R a c h m a n 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of Choosing The Subject In the globalization era like nowadays, people are getting aware of news from all over the world which is spread very easily. We can find any information about what is going on in each part of the world even only by a single tap on our smartphone. It is simpler, quicker, and more effective way to gain some new information, knowledge, and especially news. They are the reasons why presently there are many websites providing news articles from every single country in the world with various languages, so that everyone can understand it easily. One of the famous news websites in all over the world is VICE. It is a North American digital media and broadcasting company launched in 1994 and has expanded into a leading global youth media company with offices in over 30 countries 1. 1 https://www.linkedin.com/company-beta/61212/
2 R a c h m a n In October 2016, VICE started off its first expansion in South East Asia by established a new office in Jakarta, Indonesia. One of the reasons is because Indonesia has spectacular numbers of young population, who is the main target of VICE. As cited from dailysocial.id 2, according to Central Agency of Statistics of Indonesia, the numbers of young population in Indonesia is 62.4 million people or equal to 25% of the total populations. Moreover, most of Indonesia s young people are very active users of internet and social media, as well as always interested in viral things and world trend. According to VICE Indonesia s social media such as Facebook and Twitter, there are around twenty thousand people who are interested in reading VICE articles. It proves that VICE manages to draw many audiences despite its recent presence in Indonesia. One of the reasons is because VICE Indonesia is launched with bilingual articles, which are in English and Indonesian language, the native language of Indonesian. There 2 https://dailysocial.id/post/media-muda-vice-hadir-di-indonesia-untuk-ekspansipertamanya-di-asia-tenggara
R a c h m a n 3 are translated articles from English into Indonesian language and vice versa. Therefore, readers who do not have adequate knowledge of English are still able to enjoy the worldwide news. Translation becomes an essential process in order to spread all information, knowledge and news widely. It is like a bridge to deliver a message from one language to another. Otherwise, people will find it difficult to understand any information in the various languages other than their native languages. Thus, translation is obviously needed for the sake of spreading messages world-widely in this globalization era. In translation process, the translator must be able to deliver the original idea from the source language to the target language well in order not to create any misinterpretation. Since there are many differences of cultural background from both source and target languages, the translator often faces difficulties in doing translation process. One of the problems is translating idiomatic expressions, because the meaning of an idiom cannot be conveyed literally in the target language. Realizing the difficulties of translating idioms, Baker (1992) suggested
4 R a c h m a n strategies to translate idioms which will be discussed in this research paper. Makkai (1966) categorizes English idiom into several types, one of them is phrasal verb idiom, which will be discussed here as well. According to Quirk et al. (1972: 812), a phrasal verb is generally a combination of either a verb and a preposition, a verb and an adverb, or a verb with both an adverb and a preposition. Phrasal verbs are part of English materials that is special because some other languages do not have such form in their languages, including Indonesian language. Some other languages that have this similar form as English phrasal verbs are Swedish, German and Romance. Phrasal verbs can be grouped into several categorization. According to its transitivity form, Wyatt (2006) classifies phrasal verb into five categories. Meanwhile, Quirk et al. and Murcia and Freeman classify phrasal verbs based on its semantic criteria into three types, which are; literal, semi idiomatic and idiomatic phrasal verb. Further, this research paper will discuss about this particular type of phrasal verb which is idiomatic phrasal verbs.
R a c h m a n 5 It is necessary for English learners to master phrasal verbs as they are frequently used in daily communication as well as in written text such as text books, novels, newspapers, articles, and magazine. To be precise, it is necessary to learn more about the idiomatic phrasal verb in order not to misinterpret it in text or oral since the form as well as the meaning are very tricky. This research paper will present about the English- Indonesian translation strategies of idiomatic expression of phrasal verbs in VICE articles. As the combination of the words in phrasal verbs does not exist in the target language, Indonesian, it is still important to translate it in the right form and meaning to sound more natural and the reader will understand the content of the text more clearly. 1.2. Research Question In this research, the writer formulated the problems as below: 1. What are idiomatic phrasal verbs found in VICE articles?
6 R a c h m a n 2. What are the strategies in translating English idiomatic phrasal verb into Indonesian language? 1.3. Objective of the study In line with the research questions mentioned above, the objective of this research are: 1. To find idiomatic phrasal verbs in VICE articles 2. To explain the strategies in translating English idiomatic phrasal verbs into Indonesian language in VICE articles 1.4. Focus and Scope of the study This research focuses on the translation strategies of idiomatic phrasal verbs found in VICE articles. The scope of the data is only the articles published from October 2016 January 2017. 1.5. Literature Review There are some research with similar topic has been conducted before. Firstly, in 2013, Ebrahim Davoudi Sharifabad,
R a c h m a n 7 Mojde Yaqubi, and Tengku Sepora Tengku Mahadi conducted a research entitled The Application of Domestication and Foreignization Translation Strategies in English-Persian Translations of News Phrasal Verbs. The authors of this study aim to investigate whether English-Persian tanslators tend to domesticate the news headlines or foreignize them. The news containing phrasal verbs was analyzed based on the ones from different news agencies and websites. First, some news containing phrasal verbs is analyzed, then the English translations were compared and contrasted. As the results of the study showed, English to Persian translators tend to apply the domestication strategy more frequently. It was concluded that since culture-specific terms and words are difficult to be understood in the target language, the translators mostly tend to localize or domesticate them. This research is helpful in journalistic translation studies, since it focuses on the important features of phrasal verbs as culture-specific and context-bound terms with respect to translation strategies.
8 R a c h m a n Secondly, there is a research from International Journal of English Linguistic entitled Study of Persian Translations of English Phrasal Verbs in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix conducted by Nahid Yarahmadzehi, Ali Beikian and Freshteh Nadri. In this research, the first volume of three of the Persian translations of the novel Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by Rowling (2005) were examined along the original text on the basis of Newmark (1988) and Vinay and Darblenet s (1995) taxonomies of translation procedures. Through juxtaposition of the English phrasal verbs with their Persian equivalents, the type and the frequency of the applied translation procedures were identified and calculated. The researchers used three criteria of accuracy, clarity and naturalness by Larson (1998) to assess the quality of the applied translation procedures in particular and the translations in general. The results of the study showed that equivalence is the most frequent as well as the most successful translation procedure used in the Persian translations. According to the mean of the scores received for accuracy, clarity and naturalness of the translation procedures,
R a c h m a n 9 it was also found that the translation by Eslamie (2008) fared better in translating English phrasal verbs into Persian. Thirdly, a thesis was written by Jamil (2013) from Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta entitled A Translation Analysis of English Phrasal Verb in Endless Night Novel and Its Translation. This research studies about the translation analysis of English phrasal verb in Endless Night novel. The objectives of the research are to classify the translation shift of phrasal verb and to describe the equivalence of phrasal verb and its translation. This research applies descriptive qualitative research. By applying this method, the objects to be analyzed are phrasal verbs on both English and Indonesian novels. The writer takes the data from Endless Night and its translation Malam Tanpa Akhir. The research is describing the shifts of translation and equivalence translation of phrasal verb. The theories are taken from Catford, Newmark, and Nida Eugene. The results of the research show that from 185 data, the writer finds 153 data or 82, 70% belong to level shift and 33 data or 17, 83% belong to structure shift. About the equivalence, the researcher find 178 data or 96, 21% belong
10 R a c h m a n to equivalence translation and 7 data or 3, 78% are nonequivalence. Fourthly, there is a research about phrasal verb translation conducted by Putri (2013) from Universitas Dian Nuswantoro Semarang entitled Translation of Phrasal Verbs in Herger s The Tintin Books: The Adventures of Tintin, Cigars of the Pharaoh. The aim of this thesis is to describe the use of phrasal verbs found in the Tintin Book. Here, the researcher is using descriptive qualitative method. The data sources are Tintin book entitled The adventures of Tintin, Cigars of the Pharaoh written by Herge, published by Egmonts, 2002 and its translation entitled Petualangan Tintin, Cerutu Sang Firaun, translated by Donna Widjayanto and published by PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2008. There are 46 data consisting of phrasal verbs found in the books. The results of this analysis show that there are two types of phrasal verbs used in Tintin book. They are separable and non-separable phrasal verbs. The proportion (%) of the use of two types of phrasal verbs is 8,7 % using separable phrasal verbs and 91,7 % using non separable phrasal verbs.
R a c h m a n 11 The last one, in 2015 Windawati from Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, conducted a research entitled Translation Methods and Meaning Equivalence of Idiomatic Phrasal Verbs in X-Men: First Class movie. The research analyzes the translation methods and meaning equivalence that used in translating idiomatic phrasal verbs in X-Men: First Class movie into Indonesian Language. Here, Windawati analyze the data using Newmark s translation method and Nida s Equivalence theory. As the result of this research, there are eight methods used in the movie. The commonly found methods are idiomatic, communicative, faithful and semantic. Then, the result shows that equivalence used in the movie can be categorized into formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence, which dynamic equivalence was most collected. This research is different with other research mentioned above as mostly the previous research discusses about translation of phrasal verbs found in the novel and movie. What set this research apart from other researches is that the object of this research is English news articles translated into Indonesian
12 R a c h m a n language which published online and targeted on young people as the readers. As far as the writer investigated, there is no previous research with the same topic and object with this research. 1.6. Method of Research This research applied descriptive-qualitative research method in which the result of analysis are not in the form of number but in the form of words. As stated by Wahyuni (2012: 1), qualitative method is related with data which is usually not in the form of numbers. 1.6.1. Method of Collecting Data Data were collected from data sources which are both the English version of VICE articles in https://www.vice.com/en_id and its translation into Indonesian language in https://www.vice.com/id_id which published in October 2016 until January 2017. VICE groups its article into some categories such as Noisey, Munchies, Sport, and Tonic but no particular category is chosen since
R a c h m a n 13 the researcher collected the data by choosing the VICE articles randomly. There are about 70 article was chosen. After the articles were collected, firstly the researcher read the English articles one by one. While reading the articles, if the suspected idiomatic phrasal verb was found, the sentence or phrase where it is included will be copied into an English data table that was created beforehand. After that, the researcher will read the Indonesian version of the articles and copied the same sentence or phrase which is regarded as the translation of the English version into the Indonesian data table. After all the suspected idiomatic phrasal verb from the chosen articles were collected in the data table, the researcher made sure that they are all indeed idiomatic phrasal verb by look the idiomatic phrasal verb up in the phrasal verb dictionaries such as Dictionary of American Phrasal Verb and Oxford Online Dictionary of Phrasal verb and some idiom dictionaries such as Dictionary of American Idioms by Makkai et al and McGraw-Hill's
14 R a c h m a n dictionary of American idioms and phrasal verbs. Then, the suspected data that cannot be found in the dictionaries were omitted from the data table. In order to make the analysis easier when referring to the data, the fixed data were encoded as the example below: ENG/OCT/8 ID: Refers to the edition of the magazine ID ENG : Indonesian : English OCT: Refers to the month where the article published OCT: October NOV: November DEC: December JAN: January 8: Refers to the list of the articles as can be seen in the Appendix 1
R a c h m a n 15 1.6.2. Method of Analyzing Data After all the data were collected, they were examined through some theories. To analyze the type of idiomatic phrasal verb found in the English article, Wyatt theory was applied. Then, Baker s theory was applied as well to analyze the translation strategies of idiomatic phrasal verb into Indonesian language. In analyzing the data, the researcher look up the meaning of the idiomatic phrasal verb Merriam Webster Dictionary, Oxford Living Online Dictionary, and Cambridge Online Dictionary as the main sources for dictionary, with addition of other dictionaries (will be mentioned later in the analysis) and its translation (if any) in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia and Kamus Inggris- Indonesia. Other references of morphology and grammatical text books are also applied to support the analysis.
16 R a c h m a n 1.7. Contribution The result of this research can be used as an additional knowledge to improve the vocabulary of phrasal verbs for the readers especially for Indonesian learners of English. This research will be useful for those who are studying translation as well, in order to improve the quality of translation. Furthermore, it is expected to be reference of the similar study about translating phrasal verbs from English to Indonesian Language. 1.8. Presentation This research is divided into four chapters. Chapter I consists of introduction, which presents the outline of the whole research. Chapter II explains further about the theories applied in this paper. Chapter III explains the data presentation and the analysis of the objectives which are the strategies used to translate idiomatic phrasal verbs into Indonesian language. Lastly, chapter IV serves the conclusion of the research.