Table of Contents Chapter 1 Grammar Parts of Speech Lesson 1.1 Common and Proper Nouns...................... 6 Lesson 1.2 Regular Plural Nouns............................. 8 Lesson 1.3 Irregular Plural Nouns............................ 10 Lesson 1.4 Personal Pronouns.............................. 12 Lesson 1.5 Demonstrative Pronouns......................... 14 Lesson 1.6 Relative Pronouns............................... 16 Lesson 1.7 Indefinite Pronouns............................. 18 Lesson 1.8 Verbs: Regular Present and Past Tense............. 20 Lesson 1.9 Verbs: Irregular Present and Past Tense............. 22 Lesson 1.10 Subject-Verb Agreement....................... 24 Lesson 1.11 Action Verbs.................................. 26 Lesson 1.12 Helping Verbs................................. 28 Lesson 1.13 Linking Verbs.................................. 30 Lesson 1.14 Transitive Verbs................................ 32 Lesson 1.15 Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives............... 34 Lesson 1.16 Adjectives.................................... 36 Lesson 1.17 Adverbs...................................... 38 Lesson 1.18 Conjunctions.................................. 40 Lesson 1.19 Interjections.................................. 42 Lesson 1.20 Prepositions................................... 44 Lesson 1.21 Prepositional Phrases........................... 46 Lesson 1.22 Articles....................................... 48 Review: Lessons 1.1 1.22.................................. 50 Sentences Lesson 1.23 Declarative Sentences......................... 52 Lesson 1.24 Interrogative Sentences........................ 54 Lesson 1.25 Exclamatory Sentences........................ 56 Lesson 1.26 Imperative Sentences.......................... 58 Lesson 1.27 Simple Sentences.............................. 60 Lesson 1.28 Compound Sentences......................... 62 Lesson 1.29 Complex Sentences........................... 64 Lesson 1.30 Sentence Fragments........................... 66 Lesson 1.31 Combining Sentences.......................... 68 Lesson 1.32 Writing a Paragraph........................... 70 Review: Lessons 1.26 1.32................................. 72 Spectrum Language Arts Table of Contents 3
Table of Contents, continued Chapter 2 Mechanics Capitalization Lesson 2.1 Proper Nouns: Days of the Week, Months of the Year............. 74 Lesson 2.2 Proper Nouns: Historical Events, Names of Languages and Nationalities, Team Names................... 76 Lesson 2.3 Proper Nouns: Organizations, Departments of Government, Sections of the Country......................... 78 Lesson 2.4 Proper Nouns: Titles, Geographic Names........... 80 Lesson 2.5 Sentences, Direct Quotations..................... 82 Lesson 2.6 Personal and Business Letters..................... 84 Review: Lessons 2.1 2.6................................... 86 Punctuation Lesson 2.7 Periods: After Imperative Sentences, In Dialogue, In Abbreviations, In Initials........................ 88 Lesson 2.8 Periods: Decimals, Dollars and Cents...................... 90 Lesson 2.9 Question Marks................................. 92 Lesson 2.10 Exclamation Points............................. 94 Lesson 2.11 Commas: Series, Direct Address, Multiple Adjectives......... 96 Lesson 2.12 Commas: Combining Sentences (between clauses), Set-Off Dialogue............................... 98 Lesson 2.13 Commas: Personal and Business Letters................... 100 Lesson 2.14 Quotation Marks............................. 102 Lesson 2.15 Apostrophes................................. 104 Lesson 2.16 Colons...................................... 106 Lesson 2.17 Semicolons.................................. 108 Lesson 2.18 Hyphens.................................... 110 Lesson 2.19 Parentheses................................. 112 Review: Lessons 2.7 2.19................................. 114 Spectrum Language Arts 4 Table of Contents
Table of Contents, continued Chapter 3 Usage Lesson 3.1 Verbs: rise, teach, wrote......................... 116 Lesson 3.2 Verbs: bring, take.............................. 118 Lesson 3.3 Verbs: lay, lie.................................. 120 Lesson 3.4 Adjectives: busy, early, easy..................... 122 Lesson 3.5 Adjectives: more and most; good/better/best; bad/worse/worst.............. 124 Lesson 3.6 Adjectives and Adverbs: bad/badly, good/well; Adverb: already vs. Phrase: all ready............. 126 Lesson 3.7 Homophones: cereal/serial, coarse/course, counsel/council............................... 128 Lesson 3.8 Homophones: oversees/overseas, wring/ring, sent/scent/cent............................... 130 Lesson 3.9 Contractions.................................. 132 Lesson 3.10 Negatives and Double Negatives............... 134 Review: Lessons 3.1 3.10................................. 136 Chapter 4 Writer s Guide Lesson 4.1 Prewriting..................................... 138 Lesson 4.2 Drafting...................................... 139 Lesson 4.3 Revising...................................... 140 Lesson 4.4 Proofreading.................................. 141 Lesson 4.5 Publishing.................................... 142 Lesson 4.6 Evaluating Writing............................. 143 Lesson 4.7 Writing Process Practice........................ 144 Answer Key............................................ 149 Spectrum Language Arts Table of Contents 5
Lesson 1.1 Common and Proper Nouns Common nouns name people, places, and things. They are general nouns (not specific). In a sentence, the noun is the person, place, or thing that can act or be acted upon. teacher a person I like my teacher. country a place I will visit another country. book a thing What is your favorite book? Proper nouns name specific people, places, and things. Mrs. Crane a specific person Mrs. Crane is my favorite teacher. United States of America a specific place I was born in the United States of America. Animal Farm a specific thing Animal Farm is one of my favorite books. Complete It Use the word box below to complete the following sentences. Remember, common nouns are general and proper nouns are more specific. Proper nouns are also capitalized. doctor Saturn poem Dr. Green song planet "Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star" Where the Sidewalk Ends 1. I am writing a for music class. 2. I took my cat to see when he had a cold. 3. The planet with the rings is called. 4. My mom takes me to the when I m sick. 5. My came in third place in the poetry contest. 6. Mars is the closest to the earth. 7. is one of my favorite books. 8. My little sister likes to sing before she goes to bed. Spectrum Language Arts Chapter 1 Lesson 1 Grammar: Parts of Speech 6
Lesson 1.1 Common and Proper Nouns Proof It Correct the mistakes in the use of common and proper nouns using proofreading marks. / ^ lowercase letter capitalize letter insert words or letters John Muir John muir was born in 1838 in dunbar, scotland. From a very young age, he had a love of Nature. He traveled all over the world. He came to the united states to observe nature and take notes on what he saw. He wrote many nature Books. John Muir was concerned for the welfare of the land. He wanted to protect it. He asked president theodore roosevelt for help. The National parks System was founded by John Muir. This System sets aside land for Parks. The first national park was yellowstone national park. John Muir is also the founder of the sierra club. The people in this Club teach others about nature and how to protect it. John Muir is known as one of the world s greatest conservation leaders. Try It Write a biography about someone you think is a hero. Use at least six common and six proper nouns correctly in your biography. Spectrum Language Arts Chapter 1 Lesson 1 Grammar: Parts of Speech 7
Lesson 1.2 Regular Plural Nouns A plural noun names more than one noun. Most nouns are made plural by adding an s to the end of the word. months friends mornings Some nouns need an es added to the end of the word to make it plural. Nouns that end in the letters s, x, or z or in a ch or sh sound need es. dresses foxes waltzes speeches brushes If a word ends in the letter y, then the y is changed to an i before adding the es. batteries companies centuries However, words that end in y with a vowel before the y only add the s. keys valleys monkeys In some cases, the noun has to change its spelling before making the plural form. If a noun ends in f or fe, and the f sound can still be heard in the plural form, just add s. However, if the final sound of the plural form is v, then change the f to ve and add the s. scarfs (f sound) staffs (f sound) shelves (v sound) hooves (v sound) Plurals of nouns ending in o that have a vowel before the letter o are formed by adding an s. radios patios videos Plurals of nouns ending in o that have a consonant letter before the letter o are formed by adding an es. tornadoes echoes tomatoes Spectrum Language Arts Chapter 1 Lesson 2 Grammar: Parts of Speech 8
Lesson 1.2 Regular Plural Nouns Try It Use the lines to explain how the nouns were made into their plural forms. The first one is done for you. Column A Column B match matches If the noun ends in ch, add an es. eyebrow eyebrows volcano volcanoes wolf wolves trophy trophies toothbrush toothbrushes fax faxes sheriff sheriffs studio studios kiss kisses Spectrum Language Arts Chapter 1 Lesson 2 Grammar: Parts of Speech 9
Lesson 1.3 Irregular Plural Nouns Irregular plural nouns do not have a pattern for changing from singular to plural. These nouns and their plural spellings have to be learned. Singular noun: child foot tooth Plural noun: children feet teeth Some irregular nouns do not change at all when they are in the plural form. These forms also have to be learned. Singular noun: fish deer moose Plural noun: fish deer moose The best way to learn these plural forms is by reading, writing, and practicing. Sometimes, when you read or hear these words used incorrectly, you will be able to tell if they are spelled incorrectly. Find It Write the irregular plural noun form of the following singular nouns on the lines provided. Use a dictionary if you need help. 1. ox 7. sheep 2. trout 8. salmon 3. man 9. woman 4. series 10. crisis 5. axis 11. oasis 6. mouse 12. radius Spectrum Language Arts Chapter 1 Lesson 3 Grammar: Parts of Speech 10
Answer Key Common nouns name people, places, and things. They are general nouns (not specific). In a sentence, the noun is the person, place, or thing that can act or be acted upon. teacher a person Ilike my teacher. country a place Iwill visit another country. book a thing What is your favorite book? Proper nouns name specific people, places, and things. Mrs. Crane a specific person Mrs. Crane is my favorite teacher. United States of America a specific place I was born in the United States of America. Animal Farm a specific thing Animal Farm is one of my favorite books. Complete It Use the word box below to complete the following sentences. Remember, common nouns are general and proper nouns are more specific. Proper nouns are also capitalized. doctor Saturn poem Dr. Green song planet "Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star" Where the Sidewalk Ends 1. I am writing a song for music class. 2. I took my cat to see Dr. Green when he had a cold. 3. The planet with the rings is called. Saturn 4. My mom takes me to the doctor when I m sick. 5. My poem came in third place in the poetry contest. 6. Mars is the closest planet to the earth. 7. Where the Sidewalk Ends is one of my favorite books. 8. My little sister likes to sing Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star before she goes to bed. Proof It Correct the mistakes in the use of common and proper nouns using proofreading marks. / lowercase letter capitalize letter ^ insert words or letters John Muir M D S John muir was born in 1838 in dunbar, scotland. From a very young age, he had a U S love of Nature. He traveled all over the world. He came to the united states to observe nature and take notes on what he saw. He wrote many nature Books. John Muir was P concerned for the welfare of the land. He wanted to protect it. He asked president T R P theodore roosevelt for help. The National parks System was founded by John Muir. This Y N P System sets aside land for Parks. The first national park was yellowstone national park. S C John Muir is also the founder of the sierra club. The people in this Club teach others about nature and how to protect it. John Muir is known as one of the world s greatest conservation leaders. Try It Write a biography about someone you think is a hero. Use at least six common and six proper nouns correctly in your biography. Answers will vary. 6 7 Try It Use the lines to explain how the nouns were made into their plural forms. The first one is done for you. Column A Column B match matches If the noun ends in ch, add an es. eyebrow eyebrows Most nouns add an s. volcano volcanoes If the noun ends in o with a consonant before the o, add es. wolf wolves If the noun ends in an f or fe and has the v sound, change the f to v and add es. trophy trophies If the noun ends in y, change the y to i and add es. toothbrush toothbrushes If the noun ends in sh, add an es. fax faxes If the noun ends in x, add an es. sheriff sheriffs If the noun ends in an f or fe and has the f sound, add an s. studio studios If the noun ends in o with a vowel before the o, add s. kiss kisses If the noun ends in s, add an es. Irregular plural nouns do not have a pattern for changing from singular to plural. These nouns and their plural spellings have to be learned. Singular noun: Plural noun: child children foot feet tooth teeth Some irregular nouns do not change at all when they are in the plural form. These forms also have to be learned. Singular noun: Plural noun: fish fish deer deer moose moose The best way to learn these plural forms is by reading, writing, and practicing. Sometimes, when you read or hear these words used incorrectly, you will be able to tell if they are spelled incorrectly. Find It Write the irregular plural noun form of the following singular nouns on the lines provided. Use a dictionary if you need help. 1. ox oxen 7. sheep 2. trout trout 8. salmon 3. m a n men 9. woman women 4. series series 10. crisis crises 5. axis axes 11. oasis oases 6. mouse mice 12. radius radii 9 10 Spectrum Language Arts Answer Key 149