Wales: Four key enabling objectives for delivering the new curriculum
Canada Mexico Korea Japan Hungary New Zealand Chile Ireland Greece Iceland Estonia United Kingdom Israel Portugal Turkey1 France Spain OECD average Denmark Poland Germany Sweden Australia Norway Italy Luxembourg Switzerland Slovenia Netherlands Finland Slovak Republic Czech Republic Belgium Austria 20 Enhancing vocational education and training (VET) 80 60 40 Canada: Apprenticeship 20 grants (2007-) Enrolment of upper secondary students in pre-vocational or vocational programmes Japan: Guidelines for Denmark: enhancing provision % General Pre-vocational VET with academic exam Portugal: Vocational 100 (2010); Better More National Integrated attractive VET (2014) Strategy(2012-14) New Zealand: Trades Academies(2009) Italy: Governance & Higher Technical Institutes (2011) Germany: Information & transitions into Tertiary Luxembourg: VET Reform (2008) 0
OECD Greece 100 Portugal 100 Netherlands 99 Poland 99 France 97 Belgium 97 Germany 96 Canada 100 Spain 99 Austria 96 Luxembourg 95 Slovak Republic 100 Finland 99 Slovenia 98 Mexico 99 Japan 99 Chile 100 Italy 99 Switzerland 94 Estonia 99 Israel 100 Czech Republic 93 New Zealand 100 OECD average 98 Hungary 94 United Kingdom 99 Australia 100 Ireland 100 United States 99 Korea 95 Turkey 97 Sweden 94 Iceland 100 Denmark 99 Norway 98 21 Evaluation and assessment: align to curriculum Most common uses of student assessments according to school principals (2012) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 % To make decisions about students retention or promotion % To monitor the school s progress from year to year To identify aspects of instruction or the curriculum that could be improved Chile: National Quality of Education Agency Norway: Assessment for Learning (2010) Australia: NAPLAN Student assessment, My School, My Skills and My University National Standardised Assessments: Austria; Czech Republic; Denmark; Ireland; Italy, Spain, Sweden, UK (Wales) Source: OECD, PISA 2012 Database, Table IV.5.5. OECD, PISA 2012 Database, Table IV.5.6.
Spain Iceland France Brazil Flanders Portugal Finland Croatia Italy Israel Sweden Mexico Chile Alberta United States Norway Denmark Average Australia Malaysia Czech Republic Bulgaria Estonia Netherlands Serbia Slovak Republic Abu Dhabi Singapore England (UK) Poland Romania Latvia Japan Korea Percentage of teachers 90 80 70 60 50 Teacher policy: invest in professional capital France: Reform of teacher training programmes (2013) Finland: 100 OSAAVA programme (2010-16) Mexico: Teacher Professional Service (2013) United States: Teacher Quality Partnership Programme (2012) Australia: Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (2010) Netherlands: Teachers Agenda 2013-20 (2013) Korea: Evaluation system (2010) New Zealand: Teacher standards and Registered Teacher Criteria (2010-13) Never observe other teachers' classes and provide feedback Never teach jointly as a team in the same class 40 30 20 10 0 Never engage in joint activities across different classes and age groups (e.g. projects) Never take part in collaborative professional learning
Australian reforms 2008-2014 (07,10, 13) 2008 Smarter Schools National Partnership for Low Socio-economic Status School Communities Closing the Gap: Indigenous Early Childhood Development National Assessment Program Literacy and Numeracy National Partnership Agreements (Smart Schools) Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians 2009 National Partnership on Youth Attainment and Transitions VET targets National targets for higher education Australian Early Development Index National Education Agreement Investing in Early Years National Early Childhood Development Strategy National Agreement for Skills and Workforce Development National Partnership on Improving Teacher quality 2010 National Professional Standards for Teachers Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education Action Plan Higher Education Participation and Partnerships Programme My School website, My Skills and My University website Review of Funding for Schooling Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership 2011 Australian Professional Standards for Principals Australian Qualifications Framework Skills Quality Authority Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency 2012 The National Quality Framework for Early Childhood Education and Care (NQF) National Foundation Skills Strategy for Adults Advancing Quality in Higher Education The Australian Workforce and Productivity Agency My University website National Partnership Agreement on Skills Reform 2013 National Partnership Agreement on Universal Access to Early Childhood Education (replaced National Partnership on Early Childhood Education - 2008) Accreditation of Initial Teacher Education Programmes Australian Charter for the Professional Learning of Teachers and School Leaders Australian Teacher Performance and Development Framework New Colombo Plan Education Act 2014 Teacher Education Ministerial Advisory Group Upholding-Quality Indicators for Learning and Teaching measures Students First
Irish reforms 2008-2014 (07,11) Delivering Equality of Opportunity in Schools: Action Plan for Educational Inclusion (DEIS) 2005 Traveller Education Strategy 2006 Survey on Lifeskills in Primary (2009) and Post-Primary Schools (2012) 2009 Project Maths 2010 Intercultural Education Strategy 2010 Springboard programme 2011 Professional development for teachers and school leaders 2011 Initial Teacher Education Criteria and Guidelines for Programme Providers 2011 Higher education reforms 2011 National Strategy to Improve Literacy and Numeracy among Children and Young People 2011-20 2011 Increase in reading instruction 2011 National Strategy for Higher Education to 2030 2011 ICT Action Plan 2012 Standardised assessment in literacy and numeracy 2012 School Self Evaluation: Guidelines for Primary Schools 2012 School Self-Evaluation: Guidelines for Post-Primary Schools 2012 Investing in education infrastructure 2012 Third Level Bursary Scheme scholarship scheme 2012 Action Plan for Jobs 2012 Procedures for Induction and Procedures and Criteria for Probation 2013 Education and Training Boards Act 2013 SOLAS New National Education and Training Authority 2013 Framework for Junior Cycle 2014
Secondary school banding Improving schools plan Masters of Educational Practice new teachers National Literacy and Numeracy Framework Annual reading and numeracy tests National model for regional working on delivery of education services National Leadership Development Board School categorisation system Education Workforce Council Raise entry requirements to ITE Qualified for Life New Deal for the Education Workforce A curriculum for life A curriculum for Wales Teaching tomorrow s teachers Implementation: of Curriculum Teacher standards/professional learning passport/pioneer School Network The Welsh education reform journey 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Complexity between design and implementation of reforms Strengths Reforms on key policy areas Context Content of reforms Weaknesses Don't consider current/other policies Large reform activity N of reforms Reform fatigue/lack of sustainability Centered around policy design Reform process Need to focus on implementation Need to create school learning cultures Reform adoption Low understanding of school capacity Evaluation Evaluation research abound only 10%
Need for policies to reach students and classrooms
Elements of education reform: a balancing act that goes beyond evidence base policy making Design of reform: coherence Focus on student learning Develop SLO Data for improvement Evaluation Implementation Aligned planned Political context Favorable edu environment Sustainable strategy Stakeholder engagement
Education Policy Implementation: A change in the framework Problem def Agenda setting Policy options Policy development Policy implementatio n evaluation
Education policy implementation: from top down to horizontal
Dimensions of effective policy implementation Smart policy design Policy at least partially defined before implemented. Justification, validity of causal theory and goals, complementarity with policies and feasibility to be considered. Inclusive stakeholder engagement actors can interpret, react and influence implementation. Including them throughout the process facilitates success. A conducive context A coherent implementation strategy The process features are adapted to the structures of its system at a given time, to the particular actors, and around the specific educational policy. Outlines concrete measures to make the policy design operational, with sufficient resources, capacity building, communications, and engaging stakeholders. 31
Dimensions of effective policy implementation Smart policy design Inclusive stakeholder engagement Wales Review by G Donaldson in 2015 to understand need, to define. Clarify objectives related to wales development; PISA Consultation in independent review. consultation; Pioneer schools co-construction Parliamentary acceptance Pioneer schools Co construction. Japan Every 10 years Update curriculum For 2030 consultation; Pioneer schools A conducive context Political moment suitable.. Political moment Consortia; school improvement plan Political moment? Governance A coherent implementation strategy Co-construction Outlines concrete measures to make the policy design Plan operational, w/resources with sufficient Resources/publicati resources, capacity OECD building, communications, ons/capacity and engaging stakeholders. 32
33 Reality of policy making/reform 33 Norway Sweden Greece Wales Japan Mexico
To conclude An international overview: can provide elements, principles and support for education reform. There is no one model for success. Each education system can reach results combining policies based on evidence and implementation processes adapted to the context and concrete challenge. Key to focus on schools and students; investment in developing SLO and engagement of stakeholders.
Curriculum reform: An education change perspective: today's main messages Why reform? Equity, quality and well being What? Equity/quality, curriculum, teachers How? Coherent implementation with stakeholder engagement 35
OECD Implementing policies: supporting effective change in education Comparative analysis Peer learning Taylored implementation support 36
OECD Implementing policies: supporting effective change in education Comparative analysis: analytics and implementation frameworks Generic Peer learning and capacity building Implementation Institute Taylored implementation support Data gathering Curriculum reform Schools as learning organisations Webinars Seminars Rapid policy assessment Strategic advice Stakeholder engagement TBC Bi annual series Publication 37
Thank you! Beatriz.pont@oecd.org (@beatrizpont) Follow us on: @OECDEduSkills @EduSkills OECD @EduSkills OECD www.oecd.org/edu www.oecd.org/skills