Articulatory Phonetics and IPA Transcription

Articulatory Phonetics and IPA Transcription Sounds of Human Language Fall 2018

Outline for Today Review waveform, spectrum, and spectrogram graphs Phonetics vs. phonology Articulatory vs. acoustic phonetics Vocal organs Consonant articulation (voicing, place, manner) Vowel articulation (tongue and lip placement) IPA transcription

Review Waveform, spectrum, spectrogram Ø What is best visual representation for each type of sound and why? Pure tone Complex tone (instrument sound) Speech sound Ø Draw a 100 Hz tone, 60 db, 4 seconds Waveform, spectrum, spectrogram

Phonetics vs. Phonology Phonetics the study of physical speech sounds Phonology the study of the abstract rules and patterns by which speech sounds are used in different languages

Types of Phonetics Articulatory phonetics describe speech in terms of how speech sounds are made using movements of the respiratory system and vocal organs Acoustic phonetics describe speech in terms of what we hear using cues to describe differences in frequency, amplitude, and time

Phonemes Smallest meaningful unit of speech Ø How do we identify phonemes? Ø What are the phonemes of English? Ø Do all languages share the same phonemes?

Two basic types of phonemes Consonants Obstruction of airflow somewhere in vocal tract Features: 1. Voicing 2. Place of articulation 3. Manner of articulation Vowels Little or no obstruction of airflow Features: 1. Height of tongue 2. Frontness/backness of tongue 3. Roundness of lips

Vocal organs Vocal tract

Vocal organs

1. Voicing Voiced: vocal folds vibrate Voiceless: vocal folds apart

Articulators

2. Place of Articulation

2. Place of Articulation Bilabial: between the lips English: [p], [b], [m] e.g. pat, bat, mat

2. Place of Articulation Labiodental: lower lip and upper front teeth English: [f], [v] e.g. fan, van

2. Place of Articulation Dental: tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth English: [θ], [ð] e.g. think, that

2. Place of Articulation Alveolar: tongue tip/blade and the alveolar ridge English: [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [ɹ], [l] e.g. tart, dart, near, sigh, zeal, race, lie

2. Place of Articulation Post-alveolar (or palato-alveolar): tongue blade and back of alveolar ridge English: [ ], [ʒ] e.g. ship, measure

2. Place of Articulation Palatal: body of tongue at the hard palate English: [j] e.g. yellow

2. Place of Articulation Velar: body of tongue at the soft palate English: [k], [g], [ŋ] e.g. car, get, running

2. Place of Articulation

3. Manner of Articulation (Oral) Stop or Plosive Nasal (stop) Fricative Approximant Lateral (approximant) Affricates

3. Manner of Articulation (Oral) Stop or Plosive: produced with complete closure of the vocal tract English: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]

3. Manner of Articulation Nasal (stop): complete obstruction in the mouth only, air is allowed to flow through the nose English: [m], [n], [ŋ]

3. Manner of Articulation Fricative: air forced through a partially constricted passage in the vocal tract, creating friction English: [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ ], [ʒ], [h]

3. Manner of Articulation Approximant: articulators approach each other but not narrowly enough to create friction, least amount of obstruction of any consonants English: [ɹ], [j], [w] Lateral approximant: obstruction at point along center of oral tract, but air flows around the tongue English: [l] Affricate: stop + fricative in rapid succession English: [t ], [d ʒ]

3. Manner of Articulation (Oral) Stop or Plosive Nasal (stop) Fricative Approximant Lateral (approximant) Affricates

Two basic "types" of phonemes Consonants Complete obstruction of airflow in vocal tract Features: 1. Voicing 2. Place of articulation 3. Manner of articulation Vowels Little or no obstruction of airflow Features: 1. Height of tongue 2. Frontness/backness of tongue 3. Roundness of lips

1&2. Tongue placement 1. Height 2. Frontness/Backness 1. Heed 2. Hid 3. Head 4. Had 5. Father (hod) 6. Good (hood) 7. Food (who d)

1&2. Tongue placement 1. Heed 2. Hid 3. Head 4. Had 5. Father 6. Good 7. Food

3. Lip placement Rounded forward movement of the corners of lips Unrounded 1. Heed 2. Hid 3. Head 4. Had 5. Father 6. Good 7. Food

Real-time MRI of speech production Demos: http://sail.usc.edu/span

Outline for Today Phonetics vs. phonology Articulatory vs. acoustic phonetics Vocal organs and articulatory gestures Consonant articulation (place, manner, voicing) Vowel articulation (tongue and lip placement) IPA transcription

Before we begin transciption... Some letters represent more than one different sound c: recall vs. receive g: gear vs. siege Some letters represent no sounds at all e: receive, use Sometimes two letters represent only one sound recall, phonetics Some letters represent two or more sounds at once tax, use The same sound can be represented by many different letters sh: shy, mission, machine, special, caution

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) A set of symbols used for representing the phonemes and sounds of all languages Sounds and symbols have a one-to-one relationship to each other (each symbol represents one sound, each sound is represented by one symbol) Symbols arranged in the chart according to their acoustic characteristics and how they are produced Consonants and vowels represented on different charts

IPA chart with sound demos: http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipasounds/ipa-chart-with-sounds/

Consonants

Vowels

Transcription Practice / class / /k l æ s/ /today/ /t u d ei /

Transcription Practice RING /b i t / ACCENT /k I k/ JUDGE /j s / CHURCH /f I / TENTH /w ei t/ PEELS

September 4 Response Journal Transcribe your first name into IPA For Thursday Complete: IPA Transcription Worksheet Optional: phonetic exercises (on website) Ø Thursday topic: acoustic phonetics Reading on website: Ladefoged Ch. 8