CONTENTS To THEINSTRUCTOR xiii To THE STUDENT xxi PART ONE: THE WRITING PROCESS 1 Purposes and Audiences 2 a Purpose 2 b Topic 3 c Thesis 3 2 Writing Processes and Strategies a Planning 5 b Drafting 9 c. Organizing 9 d Revising 10 e Editing and Proofreading 11 3 Paragraphs 13 a Unity 13 b Coherence 13 c Development 13 d Introductions and Conclusions 13 e Patterns of Organization 14 4 Writing with Computers 20 a Planning with Computers 20 b Drafting with Computers 21 c Organizing with Computers 22 d Revising with Computers 22 e Editing and Proofreading with Computers PART Two: SENTENCEACCURACY,CLARITY, ANDVARIETY 2S 5 Comma Splices and Fused Sentences 26 a Comma Splices 27 b Fused or Run-on Sentences 28 6 Subject-Verb Agreement 29 a Singular and Plural Subjects b Buried Subjects 30 c Compound Subjects 31 d EitherjOrSubjects 31 4 29 1 0 5:2 (I) a:: < 0 C3z zo ffio~c3 :::.<cw< a..oq.. 0 w<:ez C:eO:::' c:::'o:e <:X:wO czeo (i.)wo< cr cr-' W t-w -:> Wze => :z 0 23
iv Contents e Clauses and Phrases as Subjects 31 2 f Indefinites as Subjects 31 32 g Collective Nouns and Amounts as SubjectS? h Plural Words as Subjects 32 i Titles, Company Names, and Words as SubjectS - j Linking Verbs 33 k ThereIs/There Are/It 33 I Who/Which/That and One of... Who/Which/ That as Subjects 34 7 Sentence Fragments 36 a Unintentional Fragments 36 b Intentional Fragments 38 8 Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers 40 a Dangling Modifiers 40, '. b Misplaced Modifiers 42 9 Parallel Constructions 43 ";', ';,' a pirallel Structure 43.' ',' b F~ulty Parallelism 45 ;'10 Co~istency (Avoiding Shifts) 47,. a Shifts in Person or Number 47 b Shifts in Verb Tense 48 c. Shifts in Tone 49 d Shifts in Voice 49 e Shifts in Discourse 50 '11 Faulty Predication 51 12,Coordination and Subordination a Coordination 53 b Subordination 54 13 Sentence Clarity 57 a Moving from Known (Old) to Unknown (New) Information 57 b Using Positive Instead of Negative 58 c Avoiding Double Negatives 58 d Using Verbs Instead of Nouns 59 e Making the Intended Subject the Sentence Subject 59 fusing Active Instead of Passive 60 14 Transitions 61 a Repetition of a Key Term or Phrase 61 b Synonyms 61 c Pronouns 61 d Transitional Words and Phrases 62 64 e Transitions in and between Paragraphs 53 33
Contents v 15 Sentence Variety 67 a Combining Sentences 67 b Adding Words 67 c Changing Words, Phrases, and Clauses PART THREE: PARTS OF SENTENCES 16 Verbs 71 a Verb Phrases 73 b Verb Forms 73 (1) -ingverbs 74 (2) -edverbs 74 (3) to + verb c Verb Tense 75 76 (1) Present tense 76 (2) Past tense 77 (3) Future tense 78 (4) Irregular verbs 79 d Verb Voice 84 e Verb Mood 84 f ModalVerbs 86 17 Nouns and Pronouns 87 a Nouns 87 (1) Singular, plural, and collective nouns (2) Noun endings b Pronouns 89 87 (1) Personal pronouns 90 (2) Demonstrative pronouns (3) Relative pronouns 90 (4) Interrogative pronouns (5) Indefinite pronouns 91 (6) Possessive pronouns 91 (7) Reflexive pronouns 92 (8) Reciprocal pronouns 92 18 Pronoun Case and Reference 94 a Pronoun Case 94 (1) Subject case 94 (2) Object case 94 (3) Possessive case 95 (4) Pronouns in compound constructions 90 (5) Who/Whom 97 (6) Omitted words in comparisons b Pronoun Reference 99 (1) Pronoun number 100 (2) Compound subjects 100 (3) Who/Which/That 100 90 97 69 71 87 96
vi Contents (4) Indefinite words 101 (5) Indefinite pronouns 101 19 Adjectives and Adverbs 102 a Adjectives and Adverbs 102 b A/An/The 105 c Comparisons 107 20 Prepositions III a Common Prepositions b Idiomatic Prepositions c Other Prepositions 21 Subjects 113 22 Phrases 115 23 Clauses 117 111 112 112 a Independent Clauses 118 b Dependent Clauses 120 (1) Adjective clauses 121 (2) Adverb clauses 121 24 Essential and Nonessential Clauses and Phrases a Essential Clauses and Phrases 124 b Nonessential Clauses and Phrases 125 25 Sentences 128 a Sentence Purposes b Sentence Structures 130 130 (1) Simple sentences 130 (2) Compound sentences 130 (3) Complex sentences 131 (4) Compound-complex sentences 131 PART FOUR: PUNCTUATION 133 26 Commas 134 a Commas in Compound Sentences 135 b Commas after Introductory Words, Phrases, and Clauses 138 c Commas with Essential and Nonessential Words, Phrases, and Clauses 140 d Commas in Series and Lists 142 e Commas with Adjectives 144 f Commas with Dates, Addresses, Geographical Names, and Numbers 145 (1) Commas with dates 145 (2) Commas with addresses 146 (3) Commas with geographical names (4) Commas with numbers 146 g Other Uses for Commas 147 h Unnecessary Commas 149 146 124
Contents vii 27 Apostrophes 151 a Apostrophes with Possessives b Apostrophes with Contractions c Apostrophes with Plurals 153 d Unnecessary Apostrophes 153 28 Semicolons 157 a Semicolons in Compound Sentences b Semicolons in a Series 159 c Semicolons with Quotation Marks d Unnecessary Semicolons 159 29 Colons 161 a Colons to Announce Elements at the End of a Sentence 161 b Colons to Separate Independent Clauses 162 c Colons to Announce Long Quotations 162 d Colons in Salutations and between Elements e Colons with Quotation Marks 163 f Unnecessary Colons 163 30 Quotation Marks 164 a Quotation Marks with Direct and Indirect Quotations 164 (1) Quotation marks with prose quotations (2) Quotation marks in poetry 166 (3) Quotation marks in dialogue 166 b Quotation Marks for Minor Titles and Parts of Wholes 167 c Quotation Marks for Words 167 d Use of Other Punctuation with Quotation Marks e Unnecessary Quotation Marks 168 31 Hyphens 170 a Hyphens to Divide Words 170 b Hyphens to Form Compound Words 170 c Hyphens to Join Two-Word Units 171 d Hyphens to Join Prefixes, Suffixes, and Letters to a Word 171 e Hyphens to Avoid Ambiguity 32 End Punctuation 173 a Periods 173 (1) Periods at the end of a sentence 151 152 172 159 173 (2) Periods with abbreviations 173 (3) Periods with quotation marks 174 b Question Marks 175 (1) Question marks at the end of a sentence (2) Question marks in a series 175 (3) Question marks to indicate doubt (4) Unnecessary question marks 176 157 175 165 162 175 167
viii Contents \, I (1) Exclamation points at the end of a sentence (2) Exclamation points with quotation marks c Exclamation Points 177 33 Other Punctuation 178 a Dashes 178 (1) Dashes at the beginning or end ofa sentence (2) Dashes to mark an interruption 179 (3) Dashes to set off a phrase or clause with a comma 179 b Slashes 180 (1) Slashes to mark the end of a line of poetry (2) Slashes to indicate acceptable alternatives c Parentheses 181 (1) Parentheses to set off supplementary matter 181 (2) Parentheses to enclose figures or letters 181 d Brackets 182 (1) Brackets to add your comments within a quotation 182 (2) Brackets to replace parentheses within parentheses 182 e Omitted Words/Ellipsis 183 PART FIVE: MECHANICS AND SPELLING 34 Capitals 186 35 Abbreviations 189 a Abbreviating Numbers 189 b Abbreviating Titles 190 c Abbreviating Places 190 d Abbreviating Measurements 191 e Abbreviating Dates 191 f Abbreviating Initials Used as Names g Abbreviating Latin Expressions 191 h Abbreviating Documentation 192 36 Numbers 193 37 Underlining/lmlics 195 a Underlining for Titles 196 b Other Uses of Underlining 196 38 Spelling 198 a Proofreading 198 b Using Spell Checkers 200 c Some Spelling Guidelines 200 (1) ie/ei 200 (2) Doubling consonants (3) Prefixes and suffixes (4) y to i 204 201 202 191 177 177 185 180 180 178
Contents ix d Plurals 205 e Sound-Alike Words (Homonyms) PART SIX: STYLEANDWORD CHOICE 39 Sexist Language 212 a Alternatives to Man 212 b Alternative Job Titles 212 c Alternatives to the Masculine Pronoun 40 Unnecessary Words 214 a Conciseness 214 b Cliches 217 c Pretentious Language 218 41 Appropriate Words 219 a Standard English 219 b Colloquialisms, Slang, and Regionalisms c Levels of Formality 221 d Jargon and Technical Terms e General and Specific Words f Concrete and Abstract Words g Denotation and Connotation PART SEVEN: RESEARCH AND DOCUMENTATION 229 42 Finding a Topic 230 a Finding a General Subject 230 b Narrowing the Subject 230 c Formulating a Research Question d Formulating a Thesis 231 43 Searching for Information 232 a Locating Sources of Information (1) Libraries 233 (2) Online sources 235 (3) Community sources 236 (4) Interviews and surveys 237 b Using Search Strategies 237 (1) Starting a working bibliography (2) Finding useful terms 239 (3) Using search engines 239 c Evaluatinglnformation 239 44 Taking Notes 240 a Writing Notecards b Summarizing 241 c Paraphrasing 242 d Quoting 245 240 224 225 226 227 206 231 232 237 211 212 219
x Contents (1) Types of quotations 246 (2) Capitalization of quotations (3) Punctuation of quotations e Avoiding Plagiarism 249 (1) Information that requires documentation 249 (2) Information that does not require documentation 250 f Integrating Quotations 45 Documenting in MIA Style a In-Text Citations 258 b Endnotes 262 c Works Cited List 263 d Sample Pages from an MLA-StyleResearch Paper (I) Title page following MLA style 279 (2) First page following MLA style 280 (3) Works cited page following MLA style 281 46 Documenting in APA Style 282 a In-Text Citations 282 b Footnotes 285 c Reference List 286 d Sample Pages from an APA-StyleResearch Paper (1) Title page following APA style 294 (2) First page following APA style 295 (3) References page following APA style PART EIGHT: ESL CONCERNS 297 47 Verbs 298 a Helping Verbs with Main Verbs (1) Modals 299 (2) Conditionals 299 b Two-Word (Phrasal) Verbs 300 c Verbs with -ing and to + Verb Forms 48 Omitted Words 303 a Verbs 303 b Subjects and There/It 49 Repeated Words 304 a Subjects 304 b Pronouns and Adverbs 50 Count and Noncount Nouns 303 252 255 304 305 247 247 298 301 296 51 Adjectives and Adverbs 307 a Placement 307 border 308 c A/An/The 308 d Some/Any, Much/Many, Little/Few,Less/Fewer,Enough, No 312 278 293
Contents xi 52 Prepositions 53 Idioms 314 312 ~pendices 315 A Argument 316 Al Writing and Reading Arguments A2 Considering the Audience 317 (a) Types of appeals 317 (b) Common ground 318 A3 Finding a Topic 320 (a) Arguable topics 320 (b) Interesting topics 320 (c) Local and general topics 320 A4 Developing Your Arguments 321 (a) Claims, support, and warrants (b) Logical arguments 323 (c) Logical fallacies 324 A5 Organizing Your Arguments B Document Design 327 Bl Titles 327 B2 Headings and subheadings B3 Page preparation 329 B4 Spacing for punctuation B5 Document design 331 C Resumes 332 Cl Sections of the Resume (a) Name 332 (b) Address 333 (c) Career objective (d) Education 333 (e) Work experience (f) Skills 334 (g) College activities (h) References 336 C2 Resume Styles 336 (a) Functional resume (b) Skills resume 336 (c) Chronological resume Glossary of Usage 343 Glossary of Grammatical Terms Answer Key for Exercises 373 333 334 336 330 332 336 353 326 328 337 316 321 Using Compare and Correct and Question and Correct Compare and Correct 410 Index 423 409 Key Topics in Question and Correct outside fold-out back cover Question and Correct inside fold-out back cover