CONTENTS PREFACE...................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES...............................................xi LIST OF FIGURES.........................................o. o..xii CHAPTER 1: FINDINGS....................................1 Definitions.............................................2 Introduction...........................................3 Policy and Institutional Factors............................... 3 The Planning, Development, and Testing Process..........4 Operational Experience...................................5 Assessment of ATC Technology.........................6 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND....... 0.......0....... 0.....9 Rail Rapid Transit........................................... 11 Objectives...... t.t.....................................12 Scope......................................0...012 Study Method...........................................13 Organization. o............... 0..........................13 CHAPTER 3: AUTOMATIC TRAIN CONTROL...............15 Train Control System Functions...........................17 Automation.............................................20 Automatic Train Control Technology......................22 A Walk Through a Transit System...........................33 Levels of Automation....................................40 CHAPTER 4: TRANSIT SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS.....0...43 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)............................. ~ 45 Chicago Transit Authority (CTA).........................49 Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA).......55 New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA)................60 Port Authority Transit Corporation (PATCO)...............65 Systems Under Development..........................s...1..69 CHAPTER 5: OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE..................0...75 Introduction...............................................77 Safety...................................0............0...77 Issue O-1: Train Protection.........................78 Issue O-2: Train Operation..........................81 Issue O-3: Design Safety................ *...........84 Issue O-4: Passenger Security.......................87 Performance.................... $.......................90 Issue O-5: Ride Quality.................................90 Issue O-6: Level of Service..........................93 Issue o-7: Reliability...............................99 Issue O-8: Maintainability.............0...105 ix
Cost.......o.........0.00..00.0 + 00.. 0.0.0.0.., o, *.,*,... 1 0 9 Issue O-9: Capital Cost................................. 110 Issue O-lo: Operational Cost............................. 113 Issue O-11: Workforce Reduction......................... 115 Issue O-12: Workforce Distribution,...................... 116 Issue O-13: Energy Cost................................. 120 Human Factors.....,,.,,,...,,.,,,,,,,...,,,,. 121 Issue O-14: The Human Role............................ 122 Issue O-15: Effects of Automation on Employees and Passengers,...........,..,.. 127 CHAPTER 6: THE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS... 133 Introduction................,.,...,.,.O,O,..,,O.,,,,O,,,,,,, 135 Issues Issue D-1: Design Concepts............................. 137 Issue D-2: System Development......................... 139 Issue D-3: Procurement Specifications................... 141 Issue D-4: Specification of Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability.,........ 142 Issue D-5: Equipment Suppliers......................... 144 Issue D-6: Contractor Selection......................... 145 Issue D-7: Contract Management.,...................... 147 Issue D-8: Testing,...,,.,.,,.,.,...................... 148 Issue D-9: R&D Programs.............................. 150 Issue D-lo: Test Tracks..,,,,.,.,.,..................... 151 Issue D-11: Research Needs.,,,.,,,...,,..,,............ 153 CHAPTER 7: POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS.......,,. 157 Introduction....,,,...,...,,0..,,...,.,,,,,,,,, 161 Summary of Existing Legislation.............................. 161 Issues Issue P-l: Impact of Existing Legislation.................. 163 Issue P-2: Regulation..,.,,.,,..,,...................... 166 Issue P-3: Acceptance Testing and Qalification........... 168 Issue P-4: Standardization,,,..,..,.,...,,... OO.,,O,,.,.. 169 Issue P-5: Safety Assurance...,........................ 171 Issue P-6: Public Expectations........................... 172 APPENDICES A. Train Control System Functions.,...,,...,...$...,,..,,. 177 B. Automatic Train Control Technology...................... 191 C. Design Characteristics of Selected Rapid Rail Transit Systems 199 D. Glossary of Train Control Terms.,.,,.,,.,.,,..,,,..,,,.,, 207 E. Chronology of Train Control Development,.,,,..,......... 215 F. Persons and Organizations Visited..,..,,...,,...,......... 221 G. Biographies of Urban Mass Transit Advisory Panel,,...,..., 231 H. References....,..,,,..,,..,,...,.,,,.,,...,,.,,,., 235 I Congressional Letters of Request.,,..,,,.,...,,.,,,..,,., 237 x
TABLE 1. TABLE 2. TABLE 3. TABLE 40 TABLE 5. TABLE 6. TABLE 7. TABLE 8. TABLE 9. TABLE 10. TABLE 11. TABLE 12. TABLE 13. TABLE 14. TABLE 15. TABLE 16. TABLE 17. TABLE 18. TABLE 19. TABLE 20. TABLE 21. TABLE 22. TABLE 23, TABLE 24. TABLE 25. TABLE 26. TABLE 27. TABLE 28. TABLE 29, TABLE 30. TABLE 31. TABLES Levels of Automation............................ 40 BART System Facts..............,............... 46 CTA System Facts............................... 51 MBTA System Facts........................,.... 56 NYCTA System Facts............................ 61 PATCO System Facts............................ 66 Automated Feature of Three Transit Systems Under Development......................,........... 69 Train Protection Methods in Existing and Planned Transit Systems...,.,......................... 78 Analysis of CTA Accident Record, 1965-74,...,,.... 80 Passenger Injuries Due to Train Operation.,,,...,, 81 Passenger Accident Summary..................... 82 Fatalities in the United States by Transportation Mode During 1973...,............................., 83 Passenger Assaults and Robberies for Selected Transit Systems................,...,................88 Train Operation Methods Related to Ride Quality.,..92 Service Characteristics in Typical Transit Systems...94 Schedule Adherence in PATCO, 1970-74...96 Schedule Adherence on CTA Dan Ryan Line, 1970-74 96 Schedule Adherence in BART, August 1973-August 1974..,........, 00,..0,,. * 0..,...,,,.......98 PATCO Car Component Performance, July-October 1974...0,....0,....00...60,. *................ 101 Summary of Disabling Equipment Failures in PATCO, August 1973-July 1974.......................... 102 Summary of Equipment Failure in BART, 1974-75... 102 Car Component Performance on CTA West-South Route, July-October 1974................,,...... 104 Maintenance Time for Selected PATCO Car Components.,.......................................106 Capital Costs in New Transit Systems....110 Cost Estimates for ATC Equipment....111 Summary of Rail Rapid Transit Operating Costs.....113 Effect of Automation on Size of Workforce.....116 Analysis of Operations and Maintenance Workforce..118 Rail Rapid Transit Energy Consumption............120 Man and Machine Roles in Rail Rapid Transit Systems.............................................. 124 Significant Dates in the Engineering Planning, Procurement, and Testing of ATC for Various Transit Systems...................................... 136 xi
TABLE 32. Type of Specification Used in Recent ATC Procurements............,....,.........,,.,......... 142 TABLE 33. Contractor Selection Approaches....146 TABLE 34. UMTA Budget for Fiscal Year 1976,,,.,..,.....164 TABLE A 1. Primary Means of Communicating Information Related to Train Control.,........................ 188 FIGURES FIGURE 1. FIGURE 2. FIGURE 3. FIGURE 4. FIGURE 5. FIGURE 6. FIGURE 7. FIGURE 8. FIGURE 9. FIGURE 10. FIGURE 11. FIGURE 12. FIGURE 13. FIGURE 14. FIGURE 15. FIGURE 16. FIGURE 170 FIGURE 18. FIGURE 19. FIGURE 20. FIGURE 21. FIGURE 22. FIGURE 23. FIGURE 24. FIGURE 25. FIGURE 26. FIGURE 27. FIGURE 28. Train Control System Functions,...,.,,........... 18 Generalized Control Process...................... 21 Simple D.C. Track Circuit........,.,.,,,......,,.22 Three-block, Three-Aspect Wayside Signal System,. 24 Cab Signals.....,......,,.,,...........,........ 26 Three-block, Three-Aspect Cab Signal System....,. 26 Cab Signal System With Automatic Overspeed Protection...........,................,......,...... 27 Automatic Train Operation System.......,...,.... 29 Typical Interlocking Location....,.,.............. 30 Entrance-Exit Interlocking Control Panel.,.,.....,. 31 Model Board and Train Control Console........... 32 General View of Rail Rapid Transit Station........ 33 Trip Stop....................................... 34 Track Circuit Wiring............................. 34 Wayside Equipment Case..................,...., 34 Track Apparatus at an Interlocking................ 35 Central Train Control Facility.................... 35 Two Views of a Central Control Facility With Electromechanical Equipment....,........,,.... 36 Tower for Local Control of Interlocking............ 36 Carborne Receiver Coil for Coded Track Circuit Signals....................,..................... 37 Train Operator s Console for System With ATO....37 Aerial View of Rail Rapid Transit Yard and Maintenance Facility.,........,...................... 38 Rail Rapid Transit Car Maintenance Shop..,....... 39 BART Route Map...........................45 BART Train in Underground Station...,......47 Interior of BART Car........................48 BART Train Passing Through the Transbay Tube...49 CTA Route Map.............................50 xii
FIGURE 29. FIGURE 30. FIGURE 31. FIGURE 32. FIGURE 33. FIGURE 34. FIGURE 35. FIGURE 36. FIGURE 37. FIGURE 38. FIGURE 39. FIGURE 40. FIGURE 41. FIGURE 42. FIGURE 43. FIGURE 44. FIGURE 45, FIGURE 46. FIGURE 47. FIGURE 48. FIGURE 49. FIGURE 50. FIGURE 51. FIGURE 52. FIGURE 53. FIGURE 54. FIGURE 55. FIGURE 56. FIGURE 57. FIGURE 58. FIGURE 59. FIGURE 60. FIGURE 61. FIGURE 62. FIGURE 63. FIGURE 64. FIGURE 65. FIGURE 66. FIGURE 67. FIGURE 68. FIGURE 69. CTA Train on the West-Northwest Route in the Median of the Kennedy Expressway............53 Interior View of CTA Train....,.......,...,.....53 Lake-Dan Ryan Train Entering the Loop.......54 MBTA Route Map....,..........................55 MBTA Orange Line Train.............,,...,.....57 Red Line Train Arriving at Wollaston Station......57 The Old and the New........,...............59 NYCTA Route Map..........................60 IND F Train on Elevated Line in Brooklyn,........63 Examples of NYCTA Transit Cars,.......,.,.,,...63 The Graffiti Epidemic............................64 PATCO Route Map..............................65 PATCO Train in Lindenwold Yard,...........67 Outbound on the Benjamin Franklin Bridge....68 PATCO Train Operator Monitoring ATC Equipment 68 WMATA Route Map.....................,.,....71 MARTA Route Map.........................72 Baltimore MTA Route Map..,.,,.................74 Interlocking Control Tower for Train Protection....79 CTA Passengers Alighting at Belmont Station.....82 History of Train Motion Accidents............83 Unmanned Train at Seattle-Tacoma Airport......85 Fully Automated AIRTRANS Train...........86 Approach to Brightly Lighted Station..........89 Lonely Station at Off-Peak Hour.,.,..........89 Comfort Features of Modern Transit Cars......92 The Wait and the Rush To Leave.............95 AIRTRANS Availability and Service Interruptions..97 Carbone and Wayside ATC Equipment....100 Maintenance of Transit Vehicle Truck.............106 Cab Signal Maintenance..........................107 Car Washer.........................108 Influence of Maintenance on Car Availability in BART, May 1974-January 1975..................109 Transit System Construction......................112 Winter on the Skokie Swift Line....114 Reduction of Train Crew.........................117 Proportion of Operations and Maintenance Employees in Total Workforce........................118 Distribution of Maintenance Force as a Function of Automation.........................119 State-of-the-Art Car...........................,.121 Student Conductors Training on the Job.....122 Motorman at Work........................123,.. Xlll
FIGURE 70. FIGURE 71. FIGURE 72. FIGURE 73. FIGURE A 1. FIGURE A 2. FIGURE A 3. FIGURE B 1. FIGURE B 2. FIGURE B 3. FIGURE B 4. Line Supervisors.........................123 Transit System Maintenance Workers....129 DOT Test Track, Pueblo, Colo......154 ATC Research and Development Priorities and Relative Cost.........................156 Conceptual Diagram of an ATP System,....178 Train Separation in a Conventional Block Signaling System...,...............................180 Conceptual Diagram of Service Brake Flare-Out Control.......................................... 185 Simple D.C. Track Circuit........................192 Simple Power-Frequency A.C. Track Circuit....193 Simple High-Frequency A.C. Track Circuit.....194 Alternate High-Frequency A.C. Track Circuit.....195 xiv