Caralee Adams Contributing Writer, Education Week

Clearing the Hurdles: Helping Low-Income Students Get Into College Expert Presenters: Jennifer Engle, director of higher education practice and policy, The Education Trust Traci Kirtley, director of programming and evaluation, Admission Possible

An on-demand archive of this webinar will be available at www.edweek.org/go/webinar in less than 24hrs.

Priced Out: How the Wrong Financial- Aid Policies Hurt Low- Income Students Jennifer Engle EdWeek Webinar

THE EDUCATION TRUST WHO WE ARE The Education Trust works for the high academic achievement of all students at all levels, prekindergarten through college, and forever closing the achievement gaps that separate low-income students and students of color from other youth. Our basic tenet is this All children will learn at high levels when they are taught to high levels. WHAT WE DO Advocacy to help schools, colleges, and communities mount campaigns to close gaps Research and policy analysis on patterns and practices that both cause and close gaps Technical assistance to schools, colleges, and community-based organizations to raise student achievement and close gaps

Closing the achievement gap in America has never been more urgent. 2011 THE EDUCATION 2011 The Education TRUST Trust

Over the past 30 years, we ve made a lot of progress on the access side. 2011 THE EDUCATION 2011 The Education TRUST Trust

Immediate College-Going Up Percentage of High School Graduates Enrolled in College the Fall after Graduation 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Source: NCES, The Digest of Education Statistics 2010, Table 209.

College-going is up for all groups. 2011 THE EDUCATION 2011 The Education TRUST Trust

College-going generally increasing for all income groups 90% Percentage of High School Graduates Enrolled in College the Fall After Graduation 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Low Income High Income Source: NCES, The Condition of Education, 2011- Indicator 21: Supplemental Table A-21-1.

But, poor students still go to college at lower rates than wealthy students did 30 years ago Year Low Income Middle Income High Income 1979 31% 43% 63% 1989 49% 55% 71% 1999 48% 60% 75% 2009 54% 67% 84% Source: NCES, The Condition of Education 2011. Indicator 21- Table A21-1.

Not only are there significant gaps in collegegoing rates, there is also the question of access to what. 2011 THE EDUCATION 2011 The Education TRUST Trust

Low-income students are more likely to begin college at for-profits and community colleges First institution type for dependent students by income quartile Highest Quartile 2 28 43 26 1 Third Quartile 3 39 40 17 1 Second Quartile 9 42 32 16 1 Lowest Quartile 18 42 26 13 1 Source: EdTrust Analysis of BPS:04/06/09, July 2011 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% For Profit Public 2-Year Public 4-Year Private 4-Year Other 14

And what about graduation? 2011 THE EDUCATION 2011 The Education TRUST Trust

Low-income students complete bachelor s degrees at lower rates at 4-year institutions 6-year completion rates at any institution for dependent students by income quartile 60.1 67.9 77.7 Overall rate: 63.2% 51.7 Lowest Quartile Second Quartile Third Quartile Highest Quartile Source: EdTrust Analysis of BPS:04/09, July 2011 16

Low completion rates for all students at community colleges 3 -year completion rates for dependent students by income quartile at public 2-year institutions 60 Graduation Rates (%) 50 40 30 20 10 17.4 22 18 14.9 Overall rate: 16.8% 0 Lowest Quartile Second Quartile Third Quartile Highest Quartile Source: EdTrust Analysis of BPS:04/09, July 2011 17

Add it all up... 2011 THE EDUCATION 2011 The Education TRUST Trust

Different groups of young Americans obtain degrees at very different rates. 2011 THE EDUCATION 2011 The Education TRUST Trust

Young adults from high-income families are 10 times more likely to earn bachelor s degrees by age 24 Source: Tom Mortenson, Bachelor s Degree Attainment by Age 24 by Family Income Quartiles, 1970 to 2009 (Oskaloosa, IA: Postsecondary Education Opportunity, 2010). http://www.postsecondary.org/default.asp http://www.publicagenda.org/files/pdf/struggling-in-america-topline.pdf

These rates threaten the health of our economy and democracy. 2011 THE EDUCATION 2011 The Education TRUST Trust

If our poorest young people earned college degrees at the same rate as our wealthiest, the U.S. would already be first in the world in college attainment 70% 60% Percentage of Population (age 25 to 34) with a Tertiary- Type A Degree by Country with U.S. Bachelor s Degree Attainment by 24 by Upper and Lower Income Half 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Source: U.S. 18-24 Top Half Norway Netherands Denmark Korea New Zealand Finland Sweden Pell Institute (2011), Developing 20/20 Vision on the 2020 Degree Attainment Goal: The Threat of Income-Based Inequality in Education United States Poland Australia Japan United Kingdom Iceland Ireland Canada Israel Switzerland Luxembourg Spain France Estonia Portugal Hungary Belgium Chile Russian Federation Italy Greece Mexico Slovenia Slovak Republic Czech Republic Germany Turkey Austria U.S. 18-24 Bottom Half Brazil

The proportion of poor K-12 students has increased over time Percentage of Students Eligible for Free/Reduced-Price Lunch 38.3% 42.0% 43.0% 44.6% 2000-01 2005-06 2007-08 2008-09 Source: NCES (2011). 2010 Digest of Education Statistics. Table 44. Number and percentage of public school students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch, by state: Selected years, 2000-01 through 2008-09. http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d10/tables/dt10_044.asp

Closing achievement gaps is key. 2011 THE EDUCATION 2011 The Education TRUST Trust

So what can we do about it?

College costs have increased at four times the rate of inflation Source: Patrick M. Callan, Measuring Up 2008 (San Jose, California: National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education, 2008), 8. http://measuringup2008.highereducation.org/print/ncpphemunationalrpt.pdf

Meanwhile, earnings among the lowest income families has declined Source: The College Board, Trends in College Pricing 2010 (New York: College Board, 2010), 24. http://trends.collegeboard.org/downloads/college_pricing_2010.pdf

It s not surprising then that families think college affordability is key Source: Public Agenda, Slip Sliding Away Survey Results (New York: Public Agenda, 2011), 3-5. http://www.publicagenda.org/files/pdf/struggling-in-america-topline.pdf

But policies at all levels are shifting funds away from the students who need the most support 2011 2011 THE THE EDUCATION EDUCATION TRUST TRUST

Federal Pell Grants have failed to keep pace with rising college costs Total Cost of Attendance Covered by Maximum Pell Grant Award Source: American Council on Education (2007). Status Report on the Pell Grant Program, 2007 and CRS, Federal Pell Grant Program of the Higher Education Act: Background, Recent Changes, and Current Legislative Issues, 2011. 30

61% of savings from tuition tax credits go to middle- and upper-income families Source: Trends in Student Aid 2010, The College Board 31

91% of savings from tuition tax deductions go to middle- and upper-income families Note: Percentages may not add to 100% because of rounding. Source: Trends in Student Aid 2010, The College Board 32

At the same time, states also have shifted costs onto students and diverted grant funds away from low-income students Source: Trends in Student Aid 2010, The College Board

State funding cuts for higher education mean families pay higher tuition Annual Percentage Changes in State Tax Appropriations for Higher Education Per FTE Student and in Tuition and Fees at Public Four-Year Institutions, Constant 2009 Dollars Source: Source: College Board (2010). Trends in College Pricing.

States are shifting away from need-based grant aid 78.2% Percent of state grant aid awarded based on need 76.3% 76.0% 76.7% 74.4% 73.0% 72.2% 71.8% 72.6% 72.0% 72.6% Source: NASSGAP Report 2009-10: Undergraduate Grant Aid in Constant 2009 Dollars: 1999-2000 through 2009-10 (in millions of dollars). 35

Colleges and universities also make inequitable choices with their grant funds Source: The Education Trust, Priced Out: How the Wrong Financial-Aid Policies Hurt Low-Income Students, 2011 36

In 2007, four-year public and private nonprofit colleges spent nearly $15 billion on grant aid. Source: Education Trust analysis of NPSAS:08 using PowerStats, http://nces.ed.gov/datalab/. Results based on fulltime, full-year, one-institution dependent undergraduates 37

Public 4-year colleges used to spend more than twice as much on needy students Institutional Grant Aid at Public 4-Year Institutions by Income Quintile, 1995-2007 (in millions of dollars) $437 $179 $744 $695 1995 2007 Lowest Income Quintile Highest Income Quintile Source: Education Trust analysis of NPSAS:96 and NPSAS:08 using PowerStats, http://nces.ed.gov/datalab/. Results based on full-time, full-year, one-institution dependent undergraduates 38

Private 4-year colleges now spend nearly twice as much on wealthy students Institutional Grant Aid at Private Not-for-Profit 4- Year Institutions by Income Quintile, 1995-2007 (in millions of dollars $919 $887 $1,478 1995 2007 $2,673 Lowest Income Quintile Highest Income Quintile Source: Education Trust analysis of NPSAS:96 and NPSAS:08 using PowerStats, http://nces.ed.gov/datalab/. Results based on full-time, full-year, one-institution dependent undergraduates 39

Low-income students must devote an amount equivalent to 72% of their family income towards college costs Family Income Average Income Cost of Attendance Expected Family Contribution (EFC) Average Grant Aid Unmet Need After EFC and Grant Aid % of Income Required to Pay for College After Grant Aid $0-30,200 $17,011 $22,007 $951 $9,704 $11,352 72% $30,201-54,000 $42,661 $23,229 $4,043 $7,694 $11,493 36% $54,001-80,400 $67,844 $23,640 $10,224 $5,352 $8,064 27% $80,401-115,400 $97,594 $25,050 $18,158 $4,554 $2,339 21% $115,401+ $173,474 $27,689 $37,821 $3,822 $-13,953 14% Source: Education Trust analysis of NPSAS:08 using PowerStats, http://nces.ed.gov/datalab/. Results based on full-time, full-year, one-institution dependent undergraduates

Log Scale $60,000 The Landscape of Opportunity 50% Net Price for Low-Income ($0-30,000) Students 2008-09 $6,000 $4,600 Public Private Nonprofit For-Profit Size of 30% Pell Bubble $600 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Six-Year Graduation Rate, 2009 Source: IPEDS 2009 $4,600 is the amount that a low-income student would pay for college if contributing the same proportion of family income as a middle-income student. On average, 30 percent of first-time, full-time freshmen at four-year colleges and universities receive Pell Grants, so if at least 30 percent of an institution's 41 full-time freshmen are Pell Grant recipients, the institution is considered nationally representative.

The result of these federal, state, and institutional policies? 42

Only 8 percent of low-income young adults attains a bachelor s degree by age 24 Source: Tom Mortenson, Bachelor s Degree Attainment by Age 24 by Family Income Quartiles, 1970 to 2009 (Oskaloosa, IA: Postsecondary Education Opportunity, 2010). http://www.postsecondary.org/default.asp http://www.publicagenda.org/files/pdf/struggling-in-america-topline.pdf

Contact Us Jennifer Engle, Director of Higher Ed Research and Policy 202.293.1217 x370 jengle@edtrust.org www.edtrust.org Stay connected with The Education Trust online: www.twitter.com/edtrust www.facebook.com/edtrust 1250 H Street N.W. Suite 700 Washington, D.C. 20005 202/293-1217

Making college admission and success possible for low-income students.

Program Overview Admission Possible, a non-profit organization headquartered in St. Paul, MN, provides students with five critical services: ACT/SAT test preparation college application assistance financial aid consulting guidance in the college transition support toward college degree completion We serve students in three metro areas: Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN; Milwaukee, WI; and Omaha, NE.

Description of Program Requirements 2.0 GPA, family income below median Meet 2x a week after school (160 hrs/yr for two years) Provide eight hours of community service annually Average starting ACT score in 2009-10 was 14.5 (about 10th percentile) Junior Year Orientation to College Process ACT/SAT Test Prep Campus Visits Summer Enrichment Opportunities Senior Year Application Assistance Financial Aid Scholarship Applications Freshman Year Transition

Admission Possible Student Profile Of the 1,600 students in the core high school program, the average family income reported by our students is approximately $25,000, more than 40% are from immigrant families, and 60% are female. 31% Hmong 16% African Immigrant 16% African-American 12% Latino/a 11% Biracial/Multiracial 9% White 4% Asian (Non-Hmong) <1% American Indian/ Alaska Native

Clearing the Hurdles: H elping L ow-income Students Get Into College Barrier: Don't have role models for college-going Solution: Provide a caring adult in the form of an AmeriCorps "coach" and a peer group of 10-15 other college-goers.

Clearing the Hurdles: H elping L ow-income Students Get Into College Barrier: Don't know the process Solution: Structured curriculum with intense amount of time on task.

Clearing the Hurdles: H elping L ow-income Students Get Into College Barrier: Test scores that don t reflect their academic aptitude Solution: Academic and test-taking strategies that bring up scores; and help solidifying other parts of their application to round out their picture.

Clearing the Hurdles: H elping L ow-income Students Get Into College Barrier: Finding the resources to pay for college Solution: Help students submit the FAFSA and find other scholarship support.

Clearing the Hurdles: H elping L ow-income Students Get Into College Barrier: Summer melt Solution: Support through the summer into fall enrollment, and on an on-going basis as they move on to college.

An on-demand archive of this webinar will be available at www.edweek.org/go/webinar in less than 24hrs.